16 result from the lack of knowledge of the rules of the target language and the
performance errors caused by factors such as fatigue and inattention Dulay et al., 1982, p. 139. The performance errors are also called “mistakes”. According to
Brown 1987, p.170, mistakes can be a random guess or a slip reflecting a performance error. Therefore, mistakes can be corrected by those who produce
them, while errors cannot and need further explanation.
a. Error Types
There are some sorts of errors based on linguistic category Dulay et al., 1982, pp. 154-172, namely:
1 Omission
Omission is the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance, e.g.
[ii] Mary president of the new company instead of Mary is the president of the new company.
2 Addition
Addition is the presence of an item that must not appear in a well-formed utterance. There are some kinds of addition.
a Regularization
Regularization, or also often called overgeneralization, is the application of a regular rule to an item which requires a special rule, e.g.
[iii]eated instead of ate b
Double Marking
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17 Double marking is an error in which a concept is expressed twice when the
language requires its expression only once. It is also called simple addition error. The example of this kind of error is double negation, e.g.
[iv] We hardly never go instead of We hardly go or We never go.
3 Misformation
It is the use of the wrong form of a morpheme or structure. There are three types of misformations, namely:
a Regularization Errors
Regularization errors that fall under the misformation category are those in which a regular marker is used in place of an irregular one, e.g.
[v] runned instead of ran
b Archi-forms
They are the use of one member of a class of forms to represent others in the class, e.g.
[vi]
Them going to town instead of They are going to town. c
Alternation
It is the use of members of one grammatical class for each other, for example plural for singular. It is also called alternating form.
4 Misordering
It is the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance, e.g.
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18 [vii]
I don’t know what is that instead of I don’t know what that is.
Omission, addition, misformation, and misordering all fall under a surface strategy taxonomy, which highlights the ways surface structures are altered.
5 Developmental Errors
They are the ones similar to those made by children learning the target language as their first language, e.g.:
[viii] Dog eat it instead of The dog ate it.
The article and past tense marker are omitted in sentence [40]; these are also found in the speech of children learning English as their first language.
6 Interlingual Errors
They are similar in structure to a semantically equivalent phrase or sentence in the learner’s native language. For example:
[ix] The man funny instead of The man is funny.
7 Ambiguous Errors
They are those that could be classified equally well as developmental or interlingual. That is because these errors reflect the learner’s native language
structure, and at the same time, they are of the type found in the speech of children acquiring a first language. For example:
[x] I no have a car instead of I don’t have any car.
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8 Other Errors
These errors are unique to a second language learner and do not fit into any other category. For example:
[xi] She do hungry instead of She is hungry.
Developmental, interlingual, ambiguous, and other errors all fall under a comparative taxonomy, which is based on comparisons between the structure of
second language errors and certain other types of constructions
9 Global Errors
They are the errors that affect overall sentence organization and significantly hinder communication. For example:
[xii] English language use many people instead of English language is used by
many people.
10 Local Errors
Errors that affect single elements constituents in a sentence do not usually hinder communication significantly. These include errors in noun and
verb inflections, articles, auxiliaries and the formation of quantifiers. For example:
[xiii] Why like we each other? instead of Why do we like each other?
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b. Error Sources
