A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS EXPRESSED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN NANCY MEYERS’S THE INTERN MOVIE.

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS EXPRESSED BY THE MAIN

CHARACTERS IN NANCY MEYERS’STHE INTERN MOVIE

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Written by: Dyotra Nurul Baiti

12211144006

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

v MOTTO

It’s never too late to start over. If you weren’t

happy with

yesterday, try something different today.

Don’t stay stuck.

Do better.

vi

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to

my beloved parents who always support me in

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, all praises be to Allah SWT by saying Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin for this blessed life to be gifted to me. Without His blessings, I would never have finished my thesis.

In completing this thesis, there are many parties who have supported and helped me. Therefore, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to:

1. Titik Sudartinah, M.A., my first supervisor, and Nandy Intan Kurnia, M.Hum., my second supervisor, for their support, advice, patience, and guidance in helping me conduct this thesis, thus I could finish this thesis well;

2. Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum., my academic consultant, for his motivation, support, and patience in teaching and guiding me during my process of study; 3. all lecturers of English Education Department who have taught and guided me

during my years of study;

4. my parents, Drs. Agus Setyobudi and Ismalia Tri Ratnawati, S.Pd who always love me sincerely, give their care to me, pray for me, teach me and support me everytime.

5. my brother, Agra and sister-in-law, Nisa, for supporting me in the process of writing my thesis;

6. the members of English Literature Study Program of 2012, especially E-lit G

class and Linguistics class for their support and experience;

7. the members of Sahabat Dahsyat: Cughin, Honi, Dea, Lindut, Hani, and Jehna who always love and support me;

viii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTO ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Objectives of the Research ... 6

D. Significance of the Research ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

A. Literature Review ... 8

1. Pragmatics ... 8

2. The Scope of Pragmatics ... 9

3. Speech Acts ... 12

4. The Act of Request ... 14

a. Definition of Request ... 14

b. Types of Request ... 16

c. Strategies of Request ... 19

d. Purposes of Request ... 24

5. The Intern Movie ... 26

6. Previous Research ... 28

x

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 32

A. Research Type ... 32

B. Form, Source, and Context of Data ... 33

C. Instruments ... 33

D. Techniques of Data Collection ... 34

E. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 35

F. Data Trustworthiness ... 35

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 37

A. Findings ... 37

B. Discussion ... 39

1. Types of Requests Expressed by the Main Characters in The Intern Movie ... 40

2. Strategies of Requests Employed by the Main Characters in The Intern Movie ... 48

3. Purposes of Requests Applied by the Main Characters in The Intern Movie ... 61

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 69

B. Suggestions ... 72

REFERENCES ... 73

APPENDICES ... 75

A. Data Sheet of Types, Strategies, and Purposes of Requests Employed by the Main Characters in Nancy Meyers‘s The Intern Movie ... 75

xi

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. The Cover of The Intern movie ... 27 Figure 2. Analytical Construct ... 31

Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Request Expressed by the Main Characters in The Intern Movie ... 34 Table 2. Frequency of Occurrence of Types, Strategies, and Purposes of

Request Expressed by the Main Characters in Nancy Meyers‘s

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A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS EXPRESSED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN NANCY MEYERS’S THE INTERN MOVIE

Dyotra Nurul Baiti 12211144006 ABSTRACT

This research examines the speech acts of request presented in The Intern

movie using pragmatic approach. The objectives of this research are to find out the types of requests used by the main characters, to examine the strategies of requests used by the main characters, and to explain the purposes of requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie.

This research used a combination method, in which the main method was qualitative method that was supported by a qualitative method. The data were utterances, in the form of sentences, phrases, clauses or words spoken by the main characters in The Intern movie, while the contexts of the data were dialogues. The source of the data was the script of the dialogues spoken by the characters in The Intern movie. The primary instrument of this research was the researcher herself, while the secondary instrument was the data sheet. The researcher used analysis of documents by note-taking as a source of collecting data.

The results of this research are described as follows. First, there are four types of requests found in the movie: unconventionally indirect request, conventionally indirect request (hearer based), conventionally indirect request (speaker based), and direct request. Conventionally indirect request (hearer based) becomes the most prominent type of request because the main characters use this to ask their request politely. Second, there are seven strategies of requests expressed by the main characters: hints, questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness, suggestory formulae, statements of speaker‘s wishes/desires, statements of speaker‘s needs/demands, statement of obligation/necessity, and imperatives. The most dominant strategy is questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness because the main characters ask the ability to the requestee to perform the request. Therefore, they do not force the requestee to perform an action. Third, there are four purposes of request applied by the main characters: request for goods, request for the initiation of action, request for the cessation of action, and request for joint activity. The most dominant purpose of request is request for the initiation of action because the main characters often use this purpose to demand a requestee to perform an action.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of background of the research, research focus, objectives of the research, and the significance of the research.

A.Background of the Research

As human beings, people need communication to socialize with others in the society. Through it, people can share information, ask something, express feeling, suggest anything and so forth. To achieve an effective communication, people should understand the existence of language. Language itself basically has two types: spoken language and written language. Written language is usually used in texts. Meanwhile, spoken language is found in people‘s conversation. Conversation is a real form of language use. It is part of communication which involves few people who are doing an interaction in one situation with one topic. A related concept of language that used as intended meaning of conversation is known as speech acts.

According to Yule (1996:47), an action is performed through saying something in a certain language known as a speech act. It implies that when a speaker utters something, he/she actually wants to deliver the meaning of the utterances, the action, and the effect of the utterances. Based on the speaker who produces an utterance, it consists of three kinds of acts. They are locutionary act (basic of utterances by saying something), illocutionary act (the intention via saying something), and perlocutionary act (the result of saying something).

The example is when the speaker directly says I want a book to the hearer. The locutionary act is when the speaker utters the statement (directives) that she/he needs a book. The speaker makes an order or demand that serves as the illocutionary act or the intention of the speaker. After the hearer understands the intention, he/she performs an action by giving the book to the speaker in order to comply the demand. The effect of saying something is called perlocutionary act.

There is one thing that often happened in a conversation between one person and another in a certain situation, when a person expresses the need or demand for hearer to fulfill it. This case is called as speech act of request. A request can be stated by people in many occasions. It mostly happens in public services like in the office, café, hotel, or any others. For example, when the speaker is in the café, he/she says Could you serve me a cup of hot cappuccino? In an indirect way, the guest makes a request to order a cup of coffee and the waiter/waitress serves him/her. It is a natural phenomenon in the society because the guest can request many things to the waiter/waitress in the café. Thus, in performing a request, the addressee can carry out the demand from the speaker or not to carry out the demand based on the reason behind it.

Trosborg (1994:187) states that a request is an illocutionary act in which the speaker wants the hearer to carry out an action that has advantages for the speaker and, sometimes, for the hearer. It can be expressed in two ways; they are verbal and non verbal goods and services. The verbal goods and services are a request for information, whereas the non verbal goods and services are a request for an object, action or some kind of services. The purpose of requests is the

hearer performs a future action which is an order from the speaker that has advantages for the speaker and sometimes for the hearer. The request can be said in direct and indirect ways. It depends on the speaker‘s utterances and what action that the hearer may perform. Then, when a speaker utters a request, he/she needs a strategy to convey the meaning of the request because every person is different in understanding the utterances. Subsequently, the requester has purpose in uttering the request which is to explicate the meaning of it.

