EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND.
Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
A Research Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
Siti Khodijah
1009178
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Oleh
Siti Khodijah
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra UPI
© Siti Khodijah 2015
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Januari 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu PAGE OF APPROVAL
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
A Research Paper
Siti Khodijah 1009178
Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Drs. Ahsin Mohamad, M.Ag. NIP: 195408171989031002
Co-Supervisor
Susi Septaviana R., M.Pd. NIP:197609042009122002
Head of English Education Department, Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP: 196211011987121001
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA
TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ………. i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ……… ii
PREFACE ………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………... iv
ABSTRACT ……….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. vi
LIST OF TABLES ……….. viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ……….. viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……….. 1
1.1Research Background ……….. 1
1.2Statement of the problem ……….. 3
1.3Aims of the Study .………. 3
1.4Research Method ……….. 3
1.5Significance of the Study ……….. 4
1.6Clarification of Key Terms ……….. 5
1.7Organization of the Paper ……….. 5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ……….. 7
2.1 Equivalence in Translation ……….. 7
2.2 Types of Equivalence ……….. 9
2.3 Culture-specific Items Definition and Classification ………….. 14
1. Ecology ……….. 15
2. Public Life ……….. 15
3. Personal Life ……….. 16
4. Social Life ……….. 16
5. Customs and Pursuits ……….. 16
6. Private Passions ……….. 16
7. Toponyms ……….. 16
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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9. Forms of Entertainment ……….. 17
10. Transposition ……….. 17
11. Fictional Characters ……….. 17
12. Measuring Systems ……….. 17
2.4 Omission in Translation ……….. 18
2.5 Previous Studies ………... 18
2.6 Concluding Remark ………... 20
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………... 22
3.1Research Design ………... 22
3.2Research Questions ………... 23
3.3Object of The Research ………... 23
3.4Data Collection ………... 24
3.5Data Analysis ………... 24
3.6Concluding Remark ………... 26
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ……… 27
4.1 Cultural Words Found in the Novel Bumi Manusia ……… 27
4.1.1 Cultural Words Categories ……… 27
4.1.2 Equivalence of the Cultural Words Translations ……… 31
1. Natural Equivalence ……… 33
2. Directional Equivalence ……… 40
4.1.3 Omitted Translation of the Cultural Word ……… 58
4.2 Concluding Remark ……… 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………. 61
5.1 Conclusions ………. 61
5.2 Suggestions ………. 63
REFERENCES ………. 65
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology used in the study including the explanation of how the data were obtained and were analyzed, the description of the source of data, and the sample of how the data were presented. In addition, this chapter also provides definitions of some key terms in this study. As stated earlier, this study is intended to answer the following questions: what are the types of cultural terms found in the novel? and what type of equivalence is applied in the cultural term translation?
3.1Research Design
This study mainly used qualitative data analysis. According to Cohen, Manion, & Morrison (2007), qualitative data analysis is always related to the description of data based on certain categories and regularities. This means that the data in qualitative research are analyzed by categorizing the data.
In line with the definition of qualitative data analysis above, Creswell (2007) argues that qualitative research is an interpretative naturalistic research since the primacy of qualitative research is to interpret data in their natural setting. This emphasizes that the data should be original. It is not recommended to manipulate the data in order to keep the flavor of the original data (Cohen, et al., 2007).
Qualitative data analysis was appropriate for this study because the aim of this study was to explore the categories of cultural terms and the equivalence between those cultural terms and their English translations. However, to illustrate the findings, this study employed a simple quantification. This quantification was used to determine the percentage of each cultural term category and each type of equivalence found in that novel. The sources of data in this study were the original text of a novel, Bumi Manusia and its English translation text This Earth of Mankind.
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.2Research Questions
As stated in the previous section, the purpose of this study was to answer the following questions:
1. What are the types of cultural terms found in the novel?
2. What type of equivalence is applied in the cultural term translation?
3.3Object of The Research
The object of this research is a historical novel written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer entitled Bumi Manusia. This novel is the first book of Buru Quartet which was originally written in 1980 and the first publisher was Hasta Mitra. However, in this study, the novel which was used as the data resource was published in 2005 by another publisher, Lentera Dipantara. As mentioned in the fifth page of the novel, Bumi Manusia has been translated into more than three languages in the world (Nurmala, 2014). This novel was translated into English in 1983 by Max Lane. The title of the English version of Bumi Manusia is This Earth of Mankind.
