B A B II L A N D A S A N T E O R I
2.1 A plikasi
A p lik a si ata u p ro gra m a p lika si a d alah p ro gra m y a n g d itu ju ka n u n tu k m e n ye le saik a n s u atu p er m as ala h a n d ala m a p likasi terte n tu H a rto n o ,
2 0 0 2 :3 9 8 .
2.2 Sistem P a k ar
2.2.1 D efinisi Sistem P a k ar
Expert systems are computerized tools designed to enhance the quality and availability of knowledge required by decision makers in a
wide range of industries. They augment conventional programs such as databases, word processors, and spreadsheet analysis B o ss,
1 9 9 1 . M e n u ru t M u h a m m a d A rh a m i 2 0 0 5 :9 siste m p a k ar expert
sistem m eru p a ka n
p a k e t p era n g k a t
lu n a k ata u
p a k e t p ro gra m
k o m p u te r ya n g d itu ju k an se b a ga i p e n ye d ia n a sih at d an sara n a b an tu d ala m m e m e c a h ka n m a sa la h d ala m b id a n g-b id a n g sp esialis a si terten tu
se p erti sain s, p ere ka ya s a a n m a te m a tika, ke d o k tera n , p e n d id ika n d a n se b a ga in ya .
K o m p u ter ya n g
d e m ik ia n d a p at
d ijad ika n se p erti
k o n su lta n ata u te n a ga ah li d i bid a n gn ya H arto n o , 2 0 0 3 :8 3 8
10
S iste m p a ka r se n d iri m eru p a k a n p ro gra m artificial intelligence ya n g
m e n g ga b u n g k a n p a n gk a la n
pe n ge ta h ua n knowledge base
d en ga n siste m infere n si. In i m eru p a k a n b a gia n software sp e sialisa si tin gk a t tin g g i ya n g b eru s a h a m e n d u p lik a si fu n gsi s e o ra n g p a k a r d ala m
su atu b id an g k e a h lia n S u p arm a n , 1 9 9 1 :9 9
2.2.2 C iri-ciri Sistem P a kar
M e n u ru t Jo gia n to H arto n o 2 0 0 3 , 6 , ad a e n a m ciri d a n k ara k teristik s iste m p a kar ya itu :
a. P e n ge ta h u a n
siste m pa k ar
m e ru p a k a n su atu
k o n s e p, b u ka n
b erb e n tu k n u m e ris. H al in i d ik are n a k a n k o m p u te r m e la k u ka n p ro se s p en go la h an data s ec ara n u m e rik s e d an g k a n k e ah lia n d ari
se o ran g p a k a r a d alah f a kta d an atu ra n -a tu ra n, b u ka n n u m e rik. b .
In f o rm a si d ala m sis te m p a k ar tid a k s elalu le n g k a p , su b ye k tif, tid a k k o n sisten , su b ye k teru s b eru b ah d a n terg a n tu n g p ad a
k o n d isi lin gk u n ga n s e h in g ga k e p u tu s a n ya n g d ia m b il b ersifat tid a k p a sti d a n tid a k m u tla k “ ya ” atau “tid a k” a ka n te ta p i m e n u ru t
u k u ra n k e b e n ara n
terte n tu . O le h
kare na itu
d ib u tu h ka n k e m a m p u a n
siste m un tu k
b elajar sec a ra
m a n d iri d ala m
m e n ye le saika n m a sala h -m a sa lah
d en ga n p ertim b a n ga n -
p ertim b a n ga n k h u su s. c.
P e n a n ga n a n so lu si b ersifat fle k sib el. d .
M u d a h d im o d ifika si.
11
e. T id a k a da ja m in an b a h w a so lu si ya n g d is a m p aik a n a d alah p asti
b en ar, k aren a s u m b e r p a k a r a ka n m e n ya m p a ik a n so lu si ya n g su b ye k tif.
f. K e p u tu s an ya n g d ih asilk a n d ih arap k a n m e m ilik i a k u rasi ya n g
b aik w a la u p u n s o lu sin ya su lit s eh in g g a f a silitas in f o rm a si siste m h aru s selalu d ip erlu k a n .