The speech act of requests is an interesting problem to be discussed because it can be found in daily conversation. For the representation of real life, the researcher uses a movie because what happens in the movie mostly portrays the society. Related to the movie, the researcher chooses The Intern as the object in this research. The story is about an old man named Ben who gets a job as an intern and a woman named Jules who is the founder/boss in the office. Ben is a responsible old man and he has a mature thought whereas Jules is a workhorse and careless woman. In this movie, Ben helps his boss as an intimate intern to accompany Jules in every occasion because she is very busy with her work and cannot handle all of it. Jules often requests Ben to do something to fulfill her needs any time. To cover Jules‘s activities, Ben always complies the needs of his boss surprisingly even in the marriage or family problems which are faced by Jules.

There are some reasons for choosing this movie as the object. First, the researcher is interested in Jules, one of the main characters, which portrays Jules‘s struggle. It is shown by Jules who becomes a successful woman to grow up a

fashion company which has 220 coworkers. However, her husband decides to be a house husband. Second, the main characters are employees and boss who have different positions in the office. The researcher assumes that the speech acts of requests occur in the movie. Third, the movie won an award in AARP Movies for Grownup Awards 2016 and some nominations for the best actor and actress. Hence, this movie is considered as a great movie to be analyzed.

B.Research Focus

There are two types of communication; they are verbal and non-verbal communication. Both of those types of communication are found in The Intern

movie. The verbal communication can be seen through the dialogues or conversations among the characters, whereas non verbal communication can be found in the written language which is in the script of this movie. Based on the background of research, two topics of pragmatic approach can be used to analyze the problems from The Intern movie.

First, the topic of politeness means a person‘s manner to avoid hurting people. In term of politeness, the utterances in The Intern movie can be discussed since there are sociological factors such as rank of imposition, power, and degree of intimacy which are shown by the main characters.

Second, it can be analyzed using speech acts. There are many utterances expressed by the characters in order to deliver the purpose of the conversation. Based on Yule (1996:53), there are three kinds of speech acts, namely locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. The illocutionary acts are

divided into five types, i.e. declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, and commissives.

Based on the identification related to the topics, the researcher limits the research problem. The researcher chooses one type of illocutionary acts, namely directives. Through this type, there are command, request, and suggestion. It is impossible to analyze all the problems because it takes too much time and plentiful explanation. Hence, the researcher only focuses on analyzing request. The researcher is concerned with the types of request, strategies of request and purposes underlying the request. Thus, there are some problems in The Intern

movie dealing with request as in the following.

The first problem is the types of request that are employed by the main characters in The Intern movie. The main characters are an employee and his boss that often demand to do something in direct or indirect ways to the other characters.

The second problem is the strategies that are employed by the main characters to express the request toward the other characters. To reveal the utterances of request by the characters, there are some strategies of request that need to be understood.

The third problem is the purpose of requests expressed by the main characters to the other characters. It focuses on the intention of request which is addressed to the other characters. The purposes of request are request for goods, request for the initiation of action, request for the cessation of action, and request for joint activity.

From the identification and limitation of the problems, the formulation of the problems can be arranged as follows.

1. What types of request are used by the main characters in The Intern movie? 2. What are the strategies of requests used by the main characters in The Intern

movie?

3. What are the purposes of the requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie?

C.Objectives of the Research

Based on the problems formulated, the objectives of the research can be stated as follows:

1. to find out the types of request used by the main characters in The Intern

movie,

2. to examine the strategies used by the main characters to express their requests in The Intern movie, and

3. to explain the purposes of request expressed by the main characters toward the requestee‘s in The Intern movie.

D. Significance of the Research

This research is expected to be useful and give contribution to the following parties.

a. The Students of English Literature Study Program

It is expected that this research will serve as a valuable source of reference in pragmatics especially in the speech act of requests. Hopefully, the students can

enrich their knowledge and they can understand more about speech act of requests related to the types, strategies, and the purposes of requests.

b. Readers in General

After reading this research, it is expected that this research will give more information about speech act of requests to the readers. The researcher wants them to understand the use of requests in daily life.

8 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with literature review which covers some theories on pragmatics concerning with speech act of requests and conceptual framework which explains the concept of this research in accordance with the problems also the analytical construct.

A.Literature Review 1. Pragmatics

Language is an essential part of communication. It is used to interact with other people in daily life to share the ideas, to give opinions, or to ask someone to do something. The use of language for communication is explained in linguistics study which is called as pragmatics. According to Mey (2001:6), in communication, pragmatics is the study of language used by people in order to show the effects of the language use towards other people. It means by studying pragmatics, people will understand how language plays a role in their lives.

There are several points of view of pragmatics proposed by Yule (1996: 3). According to him, firstly, pragmatics is the study of the speaker‘s intention. It requires the analysis of what people mean by their sentences, phrases or words. Secondly, pragmatics is the study of language through the intentional context. It takes consideration on how a speaker arranges what he/she wants to say in particular circumstances. The last, pragmatics is the study of language through the

distance. It is assumed as the study of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.

In line with the definition proposed by Yule, Cruse (2006:3) states that pragmatics concerns with the meaning of an utterance which relies on context. Therefore, context is a necessary concept in pragmatic analysis. It is because pragmatics focuses on the meaning of utterances or interaction which is involved by some people to communicate with the utterances they said to others in a particular situation.

There are two types of context offered by Nunan (1993:8), i.e. linguistic context that is the words, sentences, or utterances accompanying a text, and non linguistic context that is the real situation in which the text comes off. The components of non linguistic context are the type of communication event, the topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, the participants and the relationship between them, and the background knowledge also the assumption underlying the communicative event.

In short, pragmatics is the study of language use which involves how the speaker produces his/her utterances, delivers their intention, and how the hearer interprets them in a certain context.

2. The Scope of Pragmatics

Pragmatics as a branch of linguistic study covers several topics. They are deixis, politeness, speech acts, presupposition, and implicature. The first topic is deixis. Yule (1996:9) states that deixis is an expression to indicate or point something by language. He adds that the linguistic form which is used to point

something or to refer something is called deictic expression. There are three types of deixis. The first type is personal deixis which is used by a speaker to refer to a person using several pronouns such as I, you, he/she, and it. The second type is spatial deixis which is used to point to a location such as there and here. The third type is temporal deixis which is an expression used to indicate the distance of time. The terms such as now, yesterday, and tomorrow are pointing to the specific time.

The second topic is presupposition. According to Yule (1996: 25), a presupposition is something before making an utterance which is considered by the speaker to be the case. It means when a speaker delivers the utterances, he/she believes that the hearer understand his/her utterances. There are six types of presupposition. They are existensial, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual.

The third topic is implicature. Grice (in Davis, 1998:5) defines implicature as interpreting particular things by telling different things. It explains about a speaker‘s intended meaning behind an utterance. He divides implicature into two types; conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Conventional implicature talks about specific words which have correlation to the additional meaning. Conversational implicature is the implication of the utterances based on the context.

Politeness is the fourth topic in pragmatics. It is derived from the term polite which is included as the behavior of a person. Related to this, Mey (2009: 709) states that politeness is described as a person‘s behavior which is expected

by the others. In addition, Yule (1996: 60) states that to reveal the consciousness of other person‘s public self image or face is known as politeness. There are two types of face namely face threatening act and face saving act. Face threatening act means the utterances of a speaker that express a threat expression to attack another person faces whereas face saving act means the utterances of a speaker which prevent a potential threat to another person‘s face.

