Research Finding

A. Research Finding

1. The Analysis of Translation Technique This section presents the techniques applied by the translator to translate the cultural terms in the leaflets. There are 5 techniques found in the Solo tourism leaflets i.e.: borrowing or borrowing plus explanation, transposition, equivalence, literal translation, and deletion or omission.

a. Borrowing or Borrowing plus explanation. This technique is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific terms, names, places, and modern concepts. If the loan words occur many times in the text, the translator only needs to give the explanation once. Once explained, the loan word can be used own its own, the reader can understand it and not distracted by further lengthy explanation (Mona Baker: 1992). The word is taken directly from another language.

Here are the example data no. 067 and 068 : ST: Untuk menghidupkan suasana, dalang dibantu oleh musisi yang memainkan

gamelan dan para sinden yang menyanyikan lagu-lagu Jawa yang sedang dimainkan.

TT: Musicians play gamelan and sindens sing Javanese songs. They help the

dalang to enlivened the atmosphere.

In the data above, there are cultural terms in the source text. The word “ “sinden” and “dalang” are directly taken into target text. Although “sinden” can

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be translated into “singer”, the translator did not translate it. Because of there is a big different meaning between singer and sinden. A sinden only sings a Javanese

song. The word “dalang” also can not be translated in to “director”. There are big gap between “dalang” and “director”. Dalang is the one who role all the characters and conduct the show directly as a narrator. Director is the one who only conduct the play behind the scene. So, there are not equivalent words found in the target text.

The other example is datum no. 039 ST: Karena semakin bertambah, sejak tahun 1960 mereka mulai mendirikan kios TT: Since it was getting bigger and crowded, in 1960 they started to install the

kios (a traditional display room) In the datum above, the translator adds a clear explanation to the translated word. The word “kios” is directly taken into target text, but there is additional information to make the reader understand. Actually, there are 41 data or 58.57 % that belong to this category.

b. Transposition

A „shift‟ (Catford‟s term) or „transposition‟ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a

translation technique involving a change in the grammar from source language to target language (Newmark, 1988: 85) without changing the meaning of the message. In the level of cultural terms, transposition can be found in a shift of word class, from word into phrase and from phrase into word.

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ST: Di kraton kasunanan surakarta terdapat art gallery yang manyimpan

bermacam benda-benda bersejarah yang mempunyai nilai seni dan sejarah yang tinggi. Beberapa koleksi yang ada antara lain kereta kencana, bermacam-macam senjata, wayang kulit dan beberapa peninggalan jaman dulu.

TT: There is an art gallery in Kasunanan Palace to keep the reminders from the

past of the empire like Kereta Kencana ( the Golden Cart), various kinds of traditional weapons, leather puppet and many other antique collection that have aesthetic and historical values.

ST: Kraton Kasunanan

TT: Kasunanan Palace

In the datum above, in the source text, Indonesia, “kraton” must precede its modifier “kasunanan”. In the target text, English, the word “kasunanan” that function as modifier precedes the word “palace” , means “kraton”, having

function as the head of noun phrase. Actually, there are 9 data or 12.86 % that belong to this category.

c. Equivalence This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation of the cultural terms. According to Newmark, this technique is applied to find the equivalence of the cultural terms. There are two conditions about this theory. First, if there is an equivalence word in the target text, the cultural word is translated by cultural word. Second, he states when there is no equivalence word, it request the use of a culture-free word (Newmark: 1988:86).

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The example is : datum no 009 ST: Gamelan merepresentasikan semangat kebersamaan, keselarasan, saling

pengertian, dan gotong royong dalam permainannya yang sangat sesuai dengan nilai dasar budaya bangsa Indonesia.

TT: From the way it is played, gamelan represents the spirit of togetherness,

harmony, understanding, and cooperation which are very much alike with Indonesian basic cultural values

In the datum above, the translator translates the term “gotong royong” into “cooperation” in English. This is a good solution to translate the word,

because the target readers have their understanding about it cooperation in their culture.

