Modification Aspects of Teacher Talk

those situation. The example of the situation and the expression to handle the situation is expected improve the teacher awareness in giving direction during the activity in the classroom, so the students would not meet difficulty in following the activity and the teacher talk would effectively use. Furthermore, the students will get direction and instruction clearly to do the activity in the classroom.

2.2.5 Modification Aspects of Teacher Talk

Modifying teacher talk is possibly to be done. In his book, Lynch 1996: 39 explains that ―all this makes it important to think about the options we have for modifying what we say in order to make ourselves understood.‖ The modification is adjusted with the students‘ necessary, so the improvement of teacher talk will be effective and also what the teacher says in classroom can be accepted by students‘ understanding. Lynch 1996: 39 also describes three aspects that can be applied to modify the teacher talk. They are input modification, interaction modification, and modification of information choice. The first is Input Modifications. This part focus on how the teacher uses the language when he speaks in the classroom. It relates with the word choice, the sentence construction , the way teacher speaks and the teacher‘s gesture. Lynch explains those points in a table. Table 2.1 Points of Input Modification Vocabulary  Use of more common vocabulary  Avoidance of idioms  Use of nouns rather than pronouns Grammar  Shorter utterances  Less complex utterances  More regular surface structure  Increased use of present tense Pronunciation  Slower speech  Clearer articulation  More frequent use of standard forms  Less vowel-reduction use of in English  Greater stress differentiation  Wider pitch range  More pauses  Longer pauses Non-verbal  Increased use of gesture  Increased use of facial expression Those points above can be a consideration for the teacher to improve his talk since those points can be applied during explaining the lesson. In this research, those aspects also might be suggested to make the teacher be more concerns on the way she explains or talks in front of the students. The main of the research is improving teacher talk and I see this theory would be useful during the research since the theory might give other sight on how to improve teacher talk. The second modification is Interaction Modifications. Through interaction, the students get more opportunities to learn the language. As stated by Lynch 1996: 44 ―….why it is important to consider the interaction as a whole is that it is now clear that interaction modifications are more influential in assisting learn ers‘ comprehension than are modifications of the spoken input alone.‖ This part gives a sight on the pattern of interaction, which commonly occurred in the classroom, so the teacher will get information on what things possibly to be done in order to create interactive situation during the teaching-learning process. Table 2.2 Points of Interaction Modification Confirmation check Making sure that the teacher have understood is what the learner means. Comprehension check Making sure that the learner has understood what the teacher mean. Clarification request Asking the learner to explain or rephrase. Repetition Repeating the words or those of the learner. Reformulation Rephrasing the content which have been said. Completion Completing the learner‘s utterance. Backtracking Returning to a point in the conversation, up to what the learner has understood teacher‘s explanation. The points above mention about how the teacher can maintain an interaction in the classroom with the students. As one of the concerns of the research in the present study, information about how to maintain an interaction and how the teacher should behave would be a useful suggestion, which can be given to the teacher. Moreover, the teacher might get a sight how to create interactive situation in the classroom. The third is Modifications of Information choice. The way teacher delivers the information to the students is considered important. Lynch 1996: 49 ―it found that native EFL teachers, as well as modifying input and interaction, adjusted both the amount and the type of information they gave to intermediate and elementary- level learners, in three ways‖. They are: 1 Increasing the quantity of descriptive detail 2 Making the logical links in the story explicit 3 Filling in assumed gaps in socio-cultural knowledge Those three points above give an idea how to deliver the information to the students to make them accept it and understand the delivered information. Therefore, the confusion of the students in classroom can be avoided and the students can follow the lesson without any difficulty. The learning activity can be done smoothly and the teacher probably delivers his talk effectively. That is the reason that might be a consideration for the theory to be given to the teacher as a suggestion in order to improve the teacher talk.

2.2.6 Interaction in the Classroom