Speech act is a part of the fifth topic of pragmatics deals with the meaning of an act performed by the speaker‘s utterance in a certain context. Nunan (1993:65) says the speaker is not only delivering the statement pointed to an object but also conveying the functions of the statement such as requesting, denying, introducing, apologizing, and further. In order to produce an utterance, the circumstances are needed, thus, the hearer can recognize the intended meaning of the utterance. The circumstances are called speech events. According to Yule (1996: 47), speech event is used for determining the interpretation of an utterance as related to speech act. An example is in winter situation, when someone serves a glass of tea, thus, the speaker believes that a glass of tea is hot. On the contrary, the speaker says This tea is really cold!The speaker‘s utterance is interpreted as a complaint. If the situation is changing into a really hot summer and the speaker is given a glass of iced tea. The utterance of This tea is really cold! is interpreted as a praise.

3. Speech Acts

Austin (in Cutting, 2002: 16) defines speech acts as the actions that are performed by utterances. It implies that people can use language by speaking particular things to carry out something. In accordance to Austin, Yule (1996:48) divides the speech acts into three related acts. First, a locutionary act is the primary utterance in saying something. Second, an illocutionary act is the intention or purpose of an utterance through saying something. The last, a perlocutionary act is the outcome of an utterance over saying something. In other words, a locutionary act means a simple act of saying words which are formed to be an utterance and the meaning of saying the utterance which is uttered by the speaker. Meanwhile, an illocutionary act means the intention behind an utterance which is expressed by the speaker. It conveys the purpose of saying something. Then, a perlocutionary act means the effect that emerges when the speaker says something.

Related to the three acts above, Yule (1996: 53) also divides illocutionary acts into five major categories, i.e. representatives, directives, expressives, commissives, and declaratives. Representative is a kind of speech acts which have function to describe states. The purpose is to commit the speaker to something‘s being the case. The action are arguing, asserting, boasting, claiming, complaining, criticizing, denying, describing, informing, insisting, reporting, swearing, etc, for example, The earth is flat. The speaker here says about the earth which is already known by people.

Meanwhile, directive is a kind of speech acts that a speaker uses to get the addressee to do something. Directives express what the speaker wants toward the hearer to commit an action. The acts of directives are ordering, commanding, requesting, and suggesting, for example, Could you open the window, please? In this example, the speaker requests the hearer to open the window.

Then, commissive is a kind of speech acts that the speaker uses to perform him or herself to do some future action. It expresses the speaker‘s intention to carry out an action in a certain time. The acts are commiting, guaranteeing, offering, promising, refusing, threatening, volunteering, vowing, etc, for example, I’m going to get it right next time. In doing the type of commissives, the speaker promises to the hearer to get it right next time.

Thereafter, expressive is a kind of speech acts that expresses the feeling of the speaker. Expressives express psychological states of mind such as the pleasure, pain, like, dislike, joy or sorrow. The acts of apologizing, appreciating, thanking, complaining, and congratulating belong to expressive, for example,

Congratulations! By presenting the example, the speaker shows his/her statement of happiness.

Later, declarative is a kind of speech acts that conveys the utterance to bring about a change in reality. The acts are approving, betting, blessing, christening, confirming, cursing, declaring, disapproving, dismissing, naming, resigning, for example, I pronounce you husband and wife. By telling so, the speaker declares to the hearer/audience that there are two persons here becoming a husband and a wife.

4. The Act of Request a. The Definition of Request

Directive covers three illocutionary forces, i.e. request, command, and suggestion. The function of directives act is to get somebody to do something. According to Searle (1979: 3), commands and requests have a similar purpose which manages the hearer to carry out something. However, the illocutionary forces are totally different. Command states directly that the speaker wants something and the hearer should complete the desire because the hearer has a duty to perform it. According to Cruse (2006: 62), a power should have by a commander to control the command above the comandee.

According to Bach and Harnish (in Shams, 2011: 280), request is a part of speech acts which express the requester‘s desires for the requestee why the requestee should perform the action as a reason to act. Thus, requests are performed by the requester in which aims to perform a certain thing. It is believed that a request mostly about the requester‘s demands and the requestee‘s responses. In addition, request is an action that is used to communicate with people in society (Wang, 2007:11). In fact, request is usually used by people to conduct a conversation such as someone who asks for help. People often use some verbs to indicate a request such as ask, order, command, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, and advise (Sofwan, 2011:69). A person uses request as a way to ask help when he/she needs a particular thing. By the definitions, it can be concluded that request happens in daily life. It is to fulfill the requester‘s desires which need to be done by the requestee.

In requests, when the requester wants someone to carry out him/her interest, this is called cost of the requestee. The requester imposes on the requestee in certain ways to comply the desires of the requester. It seems that by imposing the requestee, the requester gets the benefits from the latter performance. Haverkate (in Trosborg, 1995:188) states that in impositive speech act, the requester carries out a speech act towards the requestee for gaining the performance which has advantages for the requester. By this statement, impositive speech act imposes the requestee to perform the requester‘s desires which is to get lot of advantages for the requester by the circumstances. The degree in which the requester enforces on the requestee is called degree of imposition. It makes difference compared to demanding acts.

Imposition is determined by a number of factors. For example, if the requester asks for something expensive such as diamond, the financial burden on the requestee may be big. In such a case, the degree of imposition of the requested act is high. A burden is not always financial, but it is also psychological about the thing.

Request should be performed in appropriate circumstances. The circumstances of speech acts are known as felicity conditions. Felicity conditions are the conditions that need to apply in performing speech acts in order to be appropriate (Cruse, 2006:62). Moreover, Searle (in Trosborg, 1995:191) explains the conditions are participant roles and propositional contents. Participant roles are actors that participate in a conversation, i.e. the requester and the requestee. A propositional content in request means the future acts performed by the requestee.

There are four assumptions of performing request. First, the requester wants the requestee to perform an action. Second, the requester assumes the requestee can perform an action. Third, the requester assumes the requestee is willing to perform an action. Last, the requester assumes the requestee will not perform an action in the absence of the request. By these conditions, it conveys the illocutionary forces of a request. In line with Searle, Labov – Fanshel (in Trosborg, 1995:191) add the requester has the capacity to tell the requestee to perform the desired act and the requestee has the responsibility to realize it.

In conclusion, request has three results. Firstly, the requester says his/her request and wants the requestee to carry out the desired act. Secondly, the requester may perform the desired act. Thirdly, it is indefinite that the requestee will carry out the desired act.

b. Types of Request

Trosborg (1995) states there are two types of requesting, they are indirect request and direct request. Indirect request is divided into three, i.e. unconventionally indirect request, conventionally indirect request based on the speaker, and conventionally indirect request based on the hearer. Each of them is explained below.

1) Unconventionally Indirect Request

According to Trosborg (1995: 192), unconventionally indirect request means a requester does not state what he/she wants to say. It has discrepancy between what he/she says as his/her true intentions behind those utterances. It means a requester indirectly implies the different meaning when he/she states

something. The utterance must be recognized by the requester as an utterance that conveys not only the surface meaning. In order to get the intended meaning of request from the requester, both of the requester and the requestee must pay more attention in a certain situation when the utterance is being produced. It is because an indirect request has more than one meaning. In addition, both of requester and requestee also should be aware about the intimate knowledge which is happened in a certain situation. This type can be applied by using strategy of hints, for example, It’s cold in here. By telling the situation, the utterance of an example may result in few interpretations.

