FOREIGNIZATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S ‘BUMI MANUSIA’ IN ‘THIS EARTH OF MANKIND’ BY MAX LANE.

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FOREIGNIZATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA

ANANTA TOER’S ‘BUMI MANUSIA’ IN ‘THIS EARTH OF MANKIND’

BY MAX LANE

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

EKA SYAFITRI

Registration Number: 8106111048

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2016

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ABSTRACT

SYAFITRI, EKA. NIM: 8106111048. Foreignization in the Translation of

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s ‘Bumi Manusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ by Max Lane. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State Univerversity of Medan. 2016.

There were, in this research, three problems discussed. First, this study was to investigate categories of cultural terms in the novel ‘Bumi Manusia’ and their translations in’This Earth of Mankind’. Second, to explain techniques of translation applied in the translations of the cultural terms. Third, to analyze factors leading to the application of foreignization chosen by the translator. The method of collecting data in this study is through observation implemented at once by note-taking technique. The collected data are analyze descriptively. This study was based on some theories proposed by Newmark (1988) Zare and Firoozkoohi (2009), Vinay and Durbelnet (1985), and Venuti (2012). To achieve trustworthiness, triangulation method was applied. The results of this study show three important findings. First, there were six categories of cultural specific items found in the data: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, habits, and idioms, and the most frequent found is idioms (36%). Second, there were three techniques to translate 125 data finding: borrowing, calque and literal, and the most frequently- is borrowing (56.8%). Third, there were three factors which leading to the application of foreignization in this study, they are: cultural differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference.

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ABSTRAK

SYAFITRI, EKA. NIM: 8106111048. Foreignization in the Translation of

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s ‘Bumi Manusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ by Max Lane. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.

Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat tiga masalah yang dibahas. Pertama, penelitian ini meneliti kategori-kategori istilah budaya yang terdapat dalam novel ‘Bumi Manusia’dan terjemahannya dalam’This Earth of Mankind’. Kedua, penelitian ini memaparkan teknik-teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah budaya tersebut. Ketiga, penelitian ini menganalisa ideologi penerjemahan yang paling sering diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah budaya tersebut, dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan diterapkannya ideologi penerjemahan tersebut dalam penerjemahkan istilah-istilah budaya. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data pada studi ini adalah metode observasi yang dilakukan bersamaan dengan pelaksanaan teknik catat. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisa data pada studi ini adalah metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan beberapa teori yang dikemukakan oleh Newmark (1988) dan Zare- Firoozkohi(2009),Vinay dan Durbelnet (1985), dan Venuti (2012). Untuk mendapatkan keabsahan dalam penelitian, maka dilakukan metode triangulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tiga hal penting. Pertama, ada enam kategori istilah-istilah budaya ditemukan dalam penelitian, yaitu: ekologi, materi, budaya sosial, organisasi sosial, kebiasaan dan ungkapan, yang paling dominan yaitu ungkapan (36%). Kedua,ada tiga tehnik yang digunakan dalam menterjemahkan 125 temuan data, yaitu: borrowing, calqued an terjemahan literal, dan yang paling dominan yaitu borrowing (56.8%). Ketiga, ada tiga yang menyebabkab terjadinya foreinisasi dalam penelitian ini, yaitu” perbedaan budaya, perbedaan linguistic dan pilihan penterjemah.

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Acknowledgements

Bismillahirahmanirahim,

Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT, who has given blessing and opportunity to the researcher to accomplish this thesis. She realizes that it is impossible to finish this thesis without any help, advice, support and encouragement from others.

The very first people to whom my sincere thanks go to my advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D, and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum, whose guidance and advice were the assets to accomplish this thesis. As my supervisors, they have shared their valuable knowledge by reading, criticizing, and discussing my thesis with me over their priceless time. They have been dutifully patient and enlightening the writing process of my thesis.

The second group of people who are always in my heart’s list of gratitude are all of the lecturers who have always been reliable teachers for encouragement and enlightenment. Special gratitude goes Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, as the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, who has always cared with every student’s academic issues in detail.

Librarians have always played a quiet but crucial role. I would single out particular thanks for helpful and professional staffs of the library in the Post Graduate Programs of State University of Medan.

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On this special occasion, I would also like to express my sincerest gratitude and thousands of kisses go to my dearest mother who has never been absent supplying the delicious snacks while I was working on my thesis, and my beloved father. Their prayers are always on my side to do my best.

