of the main character by revealing the factors that influence Eveline’s behavior
and how those factors influence her behavior in risk taking Meliala, 2011: 5. By comparing both of those theses, this thesis also focuses on the decision
making of the main character. The differences in this thesis between those two other studies are first, the decision making is not influenced by dreams, but by the
characteristics of the main character. If in Pangestuti’s study it is seen that there is a change on the decision making caused by the dreams of Charley’s own mother,
in this thesis, there is no change in the decision making, but its focus is more on the process of the main character’s decision making. Second, the decision making
of Mia Hall is not made in an instability way as it is seen in Meliala’s study. He analyzes the main character who does the decision making in her young age and is
considered to be unadjusted adolescent, and there is also a risk taking in the decision making process. This thesis analyzes the main character’s decision
making process seen from her struggle which is influenced by her characteristics during her comatose state.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Theory on character and characterization is the starting point of the analysis of this undergraduate thesis. It is used to analyze the characterization of
the main character, Mia Hall. In A Glossary of Literary Terms, Abrams states that Characters are the person presented on a dramatic or narrative work, who
are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say
– the dialogue – and what they do – in the action. The grounds in the character’s
temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called the motivation 1981: 23.
Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs state that a character is a verbal representation of human being whose inner self discovers thought, speech, and
behavior. Authors create the interactions of characters and circumstances through dialogue, commentary, and action 1987: 119.
From Abrams’, Roberts’, and Jacobs’ definitions, those who are presented in the narrative work as the representation of human being, interpreted by the
readers, and expressed by their dialogue and action are called as characters. Characters are the ones whom the authors describe.
For characterization, Richard Gill states that there are two ways in which the authors present characters: telling and showing. The distinction of telling and
showing is that in telling, the author directly states and informs the readers about a character, whereas in showing, the readers are the ones who gather and conclude
what the character is like 1995: 134. Here are some points about telling and showing:
a. An author can both tell and show.
b. Direct telling is often employed when a character first appears.
c. Showing is a subtle mode of narration.
By us ing this way, the author treats the readers as “intelligent in that they
are trusted to see things” Gill, 1995: 134. When authors rely on the showing way, they leave their readers freedom to see by themselves what are going on.
If characters are the people presented in a literary work, characterization is the way how the characters are described by the author, and there are two ways,
which are telling and showing. Authors can use both ways. The first way, which is telling, is mostly used in the beginning of the story, and the second way is done by
the readers when reading the story, so the author lets the readers do the characterization by themselves.
2. Theory of Plot
According to Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs, a plot is a groundwork for a story, based on resolving human motivations, with the actions
resulting from realistic response from human. “In a well-plotted story, nothing is irrelevant; everything is related” 1987: 87.
While i n Richard Gill’s theory, a plot is a set of events which the readers
can relate to each other. There are two ways how the readers use the term ‘plot’. The first one is as the causes of the events in the novel, and the second one is to
see the plot in relation to the theme of the novel 1995: 164 The theory of plot is stated in this thesis to support the analysis of the
character and characterization which are also affected by the plot development. It is stated that “when we read of characters who aim to do things, it is easy to see
that what they hope to achieve will be a cause of the plot. No matter how different novels are in setting and tone, many of them share the common factor to a central
character who attempts to achieve something” Gill, 1995: 174. Plot is used by the author to show the process of the characters achieving something. Different
novel will have different characters, settings and tone; and plot is one of the media to guide the readers to see the goals that the characters want to aim and reach in
the end of the story.
3. Theory of the Unconscious
Peter Barry states that “unconscious is the part of the mind beyond
consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon our actions” 2002: 96. Michael Ryan also has his definition of the unconscious that
The unconscious refers to two things in psychology and psychoanalysis. The first derives from its use in recent cognitive psychology, and that
means the mental processes that are just beneath conscious awareness. Some of the more interesting have to do with prejudice, and they are
revealed in tests that show how they shape our choices and thoughts. The second meaning derives from psychoanalysis, where it refers to the part of
mind that is unavailable to consciousness 2012:45.
This thesis focuses on the unconscious from psychoanalysis view. From this view, it is seen that the unconscious consists some repressed feelings and
ideas from conscious mind. The content of the unconscious usually creates the effect indirectly in our behavior and in mental processes, and the move from
unconscious to consciousness often follow the path of displacement 2012: 45. According to Carl Jung’s theory about the levels of psyche, there are two
levels, the conscious and unconscious level. Conscious images are those portrayed by the ego, which is the core of conscious mind, but not the core of personality.
Ego only plays a minor role in analytical psychology study, thus an overemphasis on expanding one’s conscious psyche can lead to psychological imbalance Feist,
2006: 103. Because ego does not represent the whole personality of someone, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
this conscious level theory by Carl Jung is not the focus of the theory used to analyze this research.
Jung categorizes the unconscious level into two types, which are personal unconscious and collective unconscious. Collective unconscious focuses on the
roots in the ancestral part of the whole species, and its physical contents are inherited and passed from one generation to the next generation Feist, 2006:
104. Because the unconscious theory which is used in this research does not involve some certain groups of people and only involves the main character of the
story, the focus of the unconscious theory is on the personal unconscious. In Theories of Personality
, it is stated that “the personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one
particular individual. It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our
consciousness” Feist, 2006: 104. Human being must have faced a lot of experiences since they were born until they become adult, and each human faces
different experiences. Personal unconscious is shaped by ea ch person’s individual
experiences, and therefore each person is unique. However, the images in the personal unconscious have different difficulty to be recalled, some can be done
easily, some are remembered with difficulty, and some others are beyond the memory Feist, 2006: 104.