2) Conventionally Indirect Request (based on the hearer)

A conventionally indirect request based on the hearer shows that the requestee manages the request whether he/she will perform or refuse the request. This type is more polite than requests formulated on request based on the speaker (Trosborg, 1995:197). When a requester utters what he/she needs, the requestee occupies the substantial position. A requester already knows the consequence that he/she does not take the request. Therefore, the requestee can refuse in a polite way to answer the request. This type can be applied on the strategies of request which are questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness and suggestory formulae. An example is Could you close the window? By presenting the example, the requester asks the requestee‘s willingness to close the window. In this case, the request might be complied or not by the requestee.

3) Conventionally Indirect Request (based on the speaker)

Trosborg (1995: 201) says that a conventionally indirect request based on the speaker is the requester placing his/her wishes above the requestee in order to make the requestee perform an act as a wish from the requester. The requester takes an important position in this type rather than the requestee. It is because the requester becomes the main actor of the interaction. In cooperative way, the requestee mostly accepts the wish rather than disagrees with the requester‘s desires. The requester has control to request; it is called demand. Thus, it makes the requestee difficult to refuse, for example, You should wash my clothes. In this example, a requester demands to perform an action by washing his/her clothes which is needed to comply. It is hard for the requestee to refuse the demand. Related to this type, the statement of speaker‘s wishes and desires and the statement of speaker‘s needs and demands are applied.

4) Direct request

Direct request is the type of request in which the requester and the requestee instantly understand what the requester said (Trosborg, 1995:202). It is because the requester directly says the desire to the requestee in an explicit way. In accordance with the definition, Clark (in Achiba, 2003:7) says the illocutionary force of direct request is only one. It clearly stated by the requester‘s utterance. In direct request, the requester expects compliance from others. The requester tends to have a higher position than the requestee by using performatives and imperative statementsor modal verb expressing obligation or necessity which expresses to be an order. An example is A cup of coffee, please. By saying so, the requester

directly says to the requestee. The context is in the coffee shop, there are a guest and a waiter. A guest, as the requester, orders a cup of coffee, thus, a waiter, as the requestee, should comply an order from the requester. This type can be applied in the three strategies such as statement of obligation and necessity, performatives, and imperatives.

c. Strategies of Request

There are eight strategies of requesting stated by Trosborg (1995: 192). They are hints, questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness, suggestory formulae, statements of speaker‘s wishes/desires, statements of speaker‘s needs/demands, statement of obligation/necessity, performatives, and imperatives. These strategies are explained below.

1) Hints

Trosborg (1995: 192) states that hints strategy is a request strategy which implicitly tells the requester‘s utterance for the desired action. This strategy can be used for making a statement or asking a question. Thus, the requester can express the needs to the requestee. According Achiba (2007:39), hints means that the utterances have certain references to the object of desires for conveying the action. By applying this strategy, the requestee should find out the intention behind the requester utterances with certain references on the context or situation. An example is The kitchen is a total mess. The example is clearly seen that the requester does not state the request explicitly. The requester asks the requestee to clean the kitchen because the kitchen looks dirty.

This strategy involves some conditions; they are reasonableness, availability, and obviousness. Reasonableness indicates the reason of request which implicitly expresses its purpose of request. To make a successful request, the requester should put a reason after the utterance of desire/demand is produced. Availability is interpreted by questioning the available/existence circumstances in request. Obviousness implies that the request is uttered through questioning an act which has not already been performed.

According to Blum Kulka (in Jalilifar, 2009: 47), hint is divided into two propositions. They are strong hints and mild hints. Strong hints mean the requester says his/her wish which contains partial reference to the object. Meanwhile, mild hints mean the requester says his/her wish which is not containing reference to the object. The examples of mild and strong hints are I have to be at the airport in half an hour. It shows that the requester only expresses the desired action in which the requester will be at the airport in half an hour. Thus, the requestee interprets that he/she escorts the requester to the airport before boarding. In other examples, My car has broken down. Will you be using your car tonight? When interpreting strong hints, a requester adds his/her wish partially by completing an utterance with Will you be using your car tonight?

2) Questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness

Trosborg (1995: 197) explains that when a requester states his/her request, the requestee should consider that a question leads to his/her ability/willingness is a request in order to perform the desired action. This strategy expects the requestee to understand that the question belongs to his/her is a request. The

requestee can choose whether he/she wants to comply or not. When applying this strategy, the requester uses some intensification through lexical marking such as

kind, mind, and object can enlarge the willingness pre-condition, for example,

Would you be so kind as to refrain from smoking. Here, the requester asks the requestee not to smoke near him/her.

There are two conditions included in this strategy. The first is the condition of ability; it refers to the requestee‘s ability to perform the request. In order to indicate ability condition, there are two indicators; the inherent capacities of the requestee, both physical and mental, also the external circumstances related to time, place, etc of the action. The second condition is willingness. It focuses on the requestee‘s willingness as fulfillment to conduct the request. The example is,

Can you reach the jar for me, please. By saying so, the requester asks the capacity of the requestee whether the requestee can reach the jar or not. Another example is

Will you do the shopping today? It is a question that indirectly asking to the requestee in which the requester invites his/her to go shopping today.

3) Suggestory formulae

Achiba (2003:38) states a suggestory formulae is the utterance which contains a suggestion to perform an action. It implies that the requester does not ask a question directly to the requestee but he/she gives suggestion through a question as an action of request towards the requestee. Therefore, the requester asks the requestee‘s cooperation about certain conditions that influence the action. The requester employs this strategy to make the request suitable to his/her own interests which has advantages for the action. However, the requester should

anticipate the refusal from requestee. An example is How about lending me some of your records? By presenting this example, the requester intends to be cooperative to the requestee in borrowing the records by stating how about. This request does not force the requestee at all.

4) Statement of speaker‘s wishes and desires

As stated by Trosborg (1995:201), the statements of wishes uttered by a requester are commonly expressed in polite but in direct way. Therefore, the requestee thinks that he/she should comply the wishes/desires, for example, I would like to have some more coffee. From the example, the requester orders to get more coffee as his/her wish.

5) Statement of speaker‘s needs and demands

In this strategy, the requester is the focal point of the interaction. Statement of speaker‘s needs and demands strategy contains a high degree of impositions. Therefore, the requester expresses impolitely when requesting something to the requestee. Trosborg (1995: 202) mentions that the direct request by the requester above the requestee is called as demand. Demand is the requester‘s interest that wants to be done by the requestee. Then, the requestee feels burdened by the request, thus, it makes more difficult for the requestee to refuse. An example of this strategy of the statement of needs and demands is I need a pen. By saying that he/she needs a pen, the word need is the main point of the utterance. A requester states his/her need and demand indirectly. It seems impolite because the requestee cannot refuse it.

In addition, this strategy can be softened by adding please, excuse me or other mitigating devices, for example, I so much want to see that film, please (let me go). By stating the utterance, a requester asks to leave the requestee because he/she wants to watch a movie. The requester makes the request more polite because it adds please as the mitigating device.

6) Statements of obligations and necessities

In this strategy, the authority is the important point to conduct the request. According to Trosborg (1995: 202), the requester employs his/her own authority or authority from the outside such as institution. In addition, Blum Kulka (in Jalilifar, 2009:47) says that the utterance consist of obligation statement to perform an action. To show the request clearly, the strategy uses auxiliary verbs such as should, ought to, have to, and must. To indicate moral obligation, it needs to use the verbs should and ought to, for example, You should/ought to leave now. In this sentence, the requester imposes his/her authority to the requestee since he/she has a higher position than the requestee. Moreover, to show obligation which delegated to the requester is using must, for example, You must leave now (because I want you to). By saying so, the requester asks the requestee to leave immediately and also it is as the requester‘s wish. Thus, the requester obliges the requestee to comply the request. Furthermore, by applying have to, it needs to involve few obligations from outside of the requester.