S e n a d a d en ga n
ke tera n ga n d i ata s, M u h a m m a d
A rh a m i 2 0 0 5 ,2 3 m e n era n gk a n sifat siste m p a ka r se c a ra u m u m se b a ga i
b erik u t : a.
M e m iliki inf o rm a si
ya n g h a n d al, b aik
d ala m m e n a m p ilkan
la n gk a h -la n g k a h an tara m a u p u n d ala m m e nja w a b p erta n ya a n - p erta n ya a n te n tan g p ro ses p e n yele saia n.
b . M u d a h d im o d ifika si, yaitu d e n ga n m e n a m b a h atau m e n gh a p u s
su atu ke m a m p u a n d ari b asis p e n geta h u a n n ya . c.
H e u ristik d ala m m e n g g u n a k a n p e n ge tah u a n n ya ya n g s erin g k a li tid a k se m p u rn a u n tu k m e n d a p atka n p en ye le saian n ya .
d . D a p at d igu n a ka n d ala m b e rb a ga i je n is k o m p u te r
e. M e m iliki k e m a m p u a n bera d ap ta si.
2.2.3 A rsitektu r Sistem P a kar
S iste m p a k a r tersu su n d ari d ua b a gian u ta m a, yaitu lin gk u n ga n p en ge m b a n ga n development environment d a n lin g k u n ga n k o n su ltasi
consultation environment
A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 3 .
L in g k u n ga n
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p en ge m b a n ga n b erisi ko m p o n e n -k o m p o n e n ya n g d igu n a k a n u n tu k m e m a su k k a n p en ge ta h u an p a ka r k e d a la m lin gk u n g a n siste m p a k ar,
se d a n gk a n lin g k u n ga n
k o n su lta si b erisi
k o m p o n en ya n g
a k a n d igu n a k a n o leh user d ala m m e m p e roleh p en ge ta h u a n p a ka r. S tru ktu r
b es erta k o m p o n e n siste m p a k a r d itu nju k k a n o leh ga m b ar 2.1.
G a m b a r 2.1 A rsitektu r S istem P a ka r
P a d a b a ga n d i atas d a p at k ita lih at s ec a ra jelas s elu ru h k o m p o n e n ya n g m e n yu su n siste m p a k a r y aitu user interface a n tarm u k a p e n g g u n a,
b asis p en ge ta h u a n, a k u isisi p en ge ta h u a n, m e sin in fe re n si, workplace, fasilita s p e njela sa n d a n p erb aika n p en ge ta h u an .
13
2.2.3.1 F asilitas A ku isi P eng etah u a n
F a silitas a k u isi p e n ge ta hu a n ad ala h a k u m u las i, tra n sfer d an tra n sf o rm a si ke a h lia n d ala m m e n yele saika n m a sala h d ari
su m b e r p e n ge tah u a n k e d ala m p ro gra m k o m p u ter A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 6 . F asilitas in i m eru p a ka n su atu p ro s e s m e n g u m p u lk a n
d ata -d ata p en ge ta h u an
a k a n su atu
m a sala h d ari
p a ka r H arto n o , 2 0 0 3: 1 2 . P e n ge ta h u a n d a p at d ip ero le h m e lalui
stu d i p u sta k a m a u p u n o bs erva si d a n b erta n ya la n g su n g k e p a d a p a k arn ya. P e n ge tah u a n d a n d ata -d ata ya n g terk u m p u l itu lah
ya n g d is eb u t knowledge base b asis p e n ge ta h u a n .
2.2.3.2 B asis P eng etah u an
B a sis p en ge ta h u a n
m e n ga n d u n g p en ge ta h u a n
u n tu k p e m a h a m a n , fo r m u lasi d a n p e n ye le s aian m a sala h. K o m p o n e n
siste m p a ka r in i d isu su n atas d u a ele m e n d asar, ya itu fa kta d a n atu ra n. F a k ta m e ru p a k a n in fo r m a si te n ta n g o b ye k d ala m are a
p erm a sa la h a n terte n tu , se d a n gk a n atu ran m e ru p a k a n inf o rm a si te n tan g c a ra b a gaim a n a m e m p ero leh fa k ta b aru d ari fa k ta ya n g
tela h d ik eta h u i A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 5 .