This Earth of Mankind is a story set in 1898 and tells about colonial life in Indonesia at that time. The story of this novel is told in Minke’s voice, first person point of view. That is why the novel engages the readers with Minke’s life and situation. Besides Minke, Nyai Ontosoroh and Annelies are the other important characters in this novel. The main issue in this story is about education. Education is considered important as the thing that has great influence in technology system development nowadays. It is told that all sophisticated technology we find in the world begins with great knowledge possessed by people from the west. Well educated people in the past are the pioneer of modernity nowadays. In short, education is the key to make decision in any circumstance(s).
Minke is the only Native allowed to join an elite school where everything is dominated by European generations. Minke is a poor clever boy who lives in the middle of colonization where Indonesian people are prevented from enjoying their rights, especially the right to be educated. In the beginning of the story, Minke is introduced to a woman, Nyai Ontosoroh who has a beautiful daughter named Annelies. Nyai ontosoroh is a concubine of a European man. After being a
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
concubine, Nyai had a better life with her wealth she got from her business. Unfortunately, Minke and Annelies start to love each other but their love brings up problems for Minke’s life and his education. Minke regularly comes to Annelies’s house and he even spends so many nights there as invited by Annelies and her mother. This situation does not influence Minke’s achievement in his school but one day when Annelis’ father is murdered, Minke is involved in the murder. This almost makes Minke leave school because his teachers presume that Minke has a forbidding relationship with Annelies.
3.4 Data Collection
In the process of collecting data, the first step was reading the original version of the Toer’s novel, Bumi Manusia. This reading activity was conducted in order to select Indonesian cultural terms in the novel. There are 116 Indonesian cultural terms found in the novel. Those cultural terms were selected by categorizing those terms into cultural categories proposed by Espindola and Newmark.
After reading and selecting the terms which are culturally bound, the English translation of the novel, This Earth of Mankind was also read in order to look for the translations of each cultural term found in the original novel, Bumi Manusia. The translations of each term are the secondary data for this study.
Based on those collected data, each of the cultural term was paired with its translation. Finally, the pairs of data are the object to be analyzed in terms of the cultural category and the type of equivalence. In the process of collecting data, it is important to say that this study focuses on analyzing Indonesian cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and their English translations in the English translation of the novel, This Earth of Mankind.
3.5 Data Analysis
There are five steps in conducting the research. The first step in analyzing the data was classifying the primary data. The Indonesian cultural words were categorized into 12 cultural categories proposed by Espindola and Newmark including toponyms, anthroponyms, forms of entertainment, means of transportation,
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
fictional character, measuring system, personal life, social life, ecology, public life, customs and pursuits, and private passions.
The second step was finding out the definition of those cultural words to make it easy in determining the type of equivalence. Most of the definitions were found in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) and articles related to some Indonesian cultural words and phrases. The third step was evaluating the translations of each cultural bound word previously found in the original text. Then, using the theory about equivalence in translation proposed by Pym, the writer classified those translations into two types of equivalence namely natural equivalence and directional equivalence.
The fourth step was observing the occurrences of each type of cultural category and type of equivalence. In this step, the percentage of each type of cultural category and type of equivalence was calculated. This step was carried out by using the following measurement formula:
P = F
N
P = Percentage of an item
F = Frequency of an individual item N = The total number of the occurrence
The last step was gathering and discussing the finding to draw conclusions and suggestions for further studies. The following table is the sample of how the data in this study are analyzed. The complete data of this study can be seen in appendices pages provided in the last section of this study.
Indonesian Text English Text Cultural
Category
Type of equivalence
al Kemudian muncul lagi membawa
limun (p.379)
T He returned carrying
lemon drink (p.255)
Personal Life Natural Equivalence
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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In the translation above, the word ‘limun’ refers to a kind of beverage. That is why this term was categorized into personal life category. The term limun
as can be seen in the table above was translated into English ‘lemon’. This translation is included as natural equivalence because the word ‘lemon’ and limun
naturally have the same meaning.
3.6 Concluding Remark
This chapter has completely elaborated the steps which were taken in conducting the analysis of this study. This chapter covers the elaborations of the research methodology applied in this study, the information of data sources, and the procedures of how the data were collected and analyzed. The next chapter will further elaborate the findings of this study.