7) Performative

Performative implies the illocutionary force of the utterance that is explicitly stated (Jalilifar, 2009: 47). By presenting a requestive intention through

a performative, it obviously shows an utterance as a request. The requestive intents are asking, requesting, ordering, demanding, and commanding, etc. The performatives is directly and usually authoritative. It seems impolite since the authoritative element is used for requesting, for example, I request you to leave.

Here, the requester asks directly to the requestee to leave as soon as possible. However, the requester is possible to hedge the illocutionary force which is called as hedged performatives (Jalilifar, 2009: 47). Hedged perfomatives is used to soften the utterance such as would, for example, I would like to ask you to leave me alone. The utterance intention is to request the requestee to leave. With the use of would, it sounds more polite.

8) Imperative

When employing imperative as a strategy, a requester directly shows that the utterance is an order (Trosborg, 1995: 204). It seems authoritative since order cannot be refused. The requestee must perform the requester desired to obey an order because the requester has authority over the requestee, for example, Get out of here. It interprets that the requester demands to leave the place immediately to the requestee.

By adding tags or please and will you marker, it may softened the utterances and seems less authoritative, for example, Open the door, please. By telling so, the requestee obviously says to open the door for him/her. It sounds less authoritative.

d. The Purpose of Request

The condition of the requester tries to get the requestee to do something is called request according to Searle (in Achiba, 2003:6). Achiba (2003:94) explains there are four purposes in conducting a request. They are requests for goods, requests for the initiation of action, requests for the cessation of action, and requests for joint activity. The purposes are presented below.

1) Requests for goods

The purpose of requests for goods is questioning stuff or goods by the requester (Achiba, 2003:94). There are two contexts behind an example of the utterance, Could I please have one choco chip? In the first context, the requestee is asked to give a chocolate chip to the requester. In the second context, the requestee is being asked to give the requester an approval for taking a chocolate chip. The main purpose in this type is request for delivering goods to the requester. This purpose is achieved by focusing on the object of goods.

2) Requests for the initiation of action

Request for the initiation of action is to begin the request by saying utterances which contain the demand for doing actions. This type is expecting non-verbal action on the requestee (Achiba, 2003:94). The example is Could you please go to your room? A requester said so to ask the requestee to go to his/her room and the requestee carries out the request by moving to his/her room. Meanwhile, it can be used to ask verbal action as in the utterance Say something. When uttering that example, a requester tries to ask the requestee to say something. Then, he/she performs it by talking some utterances. This type deals

with the response of the requestee to the utterances by performing an action. To have more statement, requests for the initiation of action is classified above requests for goods. This purpose is achieved by focusing on the performance not the object.

3) Requests for the cessation of action

Different from requests for initiation of action, request for cessation of action is to stop a running action by saying utterances or avoiding certain problems from an occurrence (Achiba, 2003:94). The example is Don’t move the table okay. A requester delivers his/her utterance to prevent the requestee moving the table. This purpose is achieved by the stoppage of action from the requestee. 4) Requests for joint activity (or invitation to join in an action)

Achiba (2003: 94) says requests for joint activity have purposes to invite or engage the requestee to join the similar activity with the requester, for example,

shall we play with the doll-dollies? The utterance is in proposal form. By saying so, the requester persuades the requestee to play doll-dollies together. This purpose is achieved when the requestee joins in the same activity with the requester.

5. The Intern

Figure 1. The Cover of The Intern Movie

The Intern is the title of an American comedy movie by Nancy Meyers which was released on September 25, 2015 by Warner Bros. Some stars involve in the production of this movie are Robert De Niro as Ben Whitaker and Anne Hathaway as Jules. Both of them are the main characters. Meanwhile, the supporting characters are Rene Russo, Anders Holm, Andrew Rannells, Adam De Vine, Christina Scherer, and Zack Pearlman.

The Intern is a story about seventy-year-old widower named Ben Whittaker who is accepted as an intern senior program. The name of the company is About the Fit, located in Brooklyn. The company runs fashion mode, whose founder and CEO is Jules Ostin. As an intern, Ben works with his boss, Jules. He should accompany his boss in every situation, such as escorting her to meet some clients, going to the warehouse, or staying in the office when Jules has to stay to work overtime. Moreover, Ben and his coworkers help Jules to delete an email in her mother‘s laptop that accidentally sent by her. Ben is not only close with Jules

but also with her family, her daughter, Paige and her husband, Matt. Matt gives up on his career, thus, he becomes a house husband for Paige.

Jules has crisis about her company because her investor feels that she is unable to cope with workload. Therefore, she should hire a CEO to develop the company. After that, Jules and Ben go to San Francisco to have an interview with CEO candidate. At night before the interview, Jules tells that she knows about Matt‘s cheating behind her. The problem increases that Matt has an affair with a mother of Paige‘s friends.

6. Previous Research

There are many researchers who conduct some analysis under the study of pragmatics focusing on speech act. In this research, the researcher uses two previous studies as the references. There are undergraduate thesis and international journal.

The first research is conducted by M. Rifki Fahrurrozi. The title of the research is A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Act of Requests Expressed by the Characters in Office Space (2015). The objectives of the research are to investigate the types of request and to identify the strategies of request employed by the characters in the movie. Then, the research mostly uses the type of conventionally indirect request based on the hearer. Meanwhile, the characters in

Office Space mainly use the strategy of questioning hearer`s ability and willingness.

The second research is conducted by Khalid Wahaab Jabber and Zhang Jinquan. The title of the research is The Modal Verbs: A Speech Act of Request in

the Speech of the President of the United States Barak Obama (2013). The objective of the research is to explore the speech acts of request of political speech which has been delivered by President Obama. The results of the research are speech acts of request is the most frequent prevailing in the political nominated speech and the speech acts of request is mostly happened in an indirect way.

There are some differences between two previous studies and this research. This research intends to analyze some purposes that are different from both of the researches. This research adds the purpose of request and The Intern

movie as the object.

Different with the journal article and thesis, this research is entitled A Pragmatic Analysis of Requests Expressed By the Main Characters in Nancy

Meyers’s The Intern Movie. The aims of this research are to describe the types of requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie, to enlighten the strategies of requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie, and to explain the purposes of request expressed by the main characters in The Intern

movie.

B.Conceptual Framework

Since the research objectives are to find out the types, strategies and purposes of request, this research is under the field of pragmatics in which the researcher focuses on requests in The Intern movie. Analyzing the speech act, especially requests, is a matter of making assumption that is an utterance interpretation. Therefore, the researcher uses pragmatic‘s point of view to

interpret the meaning of the utterances expressed by the main characters in The Intern.

Yule‘s classification of illocutionary act that is based on the criterion of what a speaker wants to imply in his/her utterances is used in this study. The classifications are declaratives, representatives, directives, expressive and commisives. Requests fall under directives in which speakers and hearers attempt to indicate their desires or needs.

To answer the first and second objectives, the research employs the theory of request offered by Trosborg (1995) to explore the types and strategies of requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie. There are four types of request, i.e. indirect request, conventionally indirect request (based on hearer), conventionally indirect request (based on speaker), and direct request. Meanwhile, the strategies are hints, questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness, suggestory formulae, statements of speaker‘s wishes/desires, statements of speaker‘s needs/demands, statement of obligation/necessity, performatives, and imperatives. In addition, to investigate the purposes of request expressed by the main characters in the movie, the researcher uses a theory proposed by Achiba (2003). They are requests for goods, requests for the initiation of action, requests for the cessation of action, and requests for joint activity.

