first, and it is difficult to interpret until the full noun phrase is presented in
the next line. This pattern is known as cataphora, and it is much less
common than anaphora.
38
E. Discourse 1. Definition and Types of Discourse
Now the study of language is not limited to units of the sentence. Sentences relate to one another, either with the preceding sentence as well
as the sentence that followed until it appears the hypothesis that there is a unit that is still higher than the unit sentence. This unit is called
suprakalimat unit or unit of discourse.
39
Discourse is also used in a different sense to mean conventional ways of talking such as academic discourse, which from constellations of
repeated meanings. In this sense, individual texts are a realization of wide spread discourse patterns.
40
According to Kinneavy, the discourse can be divided into four groups based on the purpose of writing, both intended for the encoder
speakerwriter or for the decoder listenerreader, they are:
41
1. Expressive Discourse
Expressive discourse is a discourse where is the encoder is more aimed, or the most dominant elements is the encoder for the writer or the
38
George Yule, Pragmatics, p. 23.
39
J.D. Parera, op. cit., p. 218.
40
Michael Stubbs, Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics, UK: Blackwell Publish, ltd, 2001, p.69
41
Ibid., pp. 221-223.
speaker itself. Expressive discourse divided into: 1 the discourse that is individualized, and 2 the discourse which is social. Expressive
discourse that is individualized for example conversations, journals, diaries, complaints, and prayers; whereas expressive discourse that are
social for society itself, such as: protest of minority or protest of the people, manifesto, declaration of independence, contracts, charterand
the household budget for the associationunions, and religious pledges.The purpose of the expressive discourse is the interests more
dominant to the encoder than the decoder. 2.
Referential Discourse Referential discourse is a discourse that its reference to the reality, to
the facts and the data. The term of referential discourse is more to characteristics of science. It means that the discourse is more aimed to
the depiction of the reality facts data to the decoder.The referential discourse divided into 1 referential discourse that is expository, 2
scientific discourse, and 3 informative discourse.Referential discourse that is expository can be shaped: dialogue, seminars, temporary
definition, hypothesis, suggestions of problem-solving , and diagnosis. Scientific discoursecan be shapedresearch reports both experimental
and naturalistic. Informative discourse can be shapedpapers in newspapers, reports, summaries and abstracts, non-technical papers in
encyclopedias, and textbooks for education.
3. Literary Discourse
Generally, literary discourse classified as expressive discourse. However, as referential discourse, the arguments in literary discourse is
speaking not for the encoder and the decoder.Thediscourse that speaks with reality for the reality itself.The Latin says“res ipsaloaquitur.”In
literary discourse, the dominant element is not reality itself, but the reality that is established into the imagination and enjoyment of
aesthetic which present itself without being asked. Literary discourse can be distinguished on the short story, novel, lyric, limerick, ballad,
singing of the people folklore, drama, TV shows, movies, and jokes. 4.
Persuasive Discourse Persuasive discourse is addressed to the decoder implicitly and
explicitly. Acceptance and influence certain is expected occurred to the decoder. The discourse raises an action, emotions, and particular belief
from the decoder. Persuasive discourse includes advertisements, political speech, religious sermons, legal oratorylaw, and editorial.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In the data description, the writer will discuss the words that are indicated as person and place
deixis that found in “The Jakarta Post” as unit analysis in this research. The text which is selected as many as tentexts, those are in
edition 20 February 2013; 3 and 6 May 2013; 11, 12, 18 and 19 September 2013; and 20 January 2014, and the writer tabulates them into the following
tables. These are the following tables from person and place deixis that are taken from The Jakarta Post:
Table 1. Table of data from person deixis in the text entitled “Dahlan, Gita told not to put Cabinet posts at risk”
No Paragraph
Person Deixis Number
1 3
He 1
2 4
I My
Who 3
1 1
3 5
He They
Their 2
1 1
4 6
He 1
5 8
I He
His 2
1 2
6 9
He Him
My 1
1 1
7 10
He His
1 3
8 11
He 2
9 13
You Yourselves
He 3
1 1