The others example is datum no: 061 ST: Wayang

TT: Shadow puppet

In the datum above, the Indonesian term, “wayang” has no equivalent in the target text. In this case, “wayang” is translated by using the culture-free word into “shadow puppet” due to the way of the performance of this show. Therefore,

the translation makes the target readers easily understand. There are 9 data or

12.86 % that belong to this category.

d. Literal Translation This technique came from a word for word translation, then makes change to conformity of source language grammar with target language. Literal translation follows the form of the source language. This technique mostly used by the translator as the basic procedure (Newmark 1988:70). This technique used

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closest equivalent by rearranging the structure of target language. Below is the example: datum no 037 ST: Pasar Triwindu atau Windujenar adalah hadiah ulang tahun ke 24 Gusti

Putri Mangkunegara VII yang bernama Nurul Khamari.l TT: Triwindu Market or Windujenar was the 24th birthday gift of Princes or

Gusti Putri Mangkunegara the Seventh named Nurul Khamaril in 1939.

From the datum above, there is clearly seen that the translation is translated word to word in the same structure between source text and target text. The message is transferred well. Actually, there are 7 data or 10 % that belong to this category.

e. Deletion or Omission The technique is used by omitting or deleting words or other parts of the source text in the target text. The translator does not translate some parts of the source text. As the result, this technique sometimes produces less accurate or inaccurate translation.

The example is : datum no. 051 ST: Pendopo adalah Joglo dengan empat saka guru (tiang utama) yang

digunakan untuk resepsi dan pementasan tari tradisional Jawa. TT: Pendopo is a Joglo building supported by four main pillars. It is used to held the ceremonies and to perform traditional Javanese dance.

In the datu above, the omitted or deleted words are saka guru. The untranslated cultural term is automatically loss the message. The text will make the target readers confuse. The original message does not delivery well. It is better

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Actually, there are 4 data or 5.71 % that belong to this category.

Table IV. 1 : The Distribution of the Technique in Each Leaflet

Leaflet

Data Number

Indonesian

English

Translation Technique

001

Gamelan

Traditional music instrument

Shadow puppet show (wayang)

Borrowing plus explanation

005

Suling

Traditional flute (suling)

Borrowing plus explanation

Gotong royong

Paku Buwono II

Paku Buwono II

Borrowing 012

Kraton Kasunanan

Kasunanan Palace Transposition 013

Kereta Kencana

Kereta Kencana (The Golden Cart)

Borrowing plus explanation

014

Wayang kulit

Leather puppet

Literal translation

015

Gapura (pintu gerbang)

Gapura (Entrance gate)

Borrowing plus explanation

Borrowing plus

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(square)

explanation 017

Masjid Agung

Masjid Agung (Grand Mosque)

Borrowing plus explanation

018

Pasar Batik

Batik market

Transposition 019

Pasar Klewer

Klewer

Deletion or omission

020

Pasar Klewer

Pasar klewer

Tosan aji

Tosan aji

Borrowing 024

Empu

The keris maker

Equivalence 025

Bahan pokok (pamor luwu)

Main material (pamor luwu)

Borrowing plus explanation

026

Paku tatah

Carving spikes

Transposition 027

Hulu atau gagang

The handle

Equivalence 028

Hulu keris

The handle of the keris

Literal translation

029

Pesi (poros hulu)

Pesi (as)

Borrowing plus explanation

Hulu keris

The handle

Pengrajin keris

Keris crafts

Transposition

034

Pasar antik triwindu

Triwindu antique market

Literal translation

035

Pasar antik triwindu

The antique market triwindu

Transposition

036

Pasar triwindu

Triwindu market

Transposition 037

Gusti Putri Mangkunegaran VII

Princess or Gusti putri

Literal translation

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mangkunegara the seventh

038

Triwindu („tri‟ tiga dan „windu‟ delapan)

Triwindu (Tri means Three and Windu means Eight)

Borrowing plus explanation

039

Kios

The Kios (a traditional display room)