Figure 2. Analytical Construct Suggestions Presupposition The Intern Speech Act

Representatives Commissives Directives Expressive Declarative

Command Request

Types of Request Strategies of Request

1. Unconventionally Indirect 2. Conventionally indirect (based speaker) 3. Conventionally

indirect (based hearer) 4. Direct

1. Hints

2. Questioning hearer‘s ability/ willingness

3. Suggestory formulae 4. Statements of speaker‘s

wishes/desires

5. Statements of speaker‘s needs/demands

6. Statements of obligations/necessities 7. Performatives

8. Imperatives

Purposes of Request

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS EXPRESSED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN NANCY MEYERS’S THE INTERN MOVIE

1. Requests for goods 2. Requests for the initiation

of action

3. Requests for the cessation of action

4. Requests for a joint activity Implicature

Politeness Deixis

32 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter is presented to describe the research method. The researcher divided this chapter into six parts. There were type of the research – describing the approach in conducting this research; form, source and context of data – describing the data clearly; instruments of the research; data collection technique – dealing with how the data were collected; data analysis technique – showing how the data were analyzed; and data trustworthiness – describing the validity of the data.

A.Research Type

This research was conducted by using mixed method, a combination of qualitative and quantitative method. This research was included as descriptive qualitative research in which the researcher described the phenomena of request in

The Intern movie by interpreting the data. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:7), qualitative research explains the description of textual phenomena. It refers to a research design which produces descriptive data. The researcher described the data by explaining it deeply. Moreover, Denscombe (2007:248) states that qualitative research described the data which were taken in the form of words by certain techniques from observations, reports and recordings. It focuses on the explanation using written texts.

Meanwhile, this research also used quantitative method to convey the frequency of occurrences of each characteristic in the movie. Vanderstoep and

Johnston (2009: 7) state that quantitative research focuses on statistical or numeral assignment in certain phenomena. By using quantitative research, the researcher could obtain the number of frequency of data in order to support the researcher‘s interpretation to the highest or lowest frequency. Hence, the researcher could gain the conclusion completely.

B.Forms, Sources and Context of Data

According to Denscombe (2007:286), the words or images are the data which are analyzed or produced in qualitative research. In this research, the data were utterances, in the form of sentences, phrases, clauses or words spoken by the main characters in The Intern movie, while the contexts of the data were dialogues.

There were two kinds of sources namely primary source and secondary source. The primary data source was the movie itself. Meanwhile, data sheet and the script of the movie were the secondary data sources. In this research, the script was taken from an internet source, i.e. http://www.ivanachubbuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/The-Intern-Ben-Patty-Entire-Screenplay.pdf.

C.Instruments

Lincoln and Guba (in Vanderstoep, 2009:188) say that the major instrument for qualitative research is a human. Therefore, the major instrument of this research was the researcher herself. Meanwhile, the secondary instrument of this research was a data sheet of requests expressed by the main characters in The Intern movie. The data sheet designed in this research can be seen as follows.

Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Requests Expressed by the Main Characters in Nancy Meyers’sThe Intern Movie

Notes:

Ur: Unconventionally indirect request Hb: Indirect request hearer based Sb: Indirect request speaker based Dr: Direct request

Hi : Hints

Ab: Ability/Willingness Sf: Suggestory formulae Wi: Wishes/Desires Ne: Needs/Demands Ob: Obligation/Necessity Pr: Performatives Ip: Imperatives

Go: Goods

Ia: Initiation of action Ca: Cessation of action Ja: Joint activity

D.Techniques of Data Collection

Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 189) state that there are several data collection techniques in qualitative research. They are interviewing, ethnographic observation, analysis of documents and material culture, and visual analysis. In conducting research, this research used analysis of documents by note taking as a source of collecting data. The techniques of collecting data employed by the researcher in this research were explained in the following steps below.

No

. Data

Types And Strategies Purposes

Explanation Ur Hb Sb Dr

G o I a C a J a Hi A

b S f W i N e O b P r I p 1

JULES: Oh, good! I forgot about that. I want to figure out a way for girlfriends to shop together on line...make it less of an alone thing. E-mail me that idea, will ya?

BECKY: Yeah, I like that. (writing quickly, takes out Phone)

Is now a good time to call your

Mother back?

√ √

Jules rides her bike in the office while Becky is talking so fast the information and also the schedule to her boss. This data shows direct request in which Jules straightly says E-mail me that idea, will ya? by using imperative strategy. The purpose of request is to ask Becky to email Jules later, it is called by initiation of action.

1. The researcher watched The Intern movie.

2. The researcher retrieved the script and checked the conformity between the script and the dialogues in the movie.

3. The researcher took notes of the main characters‘ utterances from the dialogues of the movie which were classified based on the objectives of the study.

4. The researcher recorded and transferred the data into the data sheet. E.Techniques of Data Analysis

Qualitative research is included into inductive approach. Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:168) mention that data analysis is a process of reasoning that observation goes first, and then followed by theory, hypothesis and interpretation. After collecting all data, the researcher analyzed them through some processes. 1. The researcher classified the data based on the three objectives of the research. 2. The researcher applied data trustworthiness which was checked by consulting

to the linguistics students and lecturers.

3. The researcher analyzed, described, and interpreted the data.

4. The researcher obtained the conclusions from the result of the research. F.Data Trustworthiness

According to Given (2008: 895) trustworthiness is a substantial construct to describe the outside of qualitative terms. To gain data trustworthiness, the researcher employed triangulation. According to Vanderstoep and Johnson (2009:179), to produce reliability and validity of the data in the research, triangulation is needed to reveal uncertainty of the data. It uses many methodologies to refer the same questions in order to ensure the data. In

accordance to Vanderstoep and Johnson, Denscombe (2007: 296) adds that verifying the data in qualitative research can be done through investigating the validity, reliability, generalizability, and objectivity.

In this research, the triangulation was done by checking data source, the method, and the theories employed in this research. The researcher used theory of types and strategies of requests proposed by Trosborg. Meanwhile, the theory of purposes of request was proposed by Achiba. Furthermore, the researcher involved two experts and some of her peer reviewers to check the triangulation of the data in this research. The researcher consulted the data to the experts who were the researcher‘s supervisors. Moreover, the researcher also asked her peer reviewers who were the students of linguistics major. The researcher‘s peer reviewers read and reread the data carefully. The researcher could be helped by the experts and peer reviewers to check and recheck the reliability of the data.

37 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

As stated in the first chapter, the objectives of this research are to find out the types of request used by the main characters, to examine the strategies used by the main characters, and to explain the purposes of request used by the main characters toward the requestee in The Intern movie. This chapter consists of two parts, namely findings and discussion to answer the problems of this research. The findings are presented in the table of data findings. Moreover, the discussion shows the explanation of each datum.