I also owe particular debt of gratitude to my best friends Ira Maria Lumban Batu and Yenita Sembiring who were generous enough to be my debriefing peers and commented my thesis in detail. Other big thanks go to my best friends Fathul Mulki Nasution, Elvi Grace Sianipar, Sari Andriani, Asmitazkirah, Harry Sambayu, M. Nasir have always listened to me with sympathy when I went to them with disheartened frame of mind of my thesis.

This thesis is the result of years of study whereby I was fortunately accompanied and supported. There are many more names without whose support this thesis would not have been accomplished. To all of them, named or not, I offer my thanks.

Medan, 19 September 2016

Eka Syafitri 8106111048

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTS ... i

ABSTRAK ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

THE LIST OF TABLES ... vii

THE LIST OF FIGURES ... viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of the Study... 1

1.2The Problems of the Study... 4

1.3The Objectives of the Study... 5

1.4The Scope of the Study... 5

1.5The Significance of the Study... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1Theory of Translation... 7

2.2Strategies of Translation... 13

2.3 Foreignization ………... 16

2.4Translation of Culture- Specific Term ... 19

2.5Technique of Translation ... 22

2.6 The Novels……….... 25

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2.8 Conceptual Framework ……….. 29

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design... 32

3.2Source of the Data ... 33

3.3The Technique of Collecting Data... 33

3.4The Technique of Data Analysis... 34

3.5The Trustworthiness of the Study... 37

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Data Analysis... 39

4. 1. 1 Categories of Foreign Cultural Terms in Translation of ‘BumiManusia’in ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 44

4. 1. 2 Techniques of Foreignization in Translation of ‘BumiManusia’ in ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 60

4. 1. 3 Foreignization as a Translator Strategy in Translating ‘BumiManusia’to ‘This Earth of Mankind’by Max Lane …... 64

4.2 Research Findings... …. 65

4.3 Discussions... 67

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusions... 70

5.2Suggestions... 72

REFERENCES... 75

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vii

THE LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Table 1 Categories of Cultural-Specific Items ... 30

2. Table 2 Terms Closely Related to Fauna ... 41

3. Table 3 Terms Closely Related to Flora... 42

4. Table 4 Terms Closely Related to Geographical Features... 43

5. Table 5 Terms Closely Related to Clothes... 45

6. Table 6 Terms Closely Related to House; Household Goods and House Surrounding and Artifact... 46

7. Table 7 Terms Closely Related to Transport... 48

8. Table 8 Terms Closely Related to Work... 49

9. Table 9 Terms Closely Related to Leisure ………... 50

10.Table 10 Terms Closely Related to Social Strata ………... 52

11.Table 11 Terms Closely Related to Idioms….. ………..………... 53

12.Table 12 Data of Borrowing …………. ………... 57

13.Table 13 Data of Calques………. 58

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viii

LIST OF FIGURE

Page

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Living separated in a world which exists various of language characters and cultures is not always an easy task for human to gain communication. It still needs a medium to bring it closer to each other. One accessible medium to introduce the separated world is in form of literature. Literature engages us with stories and experiences from across the globe. Reading a work of literature is an excellent way of getting to know something about a country when one does not know much about it, because literary work has an access to share the existential orientations of the people, the nature of their beliefs, the values they hold, and their personal aspiration. Indeed, literature links culture and words, opens our minds, and fosters our understanding of each other- and for that to work, we need translation.

Translating literary works is definitely no easy matter. Having abundant linguistic knowledge of both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) itself is not sufficient. There are other factors that will determine the success of the translation. A translator has to be cautious when encountering words or expressions written in other than the language used in original work (ST) as they for sure do special tasks or carry out hidden intention from the writer. Also, different languages mean different cultures and translator must confront with cultural gaps between SL and TL which has always turned to be a problem to be

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solved. Nida (1981) argues that difficulties arising out of differences of cultures constitute the most serious problems for translators and have produces the most far-reaching misunderstanding among readers. To explore cultural differences and then decide how to deal with them most appropriately has become on of the essential issues that current translation studies deal with. Moreover , several theorists, such as Lavefere, Venuti , Bermann, amongst others, support foreignization when we face texts with terms which are so culture-bound and culture-specific as to defy translation.