Borrowing plus explanation

040

Pasar barang antik triwindu Solo

Antique market Triwindu Solo

Literal translation

041

Pasar triwindu

Antique market triwindu

Borrowing plus explanation

042

Puro mangkunegaran Puro

Raden Mas Said

Raden Mas Said

Borrowing 044

Pangeran Samber Nyawa

Pangeran Samber Nyawa

Borrowing

045

Pangeran Mangkunegara I

Pangeran Mangkunegaran I

Borrowing

046

Istana Mangkunegara The

Mangkunegaran Palace

Kayu jati

Teak wood

Saka Guru (tiang utama)

Main pillars

Deletion or omission

Tari Tradisional Jawa Traditional

Transposition

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Javanese Dance

054

Seperangkat gamelan A set of gamelan

Literal translation

055

Kyai Kanyut Mesem Kyai Kanyut

Dalem building

Borrowing plus explanation

057

Wayang kulit

Leather puppet

Transposition 058

Puro Mangkunegaran The palace of

mangkunegaran

Literal translation

059

Rekso Pustoko

Rekso pustoko

Borrowing 060

Pare Anom

Pare anom art shop

Borrowing plus explanation

061

Wayang

Shadow puppet

Wayang kulit

Wayang

Deletion or omission

064

Wali songo

Wali songo

Borrowing 065

Wayang beber

Wayang beber

Borrowing 066

Tatah sunggih (ukir kulit)

Craved leather

Deletion or omission

Wayang kulit

Wayang puppets

Equivalence 070

Wayang

The puppet

Equivalence

2. The Analysis of Translation Accuracy The accuracy of the translation on this section is analyzed based on the score given by the three raters. The accuracy level of the translation is analyzed

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give their marks / score to each data base on the rating system below;

Table IV. 2 : The Accuracy Score and Definition

After having three raters, the data is analyzed to find the mean score. Then count the mean of accuracy score or average score given by the three raters. The statistical calculation is made to determine the mean of each data with a formula.

Accurate : The translation of Indonesian cultural

term is accurately conveyed. The message in the translated term is understandable. The message is same with the original cultural term (Bahasa Indonesia).

4.0

Less accurate : The translation of Indonesian cultural

term is less accurately transferred. The message in the original term (Bahasa Indonesia) is not transferred well.

3.0-3.9

Inaccurate : The message in the translated cultural

term is different. There are problems in the translated cultural term in English.

1.1-2.9

Very Inaccurate: The message of the original cultural

term is not transferred at all. It is omitted or deleted.

1.0

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Data Number Rater 1 Rater 2 Rater 3

total score total rater

total score total rater

The average point is used to classify the data into the categories below;

a. Category A : accurate translation. It consist of the data of which the average point 4.0

b. Category B : less accurate translation. It consist of the data of which the average point from 3.0 to 3.9

c. Category C : inaccurate translation. It consist of the data of which the average point from 1.1 to 2.9

d. Category D : very inaccurate translation. It consist of the data of which the average point 1.0

a. Accurate Translation The data in this category have the average score 4.0. There are 48 data (68.57 %) that are considered as accurate translation. Some of them will be discussed further below:

Example 1: datum no. 012 ST: Di kraton kasunanan surakarta terdapat art gallery yang manyimpan

bermacam benda-benda bersejarah yang mempunyai nilai seni dan sejarah yang tinggi. Beberapa koleksi yang ada antara lain kereta kencana, bermacam-macam senjata, wayang kulit dan beberapa peninggalan jaman dulu.

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past of the empire like Kereta Kencana ( the Golden Cart), various kinds of traditional weapons, leather puppet and many other antique collection that have aesthetic and historical values.

In the example above, all the three raters categorize that cultural term in accurate translation. The researcher agrees with the categorization given by the raters. Because of the message from the source text is accurately transferred to the target text. Translated term is understandable.

