6,509 Correlating mariculture and household income generation: a case of panggang island initiative
In terms of education, elementary school graduates dominate the sample household by 45.45 percent, followed by junior high school graduates 23.38 percent,
not completed elementary school 16.88 percent, and senior high school graduates 12.99 percent. There is only one person 1.30 percent from the sample who obtained
his university degree.
Most of respondents work as fishermen 83.12 percent as their primary occupation. Fish farmers ranked number two with 9.09 percent, followed by other
occupations such as supplier of ornamental fish and labor 5.19 percent, and self- employed 2.60 percent. There is 85.71 percent of sample household who have an
alternative occupation; only eleven persons 14.29 percent depend on one occupation. Fish farmers are the major alternative occupation 64.94 percent in the sample. The
rising number of fish farmers caused by many aquaculture projects and aids from the government, NGOs, and also international organization e.g. CSI-UNESCO.
The size of household in the sample is relatively big; it ranged from 3-6 in each family. More than a quarter of sample household size 32.47 percent has four persons
in each family. The second largest household size is five persons 22.08 percent, followed by six persons 18.18 percent and three persons 16.88 percent respectively.
Only two household heads that have only 1-2 person 2.60 percent in their family. In terms of their social network, there are only 29.87 percent of sample households whom
involved in non-sea farming organizations.
Are They Really Poor?
Total incomes of sample households are ranged from Rp8.1 million to Rp90 million in one period
20
. More detailed information about income can be seen on Table 15 which shows descriptive statistics of sample households including total income and
expenditure. As described in chapter 2, poverty in this study applied absolute poverty
definition and used income as the approach to measure poverty. There are three versions of poverty line that used in this study as presented on Table 3, i.e. World
Bank for international comparison, BPS for national comparison, and BPS Jakarta for local comparison. These three versions of poverty lines was used because they applied
the same method, i.e. the cost of basic needs method, to calculate poverty lines; although each version have some adjustments e.g. prices, type of goods for food and
non-food. The cost of basic needs is the cost of a nutritional basket considered minimal for the health of a typical family, to which a provision is added for non-food
needs Coudouel et al. 2002.
Table 12 provides the number of poor for both participants and non-participants using the three poverty lines mentioned above. The table shows that the lowest poverty
line threshold is based on BPS version. By using BPS version, there are only five households live below poverty line, none of them are participants. Meanwhile using
BPS Jakarta version, which is higher compare to BPS version, there are eleven households live below the poverty line ten households in non-participant group and
one household in participant group.
20
In this study, one period equal to nine months because the authors used culture period for brown marble grouper as one period to calculate income.
Table 12 Number of Poor Sample Households
a
in Panggang Island, 2012
No Organization
Poverty Line Threshold
Number of Poor Households Remark
Participants Non-
participants Total
Percentage
b
1 World Bank
Extreme Poverty: US 1.25day
Rp337,500month
7 7
9.09 Calculate with
assumption: a.
One month equal to 30
days b.
US 1 equal to Rp9,000
Poverty: US 2day
Rp540,000month
6 18
24 31.17
2 BPS
Rp259,520month 5
5 6.49
As of September 2012
3 BPS Jakarta
Rp392,571month 1
10 11
14.29 As of September
2012
Notes:
a
Total respondent are 77 households.
b
Percentage of total poor households is calculated from total respondent.
World Bank version has two poverty line thresholds that is define for extreme poverty and poverty. For extreme poverty category, there are seven households are
categorized as very poor and none of them are participants. For poverty category, there are 24 households are categorized as poor, six of them are participants and eighteen of
them are non-participants. As World Bank’s threshold is the highest compare to other
thresholds for normal poverty, the percentage of households who live under US 2day equal to Rp540 thousandmonth is the highest compare to other poverty line
thresholds. It reached 31.70 of total sample households.
Appendix 3 shows the total income and monthly income per capita of sample households. Table 12 and Appendix 3 summarized that most of respondents live above
the poverty line and it is clear that participants are better off than non-participants. This phenomenon could be the effect of sea farming project and other mariculture
activities in the island. To understand whether sea farming had positive impacts in increasing household income or not, the finding on estimation result and descriptive
analysis of sea farming’s benefits and constraints section will describe about it.
Grouper Culture Activity in Panggang Island
Local community in Panggang Island has been practicing mariculture for more than a decade ago. The common mariculture activity in Panggang Island is
shown on Table 13. From the table, grouper culture ranked as the highest mariculture commodity compares to other species. Two common grouper that is
cultured in Kepulauan Seribu are brown marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
and humpback grouper Chromileptes altivelis, also known as polka dot grouper Figure 12.
Table 13 Number of Mariculture Activities in Panggang Island Village, 2009
No. Species
Number units
Owner
1 Coral transplantation
32 Privatelocal community
2 Grouper
180 Privatelocal community
3 Milkfish
130 Privatelocal community
4 Seaweed
20 Local community
Source: Kelurahan Pulau Panggang 2010
Brown-marbled grouper and humpback grouper are quite different. Humpback grouper is more complicated in treatment because it has smaller
mouth. Thus, it is also more expensive than brown-marbled grouper for both fingerling and consumption-size price. The other differences between the two fish
are presented on Table 14.
Table 14 Characteristics of Brown Marbled Grouper and Humpback Grouper
No. Species
Latin Name Egg
Diameter μm
Larval Duration
day Market
Size
g
Maximum Length
cm
1 Brown Marbled
Grouper Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus 840
35-40 0.6
120 2
Humpback Grouper
Chromileptes altivelis
890 0.5
90 Source: Stickney 2000
Notes: no specific information.
Most commercial grouper are raised from juvenile, either from wild
21
or hatchery, and farmed using cage or pen culture Appendix 4. The minimum size
to begin to grow-out is about 7 to 10 cm and the typical market size is about 500 to 1,000 g per fish. It needs around nine months to culture brown marbled grouper
and around fourteen to eighteen months for humpback grouper. The grouper are fed using trash fish and fish pellet.
21
Wild juvenile grouper is caught using bubu, a type of traditional portable trap.
a Brown-marbled Grouper www.geocities.com 2009
b Humpback Grouper www.fishingkaki.com 2010 Figure 12 Pictures of Brown Marbled Grouper and Humpback Grouper