2.2.3.3 M e sin Inferensi
M esin inf ere n si
a d ala h p ro gra m
k o m p u te r ya n g
m e m b e rik a n m e to d o lo gi u n tu k p e n alaran te n ta n g in f o rm a si ya n g a d a d a la m b asis p e n ge tah u a n da n d ala m workplace, da n
u n tu k m e m f o r m u la sik a n
k e sim p u la n A rh a m i,
2 0 0 5 :1 9 .
14
S ela m a p ro s es
k o n su lta si a n tar
siste m d a n
p e m a k a i, m e k a n is m e in fere n si m e n gu ji atu ra n s atu d e m i s atu s a m p ai
k o n d isi atu ra n itu b e n ar H arto n o , 2 0 0 3 : 1 5 . S e c a ra u m u m a da d ua te k n ik uta m a ya n g d igu n a k a n
d ala m m e k a n is m e inf ere n si u n tu k p e n gu jian atu ra n, yaitu p en alara n m aju forward chaining d a n p e n alaran m u n d u r
backward chaining. P elac a ka n
ata u p e n a la ran
k e b e la k a n g backward
chaining a da la h p e n de k ata n ya n g d im o to ri tu j u a n goal- driven A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 9 . P e n alara n ini ju ga b iasa d ise b ut
p en alara n d ari atas ke b a w a h A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 1 6 yaitu p en alara n ya n g d im u lai d ari le vel tertin g g i m e m b a n gu n su atu
h ip o tesis, tu ru n ke fa kta le ve l p alin g b a w a h y a n g d a p at m e n d u k u n g h ip o te sis. D a p at d ika ta ka n p u la d ala m backward
chaining m e n u nju k k a n
f a k ta ya n g
a d a d igu n a k a n
u n tu k m e n d u k u n g
h ip o tesis. G a m b a ran
backward chaining
d ip erlih atk a n p a da ga m b a r 2.2 .
G a m b a r 2.2 P o la B acw ard C h a in in g
15
P elac a ka n ata u p e n alara n k e d e p a n forward chaining a d alah m eto d e p e n c a ria n ata u p e n arika n k e sim p u lan ya n g
b erd a sark a n p a d a
d ata ata u fa k ta ya n g
a d a m e n uju
ke k e sim p u la n, p e n elusu ra n d im u lai d ari fa k ta ya n g a d a lalu
b erge ra k m aj u
m e lalu i p re m is -p re m is
u n tu k m e n uju
k e sim p u la n ata u
d a p at d ik ata k a n
bottom up
reasoning. Forward chaining m e la k u k a n p en c a ria n d ari su atu m a sala h
k e p a d a so lu sin ya, ga m b ara n n ya d ap at dilih at p a da ga m b a r 2.3.
G a m b a r 2.3 P o la F o rw ard C h a in in g
D u a p o la p e n c a ria n d i ata s a k a n b erga n tu n g p u la p a d a p o la
p e n elu su r a n ya n g
d itera p k a n . A d a
tiga je n is
p o la p en elu su ra n ya n g d a p at d igu n a k a n ya itu depth-first search,
breadht-first search d a n b e st first search. a. Depth-first Search
Depth-first search a d ala h te k n ik p e n elu su r an d a ta p a d a n o d e -n o d e
sec a ra ve rtik al
d a n su d a h
terd efin isika n , m is aln ya d ari kiri k e k a n a n H arto n o, 2 0 0 3:1 6 . Depth-first
16
search m e la k u ka n p e nelu su ran k aid a h sec ara m e n d ala m d ari sim p u l a k ar b erge ra k m e n u ru n k e tin g k a t d ala m ya n g
b eru ru ta n A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 0 .
Mulai
1
2 5
7
3 4
6 8
9
Goal End
G a m b a r 2.4 P o la P en elu su ran D epth -first sea rch
b . Breadth-first Search Breadth-first search a dala h te k n ik p e n elu su ra n d a ta p a d a
se m u a n o d e d ala m satu le ve l ata u satu tin g k ata n se b elu m ke le ve l
ata u tin g k a ta n
d ib a w a h n ya H arto n o ,
2 0 0 3 :1 7 . Breadth-first search b erge ra k d ari sim p u l a k ar, sim p u l ya n g
a d a p a da setia p tin gk a t d iuji se b elu m pin d a h k e tin g k at sela nju tn ya A rh a m i, 2 0 05 :2 0 .