A.Findings

This section describes the findings of request employed by the main characters in the movie entitled The Intern. The data are classified based on the three objectives. The first is types of request employed by the main characters in

The Intern. The types of request proposed by Trosborg occur in this movie, i.e. unconventionally indirect request, conventionally indirect request based on the hearer, conventionally indirect request based on the speaker, and direct request. Meanwhile, the second objective is the strategies of request used by the main characters in The Intern. They include hints, questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness, suggestory formulae, statement of speaker‘s wishes/desires, statement of speaker‘s needs/demands, statement of obligations/necessities, and imperatives. The last is the purposes of request used by the main characters in The Intern, i.e. request for goods, request for the initiation of action, request for the

cessation of action, and request for joint activity. The occurrence of the types, strategies, and purposes is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Types, Strategies, and Purposes of Request Expressed by the Main Characters in Nancy Meyers’s The Intern

Types Strategies Purposes Frequency Total

Unconventionally

Indirect request Hints

Request for goods 1

4

Request for initiation of action 3

Conventionally Indirect request

(hearer)

Questioning hearer‘s Ability/willingness

Request for goods 1

17

Request for initiation of action 5 Request for cessation of action 2

Request for joint activity 5

Suggestory formulae Request for initiation of action 2

Request for joint activity 2

Conventionally Indirect request

(speaker)

Statements of speaker's wishes/desires

Request for initiation of action 1

5

Statements of speaker's

needs/demands Request for initiation of action 4

Direct Request

Statements of obligations/necessities

Request for initiation of action 1

9

Request for cessation of action 1

Performatives - 0

Imperatives

Request for initiation of action 4 Request for cessation of action 2

Request for joint activity 1

Total 35

As shown in Table 2., request occurs 35 times in The Intern movie. The most dominant type of request is conventionally indirect request based on the hearer. This happens since the requestee is in the position of controlling the conversation whether he/she complies the request or not. In addition, the main characters mostly use modal verbs, i.e. can, could, will, and would for expressing the request. Furthermore, questioning hearer‘s ability/willingness becomes the most prominent strategy which is employed by the main characters. By asking questions, the main characters express their request. It is more polite than other strategies since the questions use the modal verbs. Meanwhile, there is one strategy which occurs once and one strategy is not shown in the movie.

Statements of speaker‘s wishes/desires only occur once. When using this strategy, the requester‘s wishes are important because the central power is on the requester. Thus, statements of wishes/desires only occur once because the main characters rarely use power to control their request. On the other hand, performatives is not expressed by the main characters. This strategy is too authoritative since the request forces the requestee to do what he/she wants. The request uses requestive intention such as request, order, demand, and command. Following the explanation about types and strategies, the conspicuous request‘s purpose is request for initiation of action. The main characters often apply this type of purposes in their request since the aim is to perform an action that a requester wants.

Regarding the table of request above, it is clearly seen that the main characters mostly use indirect request based on the hearer and apply questioning ability/willingness to express their request toward the requestee. It is because the relation of both type and strategy makes the request to be polite and sounds less authoritative. In addition, the purpose of request is to make the requestee performs an action, even though there is no burden to carry out the request.

B.Discussion

In this section, the researcher presents the explanation of the findings exhaustively. There are 35 data found in The Intern movie. The main characters and the context of the movie influence the language use of requests. It can be seen through the types, strategies, and purposes which are employed by the main

characters in The Intern movie. The detail explanation of request is presented below.

1. Types of Requests Expressed by the Main Characters in The Intern Movie The findings show that four types of request are applied by the main characters, Jules and Ben, in The Intern. They are unconventionally indirect requests, conventionally indirect requests based on the hearer, conventionally indirect requests based on the speaker, and direct requests. Those are explained as follows.

a. Unconventionally Indirect Requests

Unconventionally indirect request is never formulated explicitly. It means there is a difference between what the requester said and what is actually implied in the utterance. The requester often makes a statement or asks a question that indicates a request. Sometimes the requestee does not notice the request uttered by a requester. Therefore, a requestee should be careful when interpreting the request which is addressed to him/her by translating it by him/herself. In addition, how close the relation between a requester and the requestee are needed to be considered.

The conversation happens between Jules and her mom. When Ben drives the car, Jules‘s mother calls her. Actually, she does not like a phone call from her mom because her mom always talks about her research of sleeping habits. However, she should hang the telephone in order to respect her mom. The conversation is presented below.

Jules : Are you kidding me! You know I haven‘t slept in two years.

Jules' Mom : I can‘t change the facts, dear.

Jules : (typing) Look, Mom, I‘m rushing into the city for a

meeting and I need to prepare. Can I call you when I get home?

Jules' Mom : You don‘t have to. Jules : Okay. Love you. Jules' Mom : Thank you.

(Datum 10) Jules employs unconventionally indirect request to make another call to her by saying Can I call you when I get home? Jules makes her request by asking a question to her mom with the word Can. Before she asks the question, she states the reason why she needs to call her later. She rushes into the city for a meeting and she needs to prepare it. Actually, she wants to stop the conversation between her and her mom. She avoids to have conversation with her mom in order to ignore the suggestion which given by her mom. Thus, she uses unconventionally indirect request to hang up the phone.

In the next example of unconventionally indirect request, Ben takes some cups of coffee from the barista in the coffee shop. Meanwhile, Jules looks for and comes to the coffee shop. She meets Ben and apologizes to him about the problem that she did before and she wants to repair it. She will move his position beside Becky‘s position in order to help Becky‘s work. Ben responds it happily to come back to the office.

Jules : Can I give you a lift back to the office? Ben : Sure, thanks.

(Datum 16) From the expression in Datum 16, Jules as a boss and Ben as an intern have a misunderstanding. Jules says Can I give you a lift back to the office?,

because she feels that she makes a mistake to Ben. The intention of Jules‘s utterance is requesting Ben to go back to the office with her. Jules‘s utterance belongs to unconventionally indirect request because it depends on the intimate relationship between requester and requestee which are related. In everyday‘s life, Ben always becomes a driver of Jules. Therefore, in the situation of Datum 16, Jules feels guilty to Ben. Jules requests Ben to go back to the office together although she knows that Ben has a duty to escort her back to the office. Thus, by saying the utterance, Jules ensures Ben really wants to go back to the office.

In fact, unconventionally indirect request is rarely used by the main characters to avoid misleading between other characters. Thus, the main characters only use 4 times to indirectly question in order to be polite to the requestee. Thus, it can be concluded that a requester is not asserting the request to the requestee.

b. Conventionally indirect request based on the hearer

When applying this type of request, the requestee has to control the request kindly. Moreover, the requestee can choose whether he/she wants to comply the request or not. This type is implicitly stating the request since the intention is not formulated easily.

The conversation is between Ben and Kiko, a coworker, which takes place in the office. It occurs in the morning when Ben enters the office. He sees Kiko has problem in delivering the paper. The huge dolly stacks with reams of paper down a row of cubicles. She tries to push the huge dolly in order to move it. This

problem disturbs Ben when he enters the office in the morning. Thus, he comes to help her by pushing the huge dolly. The conversation is expressed in Datum 7.

Ben : How about I’ll push, you deliver? Kiko : Thank you.

(Datum 7) Ben says How about I’ll push, you deliver? This type belongs to conventionally indirect request based on the hearer. It is because Ben indirectly questions Kiko and gives the opportunity to perform the request to Kiko whether she wants to deliver the paper or not. This request can be categorized into direct request by saying I help you instead of saying How about I’ll push, you deliver? It has similar intention between both utterances. Ben intends to help Kiko by pushing the huge dolly and requests her to deliver the paper. Therefore, she responds it very nice and she also says thank you.

Another example of conventionally indirect request based on the hearer occurs in the conversation between Jules and her coworker, Robby. After having a meeting with all the coworkers, Jules sees the progress of each coworker. She checks all the things about her business. Then, Jules comes to Robby and asks about the improvement that he did. Robby shows her work to Jules. Furthermore, she asks him to make the picture more interesting because it is too ordinary for Jules. The dialogue is presented below.

