6,509 Correlating mariculture and household income generation: a case of panggang island initiative

In terms of education, elementary school graduates dominate the sample household by 45.45 percent, followed by junior high school graduates 23.38 percent, not completed elementary school 16.88 percent, and senior high school graduates 12.99 percent. There is only one person 1.30 percent from the sample who obtained his university degree. Most of respondents work as fishermen 83.12 percent as their primary occupation. Fish farmers ranked number two with 9.09 percent, followed by other occupations such as supplier of ornamental fish and labor 5.19 percent, and self- employed 2.60 percent. There is 85.71 percent of sample household who have an alternative occupation; only eleven persons 14.29 percent depend on one occupation. Fish farmers are the major alternative occupation 64.94 percent in the sample. The rising number of fish farmers caused by many aquaculture projects and aids from the government, NGOs, and also international organization e.g. CSI-UNESCO. The size of household in the sample is relatively big; it ranged from 3-6 in each family. More than a quarter of sample household size 32.47 percent has four persons in each family. The second largest household size is five persons 22.08 percent, followed by six persons 18.18 percent and three persons 16.88 percent respectively. Only two household heads that have only 1-2 person 2.60 percent in their family. In terms of their social network, there are only 29.87 percent of sample households whom involved in non-sea farming organizations. Are They Really Poor? Total incomes of sample households are ranged from Rp8.1 million to Rp90 million in one period 20 . More detailed information about income can be seen on Table 15 which shows descriptive statistics of sample households including total income and expenditure. As described in chapter 2, poverty in this study applied absolute poverty definition and used income as the approach to measure poverty. There are three versions of poverty line that used in this study as presented on Table 3, i.e. World Bank for international comparison, BPS for national comparison, and BPS Jakarta for local comparison. These three versions of poverty lines was used because they applied the same method, i.e. the cost of basic needs method, to calculate poverty lines; although each version have some adjustments e.g. prices, type of goods for food and non-food. The cost of basic needs is the cost of a nutritional basket considered minimal for the health of a typical family, to which a provision is added for non-food needs Coudouel et al. 2002. Table 12 provides the number of poor for both participants and non-participants using the three poverty lines mentioned above. The table shows that the lowest poverty line threshold is based on BPS version. By using BPS version, there are only five households live below poverty line, none of them are participants. Meanwhile using BPS Jakarta version, which is higher compare to BPS version, there are eleven households live below the poverty line ten households in non-participant group and one household in participant group. 20 In this study, one period equal to nine months because the authors used culture period for brown marble grouper as one period to calculate income. Table 12 Number of Poor Sample Households a in Panggang Island, 2012 No Organization Poverty Line Threshold Number of Poor Households Remark Participants Non- participants Total Percentage b 1 World Bank Extreme Poverty: US 1.25day  Rp337,500month 7 7 9.09 Calculate with assumption: a. One month equal to 30 days b. US 1 equal to Rp9,000 Poverty: US 2day  Rp540,000month 6 18 24 31.17 2 BPS Rp259,520month 5 5 6.49 As of September 2012 3 BPS Jakarta Rp392,571month 1 10 11 14.29 As of September 2012 Notes: a Total respondent are 77 households. b Percentage of total poor households is calculated from total respondent. World Bank version has two poverty line thresholds that is define for extreme poverty and poverty. For extreme poverty category, there are seven households are categorized as very poor and none of them are participants. For poverty category, there are 24 households are categorized as poor, six of them are participants and eighteen of them are non-participants. As World Bank’s threshold is the highest compare to other thresholds for normal poverty, the percentage of households who live under US 2day equal to Rp540 thousandmonth is the highest compare to other poverty line thresholds. It reached 31.70 of total sample households. Appendix 3 shows the total income and monthly income per capita of sample households. Table 12 and Appendix 3 summarized that most of respondents live above the poverty line and it is clear that participants are better off than non-participants. This phenomenon could be the effect of sea farming project and other mariculture activities in the island. To understand whether sea farming had positive impacts in increasing household income or not, the finding on estimation result and descriptive analysis of sea farming’s benefits and constraints section will describe about it. Grouper Culture Activity in Panggang Island Local community in Panggang Island has been practicing mariculture for more than a decade ago. The common mariculture activity in Panggang Island is shown on Table 13. From the table, grouper culture ranked as the highest mariculture commodity compares to other species. Two common grouper that is cultured in Kepulauan Seribu are brown marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and humpback grouper Chromileptes altivelis, also known as polka dot grouper Figure 12. Table 13 Number of Mariculture Activities in Panggang Island Village, 2009 No. Species Number units Owner 1 Coral transplantation 32 Privatelocal community 2 Grouper 180 Privatelocal community 3 Milkfish 130 Privatelocal community 4 Seaweed 20 Local community Source: Kelurahan Pulau Panggang 2010 Brown-marbled grouper and humpback grouper are quite different. Humpback grouper is more complicated in treatment because it has smaller mouth. Thus, it is also more expensive than brown-marbled grouper for both fingerling and consumption-size price. The other differences between the two fish are presented on Table 14. Table 14 Characteristics of Brown Marbled Grouper and Humpback Grouper No. Species Latin Name Egg Diameter μm Larval Duration day Market Size g Maximum Length cm 1 Brown Marbled Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus 840 35-40 0.6 120 2 Humpback Grouper Chromileptes altivelis 890 0.5 90 Source: Stickney 2000 Notes: no specific information. Most commercial grouper are raised from juvenile, either from wild 21 or hatchery, and farmed using cage or pen culture Appendix 4. The minimum size to begin to grow-out is about 7 to 10 cm and the typical market size is about 500 to 1,000 g per fish. It needs around nine months to culture brown marbled grouper and around fourteen to eighteen months for humpback grouper. The grouper are fed using trash fish and fish pellet. 21 Wild juvenile grouper is caught using bubu, a type of traditional portable trap. a Brown-marbled Grouper www.geocities.com 2009 b Humpback Grouper www.fishingkaki.com 2010 Figure 12 Pictures of Brown Marbled Grouper and Humpback Grouper