17
Mulai
1
2 3
4
5 6
7 8
9
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2 Goal
G a m b a r 2.5 P o la P en elu su ran B rea dth -first sea rch
c. Best-first Search Best-first search a d ala h p e nelu su ra n ya n g m e n g g u n a k a n
p en ge ta h u an a k a n s u atu m asala h u n tu k m ela k u ka n p a n d u a n p en c aria n
ke ara h n o d e
te m p a t d im a n a
so lu si b era da .
P e n c a rian je n is ini d ike n al ju ga se b a gai h e u ristik H arto n o , 2 0 0 3 :1 8 . D a p at d ikata k a n p u la best-first search b e kerja
b erd a sark a n k o m b in a si ke d u a m e to d e s e b elu m n ya A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 0 .
2 .2.3.4 W orkpla c e
M e n u ru t A rh a m i, workplace m e ru p a ka n
are a d ari
se k u m p u la n m e m o ri k e rja working memory. Workplace
d igu n a k a n u n tu k m ere ka m h a sil-h asil an tara da n k e sim p ula n ya n g d ic a p ai.
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2.2.3.5 F asilitas P enjelasan
F a silitas p e njelas a n a da la h k o m p o n e n ta m b a h a n y an g a k a n m e n in g k a tk a n ke m a m p u a n siste m p a k ar. K o m p o n e n in i
m e n g g a m b a rk a n p e n alara n siste m k e p a da p e m a k ai A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 2 .
M e n u ru t T u rb a n
d ala m M u h a m m a d
A rh a m i 2 0 0 5 :2 2 , failitas p e njelasa n d a p at
m e njela sk a n p erila k u
siste m p a k a r d e n ga n m e n ja w a b p erta n ya a n -p erta n ya a n s e b a gai b erik u t:
• M e n ga p a p ertan ya a n terte n tu dita n ya ka n o le h siste m
p a k ar? •
B a gaim a n a ke sim p u la n terte n tu da p at d ip eroleh? •
M e n ga p a altern atif terte ntu d ito la k? •
A p a ren c a n a u n tu k m e m p e roleh p e n ye le s aian?
2.2.3.6 P erb aikan P eng etah u a n
P erb aik a n p e n ge ta h u a n m eru p a ka n h al p e n tin g d ala m k o m p o n e n siste m p a kar, a ga r p ro g ra m m a m p u m e n ga n alisis
p en ye b a b ke su k ses a n d a n k e ga ga la n ya n g d iala m in y a. H a l ini sa m a
d e n ga n k ara k ter p a k ar ya n g
m e m iliki k e m a m p u a n m e n ga n a lisis d a n m e n in g k a tk a n kin erja serta k e m a m p u a n
u n tu k b elaj ar d ari kin erjan ya .
19
2.2.3.7 A nta r m u k a P en gg u n a
User interface
a n tarm u k a p en g g u n a
m eru p a k a n m e k a n is m e ya n g d igu n a k a n o le h p e n g g u n a d a n siste m p a k ar
u n tu k b erk o m u n ika si A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 4 . A n tar m u k a p e m a ka i m e m b e rik a n f asilita s k o m u n ik a si an tara p e m a ka i d a n siste m ,
m e m b e rik a n b erb a ga i
fasilita s inf o rm asi
d an b erb a gai k e tera n ga n ya n g b ertu jua n u n tu k m e m b a n tu m e n ga ra h ka n alu r
p en elu su ra n m a s ala h sa m p ai d ite m u ka n n ya so lu si H arto n o, 2 0 0 3 : 1 9 . S ya rat u ta m a m e m b a n gu n a n tarm u k a p e m a k ai
a d alah k e m u d a h a n
d ala m m e nja la n k a n
siste m , ya n g
d ita m p ilk a n m eru p a k a n ta m p ila n ya n g in tera ktif, k o m u n ik a tif, d an m u d a h d ala m p e m a ka ia n n ya .
