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methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.
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Furthermore Newmark has grouped the following translation methods into two groups. The first four methods more emphasis on the SL Source Language,
the Word-for-word translation, Literal translation, Faithful translation and Semantic translation and four second method is more emphasis on target
language, Adaptation, Free translation, Idiomatic translation, and Communicative translation.
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2. Types of Translation method
The method that emphasizes on the source language: a. Word –for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediatlely below the SL-words. The SL words-order is preserved and the word
translated singly by their most common meaning, out of contex. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of Word –for-word translaion is either to
understand the mechanics of the source or to construe a difficult text as a pre translation.
So this method is used in the analysis phase or the early stages of the transfer. This method is usually used for the translation of specific objectives, but
not commonly used for the common translation. Unless the structure of English sentences with Indonesian sentence structure
Examples of translation results using the method of translating word for word:
1. “Life is cheap in Indonesia” translated into “Hidup adalah murah di Indonesia.”
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http:kiflipaputungan.wordpress.com20100612metode-penerjemahan-bahasa-ala- newmark
. Rudi Hartono, S.S., M.Pd. data diakses pada tanggal 12 juni.
18
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, UK, Prentice Hall International, 1988, h. 45
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2. “I like that clever student” translated into “Saya menyukai itu pintar pelajar.”
b. Literal translation The SL gramatical contructions are converted to their nearest TL
equivalents, but the lexical word are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
Example: “It’s raining cats and dogs” translated into “Hujan anjing dan kucing.”
“It’s raining cats and dogs” should be translated “Hujan lebat” or “Hujan deras”.
c. Faithful translation A Faithful translation Attemps of reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constrains of the TL gramatical structures. It transfer cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
“abnormality” deviation from SL norms in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
Example: “Ben is too well aware that he is naughty” translated to “Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal.” It would be better, if the sentence is
translated as “Ben sangat sadar bahwa ia nakal.”
d. Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from “faithful translation” only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetict value that is, the beautif and natural
sound of the SL-text, compromising on “meaning” where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.
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Example: “He is a book-worm” translated into “Dia laki-laki adalah seorang yang suka sekali membaca.”
The method that emphasizes on the target language: a. Adaptation
This is the “freest” from of translation. It is used mainly for plays comedies, poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL
culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established
drama poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have “resqued” period play.
Here is an example of a song adapted from English into Indonesian http:anotherfool.wordpress.com
: Hey Jude-The Beatles, 196
Tsu Tsa
Hey Jude, don’t make it bad Take a sad song and make it better
Remember to let her into your heart Then you can start to make it better
Kasih, dimanakah Mengapa kau tinggalkan aku
Ingatlah-ingatlah kau padaku Janji setiamu tak kan kulupa
b. Free translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content
without the from of the original.
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Soemarno give an example as follows:
No Source Text
Target Text 1
The flowers in the garden. Bunga-bunga yang tumbuh di kebun.
2 How They Live on what he
makes? Bagaimana mereka dapat hidup dengan
penghasilannya?
In example number 1 there was a shift is called a shunt up yard and over, because of the preposition phrase in the garden into clause which grows in the
garden ’yang tumbuh di kebun’. While there was a shift in the number 2 is called the shunt down thin down, because the clause on what he makes to the
phrase the income dengan penghasilannya.
Here is an example of a free translation which seems very extreme Moentaha expressed by:
No Source Text
Target text 1
I Kissed her. Saya telah mencetak sebuah ciuman pada bibirnya
yang merah.
Translations of the above seem more radical, though still retaining the content or message. Though the translation could be ’Saya telah menciumnya’.
c. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translations reproduces “the massage” of the oroginal but tends
to distort nuances of meaning by prefering colloqualism and idioms where these do not exit in the original Autorities as diverse as selescovith and Stuart Gilbert
tend to this from of lively., natural translation.
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Choliludin give some examples of idiomatic translation as follows:
No Source Text
Target Text
1 Salina, Excuse me, Salina
Salina, Permisi, Salina 2
I can relate to that. Aku mengerti maksudnya.
3 You’re cheery mood.
Kamu kelihatan ceria. 4
Tell me, I am not in a cage now. Ayo, berilah aku semangat bahwa aku
orang bebas. 5
Excuse me? Maaf, apa maksud Anda?
d. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the readhership.
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Machali added that this method of observing the principles of communication, that reader pulpit and translation purposes. Examples of this
translation method are a translation of the word in the phrase spine Thorns spines in old reef sediments. If the word is translated by a biologist, the equivalent is the
spina Latin technical term, but when translated to the more general reader pulpit, the word was translated as thorns.
In addition, communicative translation Nababan explained that basically emphasizes the transfer of messages. This method is very concerned that the
reader or listener Bsa not expect any difficulties and ambiguities in the translated text. This method is also very concerned about the effectiveness of language
translation. The phrase Awas Anjing Galak can be translated to Beware of the
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Newmark, Peter, Op.Cit., pp. 45-47
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dog Than Beware of the vicious dog Because, after the first translation of the sentence had already hinted that the dog was vicious vicious.
Based on the observations of researchers, each translator has the style of each in translating a work. Style that he used to be very closely related, for
example, the method he used to rely translation purposes which he did. Among the translators there is a faithful translation method, as has been done by the
translator of the novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. The reason is that he does not want to give contextual meaning in his Source Text. He tried to keep
the terms relating to the socio-cultural background of the Source Language, for example Mr. and Mrs. maintain and proper names of the characters in the novel.
He did not make an adaptation or domestication, but retain ideology of foreignization. This was done in order to maintain the authenticity of the story
elements and cultural values that underlie the story so that readers are invited to identify the themes, characters, setting and atmosphere of an alien culture. The
translators of each of the other novels differ in choosing the method of translation. Some of which use a free translation, semantic, idiomatic, and adaptation. This is
done depends on the habits and the style that characterizes them. May also depend on the purpose of translation itself.
C. The Translation Equivalence
