3.3 Data collecting Method
The writer will do some step to analyze process of this study. First, the writer go to Simalingkar and Berastagi to analyze about karonese language with some
people who can speaking conversation about karonese language. For adding the writer read the book of understanding about prepositions and the text book which
is discuss about English and Karonese, and then the writer will visiting USU library, UNIMED library and some book store to find some information that
related with the topic of this study. The main data of the analysis in this proposal are related to the writer’s interest about “A Contrastive Analysis Between English
and Karonese Prepositions”. Finally, the writer also used the note card to write all of the important data from the book, thus the writer can found conclusion of the
topic based on the data has gotten.
3.4 Data Analyzing Method
Research data obtained by participant observation by observing activities and simultaneously record the conversation conversations that took place. This
observation is done because it is the essence of social research in which social studies can only be done when the researcher is part of the communities studied
Hammersley and Akitson, 1983 while Ary, Jacob and Rajavich 2002 stated that the acquisition of data by participant observation method of data acquisition
is the most fundamental in qualitative research. By Therefore, the researcher is the main instrument key instrument
because he would carry out all the research and he also as planners, implementers,
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data collection, data analysis implementers, interpreter the data, and the reporting of research Moleong,1989.
She not only watched the bus driver but She also learn took the bus and the bus as driving in some way the Active Participant, observers learn the cultural
actors may engage in activities that the activities undertaken by participants. Participant moderates, the observations can be carried out and in the activity.
Observer in this case can serve as a loiterer or game watcher. Participant is Passsive data collection activities conducted observers without involved in the
activities while the Non participant is collecting data where observer not involved at all in the activity. Research on programs on television is one example of this
type, in which the observer simply making observations the program is aired. The research data was obtained in two ways, namely complete participant and active
participant entering the data conversation.
3.5 Data Analyzing
Language has its special function for speakers of the language or the use of language as a tool for running the administration of the State, a tool for unifying
the various tribes who have different cultural backgrounds and different languages as well as reservoir container culture. All Science and culture should be taught
and deepened by using language as a medium.
` Variety of Languages can be classified based on the field of discourse.
With this diversity of languages can be divided into: a scientific fad that is the
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language used in imiah activities, writing - academic writing, b is a popular variety of the language used in daily life and popular writings.
Variety of language can be classified according to the means that can be divided into a variety of oral and written variety. Clarified the meaning of spoken
language with the intonation, stress, tone, tempo sound and stops. While the use of diverse writings influenced by the shape, sentence patterns, and punctuation.
Contrastive analysis is a study of the elements of language. According to Lado 1975, contrastive analysis is a way to describe the difficulty or ease of
language learners in learning a second language and foreign language. Contrastive analysis not only to compare the elements of language and linguistic
systems in the language of the first B1 and second language B2, but at the same time to compare and describe the cultural background of both languages so
that the results can be used teaching a second language or foreign language. In the book Linguistics Across Cultures, Lado 1975 said that on the
Assumption that we can predict and describe the patterns that will cause difficulty in learning, and those that will not cause difficulty, by comparing
systematically the language and culture to be learned with the native language and culture of the student.
Contrastive analysis by Brown 1980, Ellis 1986, there are four steps that must be done konstrastif analysis emerged as an answer to demands for
improvement of teaching a second language B2 or foreign language BA, According to Tarin 1985, view approach behaviorist since the 1930s has been
used in the study of language, as it worked Bloomfield. One of the findings that are based on behaviorist psychology is language
allows one to make an answer R = Response if the other person gives or has stimulus S = Stimulus. Skinner in 1957 developed a view of the behaviorist
psychology to the study of linguistic behavior behavioristik models. Linguistic
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theory proposed by Skinner is based on the results of experiments on the behavior of mice. The theory known as Skinners Boxes Brown, 1980.
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IV. ENGLISH AND KARONESE PREPOSITIONS 4.1 Prepositions
The word ‘preposition’ is derived from the Latin preposito, prae means before and position means place
Many people define preposition differently, according to how they think to show it. George E. Wishon and Julia M. Burks give the explanation how about
the preposition. . So preposition means placing before.
Preposition is to relate a noun or a pronoun to another word or to the rest of the sentence and any modifiers of the object.
“Prepositions are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them
and one of the basic sentence elements subject, verb, object and complement.” ² Preposition have the influence on the sense of the text. The meaning of the
sentence is different too. We can see it in the following sentence. A car bought by Iwan.
A car bought to Iwan. Maybe the first sentence means that Iwan buys the car for someone or for
himself. The second sentence means that Iwan gets the car from someone that her bought for Iwan.
We see above, the sentences have different meanings just by changing the preposition that precede.
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4.2 Forms of Prepositions
In this thesis, the writer wants to explain brief as the form of prepositions.
1 Simple Prepositions
This prepositions consisting of a single word and is often used. such as:
At, of, in,on for, from, by, with, to ,till, over , since, under, through, above, down, up, across, into, below, within, opposite, like, against, and near.
I. Complex Prepositions
Complex prepositions consists of two or three words. a.
Two-word prepositions consist of a preposition e.g except. an adjective e.g because followed by one of the prepositions for, from, of , to,with,
against. For examples : except for, along with,as for, but for.
b. Three-word prepositions have the form
Simple preposition +Noun + Simple preposition
With the noun sometimes determined by the e.g in the approval of. The first preposition is actually limited to in, on, by, at, for, with. The second
to of, with, for , and to. For examples: in love with you
By way of a change On top of that
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1. Marginal Prepositions
In particular some prepositions are derived from verbs in form. Most of them are participle –ing form, like considering, concerning,
regarding, barring, referring, including and respecting. These are called verbal prepositions.
For example: Prepositions: Including Our home, We have to move now.
Verb : I have been considering Her as my sister.
4.3 Function of Prepositions
In English, prepositions are normally placed before nouns or pronouns.
For examples: He sits beside her. He visits her grandfather on Saturday.
Prepositions is place right after the verb.
For examples: What are you searching at? Who were you asking for?
Also in informal questions What about?
What for?
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A Preposition placed at the end of aclause that begins with an
interrogative. For examples: The company where I buy in my DVD set from.
I asked whom he thinking of.
Preposition is placed before gerund.
For examples: She left the restaurant without paying the bill. Before notice the memo, read the small print.
4.4 Types of Prepositions
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