2.2.4 R ep resentasi P en g eta hu an
R e p re se n ta si p e n geta h u a n
m eru p a k a n k o m b in asi
siste m b erd a sark a n d u a ele m e n , ya itu stru k tu r d ata d an p e n afsira n p ro s e d u r
u n tu k d igu n a k a n p e n ge tah u an d ala m m e n yim p a n stru k tu r d ata A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 9 . D ala m siste m p a k ar, p e n ge ta h u a n ya n g tela h d i u raik a n,
d ire p rese n tasik a n ke d ala m b e n tu k ya n g d a p at d ip ro s es o le h k o m p u ter. M e n u ru t F ire b ro u gh d ala m A rh a m i 2 0 0 5 :2 8 , terd a pat e m pa t te k n ik
ya n g tela h d ib u ktika n efe k tif u n tu k re p rese n ta si p en ge ta h u a n, yaitu
20
jarin ga n se m a n tik semantic network, frame d an script, s erta atu ra n p ro d u k si.
2.2.4.1 Ja rin gan S em a ntik
S em a n tic n etw o rk
J arin ga n se m a n tik
m e ru p a k a n jarin ga n
d ata d a n
in fo r m asi ya n g
d igu n a k a n u n tu k
inf o rm a si ya n g
p ro p o rsio n al. Jarin ga n
s e m a n tik k a d a n g
ju g a d is eb u t
jarin ga n p ro p o sitio n al b e rn ilai b e n ar atau sala h . D a la m m a te m atika , istila h jarin ga n s e m a n tik m e ru p a k a n su atu
la b el ata u graph b erara h A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :3 1 . J arin ga n se m a n tik p erta m a d iso s ialisa sika n o le h Q u ilin d a n R a p h a e l
p ad a ta h u n 1 9 6 8 M e d s ke r; 1 9 9 3 :1 1 0 . S tru k tu r d ari jarin ga n se m a ntik d itu nju k ka n se c a ra
grafik ya n g terd iri d ari sim p u l node d a n b u su r arc ya n g m e n gh u b u n g k a n n ya . S im p u l m e n ya ta ka n o bje k , k o n sep
ata u situ a si, se d a n g k a n b u su r d igu n a k a n s e b a gai links ata u edge ya n g
m e n ya ta ka n h u b u n ga n
relationlship an tar
sim p u l. M e n u ru t C h a n g 1 9 9 0 ,4 1 su atu jarin ga n se m a n tik
d ap at d ib a ya n gk a n s eb a g ai su atu la h a n d ata data land. S u atu
sim p u l m e ru p a ka n
ta n da la h a n
d an su a tu
sisi m eru p a ka n h u b u n ga n a n tar ta n d a -ta n d a la ha n te rse b u t.
Id e n ya b a h w a “ s u atu la h a n d ata a d ala h te p at m irip su atu
21
la h an” . K ita d a p at m e n c a p ai k e s e s u atu tan d a la h a n, d a n m e n d a p atka n le b ih b a n y a k in f o r m a si m e lalu i h u b u n ga n -
h u b u n ga n k e ata u d en g a n ta n d a -ta n da la h an ya n g lain . C o n to h jarin ga n se m a n tik d itu nju k k a n p a d a ga m b a r 2 .7.
R ic h ard S a u d a ra L a k i-la k i
Jo h n M ar y
K e m e n a k a n - L a k i-la k i
P am an A ya h
A n a k L a k i-la k i
Ib u
A n a k L a k i-la k i
S m ith
G a m b a r 2.6 Ja rin gan S em a n tik
2.2.4.2
F ram e
S ala h satu sk e m a ya n g tela h d igu n a k a n d ala m b a n ya k a p lika si A I a d ala h frame b in g k a i. Frame p erta m a k ali
d ik e n alk a n o leh B arlett p a d a ta h u n 1 9 3 2 D u rk in ; 1 9 9 3 ,7 3 k e m u d ia n
d ike m b a n g k a n o le h
M in sk y d an
K u ip ers M e d sk e r; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 9 . Frame d a p at d ip an d a n g
se b a ga i stru ktu r
d ata sta tik
ya n g d igu n a k a n
u n tu k m ere p re s e n tasika n situ a si-situ asi ya n g tela h d ip ah a m i d an
stereotype. Frame b eru p a ku m p u lan -k u m p u lan slo t yan g d igu n a k a n ata u m e ru p a k a n atrib u t u n tu k m e n d esk rip sik a n
p en ge ta h u a n. P e n ge tah u a n ya n g term u a t d a la m slo t d a pat b eru p a k eja d ian , lo ka si, situ asi a tau p u n ele m e n -e le m e n lain.