Jules : Can we make it more graphic? Robby : (editing the photo)

Jules : Yeah, that‘s cool. Maybe hero the girl in the red shirt. (Datum 3)

85

No. Data

Types and Strategies

Purposes

Explanation

Ur Hb Sb Dr

Hi Ab Sf Wi Ne Ob Pr Ip Go Ia Ca Ja

of that, she has a slight heart condition and I think this could possibly be not good for that, so, I‘m relying on your good graces and brilliance to figure out how to save my ass.

25.

Ben:

Start looking for the computer. (they go off together)

Separately! (into Phone)

-- Becky! Don’t screw around. Put Jules on, it‘s an emergency.

Interrupt her! (wipes his brow) Jules! Your mother has an alarm. Yes she does, I‘m in her kitchen and it‘s about to go off.

√ √

In Jules‘s mother room, they are looking for the laptop. Ben calls Becky and asks Becky not to disturb Ben to talk with Jules. Then, he wants to give the phone to Jules because it is an emergency situation. He uses imperative strategy since the goal of request is easy to understand by Becky. It indicates by saying Don’t screw around. Meanwhile, the purpose of request is to stop Becky‘s action which does not want to give the phone to Jules.

26. Jules:

Got to get something in your stomach. Honey honey honey, just can you please take one bite before school? Please, just one bite.

(Paige doesn‘t want to eat

anything) √ √

In the morning, Jules, Paige and Matt are having breakfast in the dining room. Paige does not want to eat anything because she is mope. Paige wants to go to Maddie‘s party, but her parents cannot escort her to the party. Jules is busy and Matt, her dad, is sick. Then, Jules asks her to eat one bite by indirectly type. Jules applies this type in order to demand Paige eat her breakfast. Jules asks Paige by uttering Can you to ask the ability of Paige to eat her breakfast. To make request perfectly, the purpose of this request is making Paige eat her breakfast.

86

No. Data

Types and Strategies

Purposes

Explanation

Ur Hb Sb Dr

Hi Ab Sf Wi Ne Ob Pr Ip Go Ia Ca Ja

27.

Ben :

What‘s up kiddo? Paige:

I don‘t feel good. Ben:

You don‘t? Do you want to sit on my lap?

(Paige nods. Ben lifts her onto his lap, feels her forehead.

√ √

Ben and Paige go to Maddie‘s party. Paige comes near to her friends. Meanwhile, Ben sits with other parents in the chair. Suddenly, Paige comes close to Ben. She says that she feels not good.. Ben indirectly requests Paige because he cannot measure the desire of her by questioning Do you want to sit on my lap? Ability strategy applies in the data in order to ask whether she wants to sit on his lap or not. The purpose is requesting Paige to sit on Ben‘s lap.

28. _{Ben :}

You want to hit the road? Paige:

Does the mean ―leave‖? Ben:

‗Fraid so √ √

Paige sits on Ben‘s lap. A few parents disturb Ben and Paige. Because of that, they decide to go home earlier by indirectly saying you want to hit the road? The strategy is asking the willingness of Paige whether she wants to go home or stay at Maddie‘s party. Ben invites her by saying You want to. Then, the purpose is achieved by Ben and Paige who join the similar action which is going back to the office.

29. _Jules:

Okay Ben, if I’m giving you too much to do or working you too hard, please do not feel you have to go with me to San Fransisco- Ben:

Jules, people my age get tired sometimes. That‘s all this is.

√ √

Jules leans on Ben‘s desk, eats a piece of cake and handles Ben a piece. Ben looks so pale. Jules asks him if he does not want to go, do not push himself to go to San Francisco. She sees that Ben is sick, and then she does not want to make it bad. She says directly in order to apply statement of obligation to him by expressing the utterance with please do not feel you have to go. The purpose is to stop Ben pushing himself to accompany Jules to go to San Francisco.

87

No. Data

Types and Strategies

Purposes

Explanation

Ur Hb Sb Dr

Hi Ab Sf Wi Ne Ob Pr Ip Go Ia Ca Ja

30. Ben:

Jules, what are we doin‘ here? We got the day off. We‘re travelin‘ in first class. (starts packing up his papers)

Let’s at least have a little fun. Jules:

Now, that, I can do.

√ √

Ben and Jules are heading to San Francisco. They are in the first class of the flight, both of them have their work on the tray tables. Jules is on her iPad. Ben is reading newspaper. Ben starts to talk with Jules. He asks her what they are doing there. Then, Ben invites her to have fun and neglect the work for a moment. He says directly to Jules for doing fun. Imperative strategy applies in this data by saying Let’s. Meanwhile, joint activity is the purpose of this data. It is to let them doing the similar thing which having fun together.

31. Jules:

Well, thanks for escorting me back. You want to see my room? I mean, do you actually want to come in? I have a tea kettle, we could have tea... (then) I‘m ridiculously nervous about tomorrow.

Ben: Oh nice.

√ √

The setting is in the hotel in San Francisco. The alarm is beeping and all the guests are coming out. After all is fixed, the guests go to their room, Jules and Ben too. In the way back to their room, Jules invites Ben to come to her room. Then, she says about having a tea together. Thus, she indirectly tells you want to. She applies questioning willingness to Ben whether he wants or not to come. Ben agrees with Jules. The purpose is to make Ben come to Jules‘s room.

32. Ben:

What should we talk about? Jules:

Marriage?

(Ben gets nervous, looks over at her)

Will you tell me about your wife? She was great, right?

Ben:

She was. Molly was her name. She was a middle school principal. Beloved.

√ √

Jules invites Ben to come to her room in the hotel. Jules pours hot water into two mugs. They lie down on the bed and start to talk about marriage. Jules asks Ben to tell her about his wife. She uses hearer based condition to Ben. It is because it depends on the requestee whether he wants to tell or not. Yet, questioning ability is applied in this request by asking Will you? This purpose is Ben tells about his wife.

88

No. Data

Types and Strategies

Purposes

Explanation

Ur Hb Sb Dr

Hi Ab Sf Wi Ne Ob Pr Ip Go Ia Ca Ja

33. Jules:

Airport, please. Taxi Driver: (driving to airport)

√ √ After Jules met a CEO in San Francisco, they want to go to the airport. She directly asks the driver to escort them to the airport. Then, she applies imperative strategy to demand the request. It is shown by the word Airport. The please marker is to show the polite way in requesting driver. The requestee is agreeably to drive them going to the airport.

34. Jules:

Do we have any, like, real booze, like vodka or something?

Matt: Yeah…

√ √ Jules arrives in home, she is greeted by Matt. They

talk about hiring a CEO but Jules distracts the conversation into her marriage. She is tired and confused about the problems. She asks him about vodka that actually to calm herself. She uses the unconventionally indirect request and applies hints to state her wanted implicitly. She asks there is vodka or not. Jules asks the availability of vodka by saying Do we have?The purpose is to give vodka to Jules.

35. Becky:

Also, these just arrived from Ted Townsend. Here‘s the card.

Jules: (reading the card)

Get me Townsend’s number will you?

√ √ Jules and Ben arrive in the office. There‘s a huge arrangement of Peonies on Jules's desk. She hopes that it is from Matt. Becky says that the bouquet is from Townsend. Jules replies asking the number of Townsend to Becky. The utterance is used imperative strategy which is shown by saying Get me. Then, will you marker shows the polite act to request Becky. Regarding to this request, the purpose is to make Becky gives Townsend‘s phone number to Jules.