Independent construction of text Independent construction of text TEXT – BASED MATERIALS DESIGN:

syllabus was done in order to design the materials so that it can accommodate the students to reach discourse competence. 3. Listing the Features of Lesson Unit The features of lesson unit were determined in this step. There were many criteria that could help this study conducted the lesson unit but the most important are: a. The lesson unit is fully based on text type. This study adapts literacy approach which utilizing English literary texts. There are many English literary texts such as descriptive, recount, and narrative. This study used narrative texts because it can entertain, gain, and hold students’ interest. b. The lesson unit is designed to integrate the four skills. The lesson unit must cover the development of four language skills. They are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. c. It consists of language elements. The materials also should cover the language elements such as vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. d. It covers both spoken and written cycle. The CBC mentions that the final purpose of English learning is to develop students’ competencies to communicate a language in both spoken and written language. Therefore, the development of instructional activities must cover two cycles i.e. spoken and written cycle. The spoken cycle covers to development of speaking and listening skills, whereas the written cycle covers to development of reading and writing skills. e. The lesson unit encourages the students to get involved. The literacy approach invites the students to be more active in teaching learning activities. Through the cycles and stages that offered by literacy approach, students are able to develop their language skills such as they will have confident to speak in front of the classroom, able to listening some recorded materials, able to comprehend some reading passages and able to write some formal texts. In addition, through the stages in the approach, students gradually gain independent control of particular text type. f. It is periodically recycled. The materials should be periodically revised and recycled. The revision based on the users’ feedback and suggestions. It also should be matched with the latest curriculum and the theories underlying the curriculum. g. It is user friendly. In order to help the teachers understand with the tasks in the lesson unit, teacher’s manual were needed. It contains clear instructions for the teachers to their students. To facilitate listening activities, it needs to record conversation and monologue texts. 4. Drafting, Revising, and Editing the Materials After looking at the literacy approach and narrative theories, the materials were drafted. There were some considerations to take in drafting the materials such as the teaching learning cycle spoken and written cycle and four stages. When the draft of the lesson unit has finished, the lesson unit were revised and edited. 5. Recording the Materials Since the designed materials include listening activities in spoken cycle, the next step was recording the materials to provide the students with listening practices and make them accustomed to English conversations and monologues texts. The result of the recording was in the form of CD. 6. Making the Teacher’s Manual