22
Frame d igu n a k a n
u n tu k re p rese n tasi
pe n geta h u a n d e klaratif.
P ro s es p e n alara n ya n g d ila k u ka n o le h frame sec ara es e n sial
a d alah m e n g k o n firm a sik a n
b erb a gai h ara pa n
e k sp e k tasi. Ju m lah b erb a ga i h a ra p a n in i m e n gisi slo t d a n m e m e rik sa a p a ka h ia se su ai d e n ga n situ asi ya n g b erla k u
ata u tid a k A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :4 1 .
D e s ain stru k tu r Frame
terlih at p a da ga m b a r 2 .7 b e rik u t.
G a m b a r 2.7 C on toh F ra m e
2.2.4.3
S c ript
Script m e ru p a ka n ske m a rep re se nta si p e n ge ta h u a n ya n g
sa m a d en ga n
frame. H a n ya
saja frame
m e n g g a m b a rk a n o bje k s e d an g k a n script m e n g g a m b ark a n u ru ta n p eristiw a . Script, d ik e m b a n g k a n o le h S c h a n k d an
A b elso n p a da
ta h u n 1 9 7 7
M e d sk e r; 1 9 9 3 :1 1 0 .
23
P e n g ga m b a ran u ru ta n p eristiw a p a d a script m e n g g u n a k a n sera n gk a ia n slo t ya n g b erisi in f o r m a si te n ta n g o ran g, o bje k
d an tin d a k a n -tin d a ka n ya n g terja di d ala m s u atu peristiw a. Script itu sen d iri m e m ilik i b eb era pa ele m e n u ta m a
ya itu k o n d isi m a su ka n , prop p e n d u k u n g, track jalu r, role p era n , d a n scene a de ga n . M e d sk e r m e n a m b a h k a n satu
ele m e n uta m a ya itu Result – condition that will generally be true after the events described in the csript have occurred
1 9 9 3 :1 1 0 . C o n to h s e d erh a n a d ari script d ap at d ilih a t p a da ga m b a r 2 .8 .
SCRIPT R e sto ra n Ja lu r Track
: resto ra n s w ala y a n fa st fo o d P era n Roles
: T a m u , p ela y a n P e n d u k u n g Prop
: c o u n te r, b a k i, m a k a n a n , u a n g , s e rb et, g a ra m , m e ric a , k e ca p , se d o ta n , d a n la in -la in
K o n d isi m a s u k a n : ta m u la p a r, ta m u p u n y a u a n g
A d e g a n 1 scene 1 : M a s u k •
T a m u p a rk ir m o b il •
T a m u m a s u k re s to ra n •
T a m u a n tre •
T a m u b a c a lis t m e n u d a n m e m u tu s k a n a p a y a n g a k a n d ip es a n
A d e g a n 2 : p e sa n a n
• T a m u m e m b e rik a n p es a n a n p a d a p e la y a n
• P e la y a n m e n g a m b il p e s a n a n d a n
m e leta k k a n m a k a n a n d i a ta s b a k i •
T a m u m e m b a y a r
24
A d e g a n 3 : m a k a n
• T a m u m e n g a m b il s erb e t, se d o ta n , g a ra m
d a n la in -lain •
T a m u m e m b a w a b a k i m a k a n a n k e m e ja k o s o n g
• T a m u m a k a n d e n g a n c e p a t
A d e g a n 4 : p u la n g
• T a m u m e n in g g a lk a n m e ja
• T a m u m e m b u a n g s a m p a h
• T a m u m e n in g g a lk a n re s to ra n
• T a m u n a ik m o b il d a n p u la n g
R e s u lt h a sil :
• T a m u m e ra s a k e n y a n g
• T a m u s e n a n g
• T a m u k e c e w a
• T a m u s a k it p eru t
G a m b a r 2.8 C on toh S cript
2.2.4.4 A tu ran P rod uk si
K aid a h S iste m p ro d u k si m e nja d i ac u a n ya n g san g at serin g d igu n a k a n o leh m eto de inf ere n si siste m p a k a r d an
d ala m ka su s p e n yele saia n m a sala h tin g k a h la ku m a n u sia, ata u d ala m p ro d u k si s e d e rh a na . P e n ge ta h u a n d ala m siste m
p ro d u k si d a p at d irep re se n tasik a n o le h h im p u n a n kaid a h
d ala m b en tu k : IF [ k o n disi] T H E N [a k s i]. They have been
used extensively in expert system, particularly those created
25
for diagnosis and planningM ed sk er; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 8 . A tu ra n p ro d u k si d ip o p u lerka n o le h N e w l d a n S im o n d an ju ga o leh
D a vis d a n K in gM ed s k er; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 7 . C o nto h p en erap a n atu ra n p ro d u k si terlih at d ala m ga m b a r 2.9.