Example 2: datum no. 043 ST: Raden Mas Said kemudian menjadi Pangeran Mangkunegoro I

TT: Raden Mas Said was then crowned as Pangeran Mangkunegaran I

In this example, all the three raters categorize the translation in accurate translation. The message from the source text is transferred well. The researcher agrees with the raters. The researcher suggests translating cultural terms of the

noble‟s title or giving the explanation on the term. It should be “Raden Mas Said (Raden Mas : addressing to a noble family) ”

b. Less Accurate Translation The data in this category have the average score from 3.0 to 3.9. There are 16 data (22.86 %) that are considered as less accurate translation. Some of them will be discussed further below:

The example is datum no 037 ST: Pasar Triwindu atau Windujenar adalah hadiah ulang tahun ke 24 Gusti

Putri Mangkunegara VII yang bernama Nurul Khamaril TT: Triwindu Market or Windujenar was the 24th birthday gift of Princes or Gusti Putri Mangkunegara the Seventh named Nurul Khamaril in 1939.

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three raters give the different category. The first and the second rater categorize as accurate translation. Both said there is no problem on the translation. The message in the Indonesian term is transferred well. The third rater categorizes it as less accurate translation. He said the message of the translation is loss due to the

wrong diction. He suggests changing the word “princes” into “princess”. According to the researcher , a rewriting is needed. The word “the seventh” is proper to said orally, not in written way. It will be “Princess Magkunegaran VII”.

c. Inaccurate Translation The data in this category have the average score from 1.1 to 2.9. There are 6 data (8.57 %) that are considered as inaccurate translation. They will be discussed further below:

Example 1 datum no 051 ST: Pendopo adalah Joglo dengan empat saka guru (tiang utama) yang

digunakan untuk resepsi dan pementasan tari tradisional Jawa TT: Pendopo is a Joglo building supported by four main pillars. It is used to held the ceremonies and to perform traditional Javanese dance.

The example above is inaccurate translation. All the three raters consider this translation to be inaccurate translation. They are dealing with the deletion of the cultural term. The word “saka guru”, which has a significant meaning, did not

translate. It should be written and added by the information. The researcher also agrees with the rewriting of the cultural term . The translation should be “saka guru (main pillars)” to make the accurate translation.

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ST: Wayang kulit adalah seni pertunjukan yang telah berusia lebih dari lima

abad. Kemunculannya memiliki cerita tersendiri, terkait dengan masuknya Islam ke Jawa

TT: Wayang as a shadow puppet show has been more than five centuries old in

Indonesia. Its existence cannot be separated from the story of the coming of Islam to Java

The example above is inaccurate translation. All the three raters consider this translation to be inaccurate translation. They are dealing with the deletion of the part of cultural term. The word “wayang kulit” should be translated into “leather puppet”. If the translator loan from the source text, the word “wayang “ is in general ones. When the trans lation is only “wayang” , it makes the target readers confuse. There is another “wayang” in Indonesia. There is “Golek” in West Java or “Suket” in East Java. The researcher agrees to change the translation into “leather puppet” to make the translation clear and accurate.

d. Very Inaccurate Translation The data in this category have the average score 1.0. There is no data (0 %) in this research that is considered to be very inaccurate by the three raters.

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Category

Data number

Total Number

Less Accurate

Based on the table of accuracy of 70 data, 48 data (68.57%) were categorized in classification A or accurate, 16 data (22.86 %) were categorized in classification B or less accurate, 6 data (8.57 %) were categorized C or inaccurate and there were no data in classification D or very inaccurate.

e. The Analysis of Accuracy in Each Leaflet

Table IV. 5: The Distribution of Accuracy in Each Leaflet

Leaflet

Data Number

3 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

003

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

004

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

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4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

011

4 2 3 3.00 Less accurate

3 4 4 3.67 Less accurate

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

027

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

030

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

031

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

032

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

033

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

034

4 4 4 4.00 Accurate

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4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

3 4 4 3.67 Less accurate

048

3 4 4 3.67 Less accurate

4 3 4 3.67 Less accurate

4 3 4 3.67 Less accurate

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

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065

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

068

4 4 3 3.67 Less accurate

According to the table above, it is shown the distribution of the accuracy of each term on the leaflets. In the leaflet 1, among 10 data comprised in word or phrase, 8 data (80 %) is accurate translation, while 2 data (20 %) belong to the less accurate translation. There are no data belong to inaccurate translation and very inaccurate translation. According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 1, majority of data is accurate translation.