Foreignizing translation is based on the assumption that literacy is not universal, that communication is complicated by cultural differences between and within linguistic communities. As translation serves as an important means of

cultural exchange, it is the translator’s responsibility to introduce other cultures to

the target language community and this is usually most of the target language

readers’ purpose of reading. Therefore in actual translating, the translator aims to preserve the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text and a maximum number of source- language culture structure and words are usually borrowed and introduced into the target language culture. Lawrence Venuti is a firm advocator of foreigizing method both in theory and in practice.

Taking into consideration this fact that not all cultures express the same cultural phenomenon in the same way, the researcher picks this topic up to present in-dept examinations of the issue. The practice of Bumi Manusia translation into English- This Earth of Mankind, is considered representative as the data sources in this study since the book translated into English for the global readers by

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embedding source cultural elements or colloquial expressions in the translation. In these books Pramoeday Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia presents eastern culture; on

the contrary, Max Lane’s This Earth of Mankind is illustrated for world readers, mostly western readers.

As prior mentioned, cultural gaps between SL and TL have always turned out to be hard nut to crack. Plenty expressions of ST do not own equivalent terms in the TL. Therefore, Max Lane, still keeps authencity of the source text by carry out his translation within foreignization – ‘I tried to keep as much ‘’foreignness’’ as possible, expected the reader to do some work of interpretation and digestion of

language’. (Asymptote, 2003).

The following are samples of foreignization that occurred in the novels: SL: “Sinyo, Minke, “Nyai merajuk, Annelis tak punya teman.”(p.68)

TL: “Sinyo, Minke, “Nyai confided, Annelis has no friend.” (p.50)

‘Sinyo’ is a typical term to address a Caucasian or Eurasian young man or young

master of the house (term used by maids) and ‘Nyai’, is a mistress of an European or Chinese man (Steven & Schmidgall-Tellings, Indonesian-English Dictionary, 2010).

Phrases and idiom in this novel translation as the following example:

SL: “Mana ada Jawa, dan bupati pula, bukan buaya darat?”(p.23)

TL: “What Javanese, even a bupati, is not but a crocodile on land?”(p.23)

Buaya Darat is an Indonesian idiom that means, in accordance to Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings Indonesian-English Dictionary (2010), womanizer, however

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translate it word for word is cited from his statement on interview (Asymptote,

2003) ‘I did receive some advice to translate this as "wolf" rather than "crocodile",

because "wolf" was a more familiar idiom to English language readers. I kept "crocodile" because it was more natural in the Indonesian context given that wolves ('serigala' in Indonesian) are rarer and more evil.

The study also attempts to show that the foreignization can be the appropriate strategy to introduce foreign cultures and bring the differences of two highlight linguistic and cultural difference carried in the foreign text to the target culture. The study of translation strategies in literary translations can provide valuable insight as far as it can determine the modern translation strategy in translating a foreign text which brings a huge influence of one culture.

1.2The Problems of the Study

The research questions underpinning in this study are as the following:

1. What categories of ‘foreign’ or cultural terms are found in Max Lane’s work ‘This Earth of Mankind’ ?

2. How is foreignization applied in translating the cultural terms in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ from its origin ‘ Bumi Manusia’?

3. Why is foreignization chosen in the translation of cultural items from

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work ‘ Bumi Manusia’ into English text of ‘This Earth of Mankind’?

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1.3The Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems stated above, the aims of this study are as following: 1. to investigate categories of cultural terms used in Max Lane’s work ‘This

Earth of Mankind’.

2. to explain the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural terms in ‘This Earth of Mankind’ from its origin Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s

work ‘ Bumi Manusia’

3. to reason for the use of foreignization in translating texts and to provide valuable understanding o foreignization strategies in literary translations.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study focuses on translation as a product, more specifically on words, phrases, or expressions closely related to culture from Indonesian into English in categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, strategies of translation and factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation.

1.5The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to offer theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, the findings contribute to the development of cultural and linguistic studies particularly on the use of foreignization in the translation of literary texts, especially translation from Indonesian into English. The findings also provide theoretical and valuable insight into the relationship between the application of techniques of translation and the strategies of translation in

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cultural translation. Practically, the findings are also useful for those who want to learn about translation or for those who want to be an ideal translator by understanding theoretically, linguistic and cultural differences.