IF [S a k it ke p ala A N D sa k it ten g g o ro k a n A N D h id u n g tersu m b at]
T H E N [ m in u m asp irin g A N D istira h at]
G a m b a r 2.9 C on toh A tu ran P rod uk si
T erd a p at tiga ele m e n
u ta m a d ari se m u a
siste m p ro d u k si A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :7 7 , yaitu :
a. D ata b ase glo b al M eru p a ka n stru ktu r d ata u ta m a d ari siste m p ro d u k si.
b . K aid a h p ro d u k si K aid a h p ro d u k si m e m p u n ya i b a gia n k o n d isi IF y an g
d is e b u t b a gia n ka n a n d a n a k si T H E N ya n g d is e b u t b a gia n kiri.
c. S iste m k o n tro l M eru p a ka n p ro gra m p en terje m a h ya n g e s en sial u n tu k
m e n go n tro l u ru tan d im a n a k aid a h -k a id a h p ro d u k si d ip icu d an m e n ye lesaik a n k o n flik jika le bih d ari satu k a id a h
ya n g d ia p lik asik a n . H u b u n ga n d ari k etiga ele m e n u ta m a d i atas terlih at
p ad a ga m b a r 2.1 0 .
26
STRUKTUR KONTROL interpretasi kaidah
Basis Pengetahuan Kumpulan Kaidah
Database Global Working Memory
G a m b a r 2.10 H u b un gan E lem en U ta m a p ada A tu ran P rod u k si
2.3 W eb
M e n u ru t k a m u s b a h asa In d o n esia w e b b erarti siste m u n tu k
m e n ga k s e s, m e m a n ip u las i, d a n m e n gu n d u h
d o k u m e n h ip erta u t ya n g
terd a p at d ala m k o m p u ter yan g d ih u b u n g k a n m e lalu i in tern et S u go n o , 2 0 0 8 :1 6 2 0 . S e b u ah h ala m a n w e b b ia san ya b eru p a d o k u m e n ya n g d itu lis
d ala m f o r m at H T M L H yp e r T e x t M ark u p L a n gu a ge , ya n g s elalu b isa d ia k ses
m elalu i H T T P ,
yaitu se b u ah
p ro to ko l yan g
m e n ya m p a ik a n in fo r m asi d ari server website u n tu k d ita m p ilk a n k e p a d a p ara p e m a k a i
m e lalu i web browser. S e m u a
p u blik a si d ari
website terseb u t d a p at m e m b e n tu k se b u a h jarin g a n inf o rm a si ya n g sa n ga t b e sar.
2.4 D iag n osa
D ia gn o sa atau D ia gn o sis d ala m ka m u s b esar b a h asa In d o n e sia a d alah p e ne n tu a n su atu p e n ya k it d e n ga n
m e n eliti m e m e rik sa gejala - gejala n ya S u go n o , 2 0 0 8:3 5 0 .