In the leaflet 2, among 9 data comprised in word or phrase, 7 data (77.78 %) are accurate translation, while 1 datum (11.11 %) belongs to less accurate translation. And the rest 1 datum (11.11 %) belongs to inaccurate translation. There are no data belong to very inaccurate translation. According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 2, majority of data is accurate translation.

In the leaflet 3, among 14 data comprised in word or phrase, 9 data (64.28 %) are accurate translation, while the rest 5 data (35.72 %) belong to the less accurate translation. There are no data belong to inaccurate translation and very inaccurate translation. According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 3, majority of data is accurate translation.

In the leaflet 4, among 8 data comprised in word or phrase, 7 data (87.50 %) are accurate translation, while the rest 1 datum (12.50 %) belongs to less

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inaccurate translation. According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 4, majority of data is accurate translation.

In the leaflet 5, among 19 data comprised in word or phrase, 14 data (73.68 %) are accurate translation, while 4 data (21.05 %) belong to the less accurate translation. And the rest 1 datum (5.27 %) belong to inaccurate translation. There are no data belong to very inaccurate translation. According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 5, majority of data is accurate translation.

In the leaflet 6, among 10 data comprised in word or phrase, 2 data (20 %) are accurate translation, while 4 data (40 %) belong to the less accurate translation. And the rest 4 data (40 %) belong to inaccurate translation. There are no data belong to very inaccurate translation According to the distribution of accuracy found in leaflet 6, majority of data are less accurate and very inaccurate translation.

3. The Analysis of Translation Acceptability The acceptability of the translation on this section is analyzed based on the score given by the three raters. The acceptability level of the translation is analyzed based on the result of the questionnaires delivered to the raters. The three raters give their marks / score to each data base on the rating system below;

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Acceptable : The translation of the Indonesian

cultural term sounds natural as an English expression, almost does not feel like translation

2.4 - 3.0

Less acceptable : The translation of the Indonesian

cultural term sounds like translation. It is closely natural but it still founds some uncommon in the translation of cultural terms.

1.7 - 2.3

Unacceptable : The translation of the Indonesian

cultural term is extremely sound like translation, and it is unnatural. The cultural term sounds like Indonesian expression. Unfamiliar expression in English expression.

1.0 - 1.6

The level of acceptability is analyzed based on the score given by the three raters. Then count the mean of acceptability score or average score given by the three raters. The statistical calculation is made to determine the mean of each data with a formula:

Table IV. 7: The Formula of Statistic Calculation Data Number Rater 1 Rater 2 Rater 3

total score total rater

total score total rater

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a. Category A : acceptable translation. It consist of the data of which the average point from 2.4 to 3.0

b. Category B : less acceptable translation. It consist of the data of which the average point from 1.7 to 2.3

c. Category C : unacceptable translation. It consist of the data of which the average point from 1.0 to 1.6

a. Acceptable Translation The data in this category have the average score from 2.4 to 3.0. There are 59 data (84.29 %) that are considered as acceptable translation. Some of them will be discussed further below:

Example 1 : datum no. 004 ST: Gamelan adalah alat musik dalam pertunjukan wayang. TT: Gamelan is commonly used for shadow puppet show (wayang) music

instrument.

The example above is acceptable translation. All the raters consider the translation is acceptable. The translation sounds natural as an English expression. There is no error on the transferred message. The target readers are able to understand the meaning of the Indonesian cultural term. The researcher thinks this is a proper equivalent for the English term. Because of there is no direct equivalent word in English.

Example 2 : datum no. 040

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dan sekaligus mempercantik objek wisata Pasar Barang Antik Triwindu Solo, maka pasar ini mengalami pemugaran pada 5 Juli 2008.

TT: To increase the tourist visit either domestic or foreign ones as well as to

beautify the tourism object of Antique Market Triwindu Solo, the market was renovated on July fifth, 2008.

