Formulations of the Problem Objective of the Research

Since this research deals with adjacency pairs, the researcher will not discuss the other basic findings. Hotgraves 2002:106 argues that the conversation analytic view of adjacency pairs is a view of language use in action, and more importantly, as joint action. A single individual cannot perform adjacency pairs. It must be performed by two different people who are orienting to each other’s actions. Moreover, Hudson 1996:134 states that adjacency pairs are a type of utterance done by one speaker which requires a particular type of utterance by another. The most obvious adjacency pairs are a sequence of question followed by answer, but there are many other forms, such as a greeting and greeting, b complaint and apology, c summons and answer, d invitation and acceptance, and so on. Sacks and Schegloff adds some general features in adjacency pairs. They begin with a key concept that a conversation may contain at least two turns. Some turns may refer to others and he separates a class of sequences of turns called adjacency pairs. Then, they arrange special characterization for adjacency pairs in three specific categories. First, adjacency pairs must have at least two long utterances to be categorized as turns. Second, the turns are open, successfully and continuously closed by the speakers. Then, the last is adjacency pairs have two parts which is named as first part and second part. The first part of the adjacency pairs will be responded by the second part, so this condition will relate the utterances one to another. This part will select a specific act and speaker to produce the second part as the response. The most appropriate second part will follow the first part to develop a relevant transition between the two parts Sacks and Schegloff in Levinson, 1983: 303. Levinson 1983:303 also gives a brief explanation about adjacency pairs. He sees adjacency pairs as prototypical paired utterances with a basic form in conversational organization. Since adjacency pairs are the smallest structural unit which shows the quality of utterances between at least two people, adjacency pairs, characteristics developed by him are similar to those developed by Sacks and Schegloff. a Types of Adjacency Pairs There are many types of adjacency pairs developed by linguists. The terms below are the types of adjacency pairs which are well-known in the linguistics study. Table 1: Types of Adjacency Pairs and Their Examples Levinson NO TYPES OF ADJACENCY PAIRS EXAMPLES 1 apology – acceptance A : Sorry to bother you last night. B : Thats all right. What can I do for you? In the conversation above, there is an expected response. A says sorry to B because of bothering B and B accepts it. 2 assessment – disagreement A: I dont think that Nick would play such a dirty trick on you. B: Well, you obviously don’t know Nick very well. In the conversation above, there is an expected response. A thinks Nick is tricky but B does not agree with it. This is unexpected reason. 3 complaint – apology A: You ate the cake I left in the fridge B : Sorry This conversation suggests that A