27
2.5 P enya kit
P e n ya k it a d alah s u atu k e a d a a n a b n o r m a l d ari tu b u h ata u p ikira n ya n g m e n ye b a b k a n ke tid a k n ya m a n a n , d isfu n gsi ata u k e su ka ra n terh a d a p
o ra n g ya n g d ip e n garu h in ya .
2.6 G igi dan M ulut
Mulut dalam bahasa latin sering dikenal dengan kata oral atau oris. Mulut berukuran lebar atau tinggi 4-6 cm yang diukur ketika kita sedang
menguap atau mulut terbuka lebar M arta w ia n sy a h , 2 0 0 8 : 1 . K o m p o n e n o rga n ya n g m e n yertai m u lu t an tara lain ; gigi d an b ib ir se b a ga i p e m b ata s
se b ela h d e p a n, lid ah se b a gai p e m b a tas se b ela h b a w a h , farin g s e ba ga i p e m b atas b a gia n b ela ka n g, p ip i s e b a ga i p e m b a ta s s eb ela h sa m p in g d a n
p alatu m la n git-la n git seb a ga i p e m b a tas b a gia n atas M arta w ia n s ya h , 2 0 0 8 : 2 .
G igi s e n d iri seb a ga i b a gia n m u lu t m e m ilik i stru k tu r, b en tu k d an ju m lah ya n g h a m p ir sa m a pa d a s etia p m a n u sia. Pada anak-anak terdapat 20
buah gigi sulung, dimana tiap-tiap rahangnya terdiri atas 4 gigi seri, 2 gigi taring, dan 4 gigi geraham. Untuk gigi dewasa, biasanya berjumlah 32 buah
gigi tetap, pada tiap rahangnya terdiri atas 4 gigi seri, 2 gigi taring, 4 gigi geraham kecil, dan 6 gigi geraham besar M arta w ia n s ya h , 2 0 0 8 : 3.
P e m b e d a an tara gigi su lu n g d e n ga n gigi teta p a d ala h b e n tu k, u k u ran , w a k tu , ju m lah d an stru k tu r gigin ya.
28
B e n tu k gigi tia p o ra n g m e m a n g b erb e d a -b e d a, ta p i p ad a d asarn ya setia p gigi terd iri d ari s usu n a n d a n stru ktu r ya n g sa m a . G igi terb a gi m e njad i
tiga b a gia n ya itu m a h k o ta gigi m e ru p a k a n b a gia n ya n g m e n o n jo l di ata s gu si, a k a r gigi b a gia n ya n g te rp e n d a m d ala m tu lan g r a h a n g, d a n le h er gigi ya n g
m e ru p a ka n p erb atas a n berte m u n ya m a h k o ta d a n a k ar gigi. G igi
m e m ilik i tiga la pis a n uta m a ya itu e m a il enamail, d e n tin dentine d an p u lp a pulp. E m a il m e ru p a ka n b a gia n terke ra s p ad a tu b u h
m a n u s ia ya n g terd iri d ari 9 9 b a h an a n o rga n ik , teru ta m a k alsiu m f osfat d ala m b e n tu k kristal a patit d an h an ya 1 b ah a n o rga n ik yaitu p ro tein ya n g
sa n ga t k a ya p ro lin. D e n tin terd iri atas 7 0 zat a n o rga n ik b eru p a k ristal h id ro k si
a p atit, 1 8
zat o rga n ik
b eru p a serat
k o la ge n , le m a k,
glik o s a m in o glik a n, k o m p le k s p ro tein , d a n a s a m sitrat, se rta 1 2 air. P u lp a terd iri atas 2 5 ba h a n o rga n ik d a n 7 5 air. P u lp a te rleta k da la m salu ra n a k ar
ya n g b an ya k b erisi p e m b u lu h d a ra h d a n p e m b u lu h s ya raf. P e m b u lu h d ara h ya n g terlete k p a d a p u lpa b erd in d in g tip is d an ka k u s e hin g g a s an ga t re n ta n
terh a da p p eru b a h an te kan a n h id ro statik ya n g d a p at m e n ye b a b k a n p era d a n g a n rin ga n .
G a m b a r 2.11 P ena m p an g G igi
29
2.7 K o nsep D asar B asis D ata
Kategori