The findings also serve as a reference for translators in translating cultural terms in literary texts especially from Indonesian into English. Those who are interested in translation will find this study helpful and useful since they can comprehend the techniques applied by the translators and the tendencies of the use of ideologies of translation strategies, foreginization. In addition, those who are interested in translation also realize that culture is important to take into account when translating texts especially literary texts.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

After conducting a research, making conclusions and suggestions is the final part in which the findings of the research are summarized according to the research problems clearly. Having conducted the analyses of the translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English including the analysis of categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, some conclusions to see the factors leading the application of the strategy of translation and suggestions can finally be drawn in this chapter.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the findings presented in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be made as follows:

1. In the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind , some categories of cultural terms were found and investigated. There were 125 identified cultural terms classified into six categories, they are ecological culture including terms closely related to fauna, flora and geographical features; material culture including terms closely related to clothes, artifact, and transports; social culture including terms closely related to work and leisure; social organization including terms closely related to social administration and craft; gestures and habits including terms closely related to habits; and idioms. The most frequently-categories of cultural terms, could be made. However, in this research, it was revealed the most frequent categories

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found were idiom (36%). It is because idiomatic expressions are cultural bound and they carry the cultural beliefs and customs of their native language users.

2. In analyzing foreignization, there were 3 techniques of translation adopted in the translations of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind . Three techniques of translation used in this study is focusing on foreignization translation, they are: Borrowing, Calques and Literal translation. The most frequently- techniques of translation in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind were borrowing (56.8%). As stated from the translator, Max Lane, purpose of his work were to keep authencity of the source text by carry out his translation within foreignization – ‘I tried to keep as much ‘’foreignness’’ as possible, expected the reader to do some work of interpretation and digestion of language’. (Asymptote, 2003).

3. There were identified that there are three factors causing the translator to foreignize. Factors leading to the application of the ideologies of translation are cultural differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference. Cultural differences affect the way a translator renders the source language terms into target language since there is an extensive gap between Indonesian, especially Javanese, and English cultures. Linguistic differences also influence the way a translator renders a source language text into the target language text since Indonesian linguistic system is highly different from that of English. The linguistic differences can be seen through the application of borrowing

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technique of translation. In addition to cultural and linguistic differences, translator’s preference also plays an important role when translating. In the process of translating, a translator is the one who controls the transfer of meaning, whether he tends to emphasize the source language or the target language; reducing the ‘foreign as much as possible that a translated text sounds natural or deviating from the target language norms to bring readers to an alien reading experience.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusions stated above, this research has some suggestions to the readers as follows:

1. It is suggested for the translator who want to translate the culture- specific items, especially from Bahasa Indonesia to English to pay more attention to the ideology of the translation. The ideology that is chosen can affect the whole choices of translation strategies and accuracy in terms of meaning. The foreignization strategy is considered by the researcher as the ideal ideology when it comes in translating the culture- specific items of minority language such as Bahasa Indonesia into majority language such as English because through this ideology the translators are able to contribute in promoting Indonesian culture abroad through the translation of Indonesian literatures. However, the result of this research shows that idioms and borrowing techniques are the frequent category and techniques in translating culture-specific items in the data given, this fact, translator

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should realized that maintaining the concept and meaning of the culture- specific items in the target language can be problematic, especially in the effort to not confuse the target readers if the foreignization were employed. Therefore, this research suggest two things for translators. First, having a sufficient knowledge about the language and the culture of both texts is a must for any translators. Second, since foreignization ideology is hard to keep up with within the text, the translators may want to use glossary terms to give more vivid descriptions about the culture- specific items kept in the target language, especially when the translators have to deal with big cultural gaps and time.

2. To the students of English language and literature majoring in Translation, it is suggested that students of translations studies consider the topic of ideology in translating culture- specific items from Bahasa Indonesia to English, when they are going to conduct a research on the field of translation. The main reasons are due to the lack of research about the ideology of translation that focuses on classic Indonesian literature theme or modern Indonesian literature to English that is translated in recent time.

3. To other researcher, this research is still far from being perfect. One of the weaknesses of this research is in the limited theories and knowledge of the researcher, especially the comparison of semantic features between the source language culture- specific items and their translations. Therefore, it is suggested to the other researcher to pay more attention to what can cause

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a cultural- specific items and its translation to be different in terms of its degree of meaning equivalence.

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