The example above is categorized into acceptable translation. But, the raters have their own category. The first and the second raters categorize into acceptable translation. They say that the translation sounds natural as an English expression, almost does not feel like translation. While the third rater categorizes into less acceptable translation. He says that the translation sounds not natural. The researcher agrees with the third rater. The translation of Indonesian term sounds not natural. The researcher suggests to rewriting the translation becomes “Triwindu Solo Antique Market” that it will more acceptable.

b. Less Acceptable Translation The data in this category have the average score from 1.7 to 2.3. There are 11 data (15.71 %) that are considered as less acceptable. Some of them will be discussed further below:

Example 1 : datum no. 011 ST: Keraton Surakarta dibangun oleh Paku Buwono II pada tahun 1745m.

Sebelumnya ibukota kraton berada di Kartasura, yang berjarak lebih kurang 12 km arah barat kota Surakarta.

TT: Founded by Paku Buwono II in 1745 to replace the old palace in Kartosuro

which is about 12 km from Surakarta to the west.

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less acceptable. The phrase “Paku Buwono II” in the target text makes the target reader confuse because of t he phrase “keraton Surakarta” which has a significant point, did not translate. The omission of the subject made the sentence clumsy and made the Indonesian term less acceptable. The message is unclear. The researcher suggests to rewriting the sentence to make the term more acceptable. The sentence should be started “The Surakarta Palace was founded by Paku Buwono II….”.

Example 2: datum no. 052 ST: Pendopo adalah Joglo dengan empat saka guru (tiang utama) yang

digunakan untuk resepsi dan pementasan tari tradisional Jawa TT: Pendopo is a Joglo building supported by four main pillars. It is used to held

the ceremonies and to perform traditional Javanese dance

The example above is less acceptable translation. But, the three raters have their own categorization. The first rater categorizes the translation into acceptable translation. While the second and the third rater categorize into less acceptable translation. Both of them think the translation term is less acceptable. The translation sounds is natural as an English expression, but the message is loss. The word “resepsi” is not just a ceremony. They strongly suggest rewriting on the

English term. The researcher also agrees with the last two raters. The translation of Indonesian term should be “a wedding ceremony” to make the translation more

acceptable.

c. Unacceptable Translation The data in this category have the average score from 1.0 to 1.6. There is no data in this research that is considered to be very inaccurate by the three raters.

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Category

Data number

Total Number

Less Acceptable

Based on the table of acceptability of 70 data, 59 data (84.29 %) were categorized in classification A or acceptable, the rest of data, 11 data (15.71 %) were categorized in classification B or less acceptable and no data were categorized in classification C or unacceptable.

d. The Analysis of Acceptability in Each Leaflet According to the table (on the appendix), it is shown the distribution of the acceptability of each term on the leaflets. In the leaflet 1, among 10 data comprised in word or phrase, 9 data (90 %) are acceptable translation, for the rest

1 data (10 %) are less acceptable translation. There are no data in unacceptable translation. According to the distribution of acceptable found in leaflet 1, majority of data is acceptable translation.

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%) are acceptable translation, while the rest 2 data (22.22 %) are less acceptable translation. There are no data in unacceptable translation. According to the distribution of acceptable found in leaflet 2, majority of data is acceptable translation.

In the leaflet 3, among 14 data comprised in word or phrase, 13 data (92.86 %) are acceptable translation, the rest 1 datum (7.14 %) is less acceptable translation there are no data in unacceptable translation. According to the distribution of acceptable found in leaflet 3, it is clearly seen the majority of data is acceptable translation.

In the leaflet 4, among 8 data comprised in word or phrase, all the 8 data (100 %) are acceptable translation. There are no less acceptable translation and unacceptable translation. According to the distribution of acceptable found in leaflet 4, all of data are acceptable translation.

In the leaflet 5, among 19 data comprised in word or phrase, 15 data (78.95 %) are acceptable translation, while the rest 4 data (21.05 %) are less acceptable translation. There are no data in unacceptable translation. According to the distribution of acceptable found in leaflet 5, majority of data is acceptable translation.

In the leaflet 6, among 10 data comprised in word or phrase, 7 data (70 %) are acceptable translation, while the rest 3 data (30 %) belong to the less acceptable translation. There are no data in unacceptable translation. According to

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translation.