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusion of this study. This chapter answers the two research questions of this study. The first research question is about the cultural categories of each cultural word found in the original version of This Earth of Mankind. The second research question is about the type of equivalence applied in the English translations of each cultural word. In addition, this chapter also provides some suggestions that can become a useful guidance in having a field research on translation, especially in cultural words translations.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the data analysis in this study, there are some general conclusions that can be withdrawn. The first conclusion, in relation to the first research question about the cultural categories, there are 12 cultural categories found in the Indonesian version of the novel This Earth of Mankind. 6 of those 12 cultural categories are proposed by Espindola (2005), they are toponyms, anthroponyms, forms of entertainment, means of transportation, fictional character, and measuring systems. The 6 remaining cultural categories are proposed by Newmark (2010), they are personal life, social life, public life, ecology, customs and pursuits, and private passions.
In accordance with the data analysis, the cultural category which reaches the highest frequency is personal life category. The data finding shows that there are 38 cultural words which are categorized into this category. As stated in the previous chapter, personal life category is divided into three different subcategories, namely housing term, clothing, and food and drink. From those three subcategories, the most frequent subcategory is housing. It can be said that most of the cultural terms found in the novel refer to personal life category because the story of the novel is strongly related to Indonesian cultural setting in the past. The setting indicates that Indonesian
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
people have specific terms in referring to traditional clothes, food, and housing terms. It is line with Newmark’s statement that languages have their typical household appliances, as well as food and clothes (Newmark, 2010).
The second conclusion is related to the second research question in this study. The question is about the type of equivalence which is applied in each English translation of the cultural words in the novel. There are two types of equivalence which are used as the indicators. Those two types of equivalence are proposed by Pym (2007), they are natural equivalence and directional equivalence. The data analysis of this study shows that the most frequent equivalence used in the translations of the cultural words is natural equivalence. This indicates that there are Indonesian cultural terms which have equivalent translation in the target language, English. That is why the translator was able to find natural translations for those terms and he has successfully achieved natural equivalence in his translation. As stated in the previous section of this study, natural equivalence deals with “what languages do prior to translation” to achieve equivalence (Pym, 2007, P.1).
Additionally, there are 23 cultural words which were not translated into English. Those words belong to toponyms, anthroponyms, and fictional character categories (names of places, people, and fictional characters). In line with the statement of Hervey and Higgins, these words were not translated because in general, in translating names, one of the alternatives to maintain the original meaning is to directly take the form of the SL into the TL (Hervey & Higgins, 1992).
The third conclusion is about the generalization of the entire translations of the cultural words found in the novel. In general, all the cultural words in the novel have been translated very well by the translator. It can be seen that the translator has big effort to translate all the cultural words as natural as possible. By using some translation strategies, it can help the translator to be faithful in preserving the original meaning of the cultural words. In short, the translator has translated all the cultural words in appropriate way. He has created a translation project which is readable and
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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easy to understand. The most important thing is that the translator has faithfully preserved the original meaning of the cultural words.
5.2 Suggestions
Referring to the entire process of the analysis in this study, there are some suggestions for translators and readers who are interested in conducting research relating to this study. Firstly, for a translator, it would be better for a translator to try harder in finding equivalent words in the target language before deciding to employ translation strategies like borrowing, modulation, etc.
This is very important to be noted because there might be a word in the target language available to be the translation of a particular word in the source language. For example, the word guna-guna, in fact, can be naturally translated into English with the word ‘witchcraft’. Thus, the translator could make the translation sounds as natural as possible without using borrowing strategy. In other words, the anticipation above is correlated to one of the requirements to be a good translator. As stated in the previous chapter, a translator should have profound knowledge of both the source language and the target language. Furthermore, it is also important that a translator should be able to figure out the cultural background of the two languages.
Secondly, for those who are interested in conducting research especially in the field of cultural words translations, there are some points which are important to be considered. The points are as follows:
1. The researcher should be critical in determining the cultural words. The data which are being identified should be ascertained as cultural words in the source language. The researcher needs to know the boundaries to claim that a particular term is a cultural word.
2. It is important to validate that the words which are being analyzed are cultural words because there might be a word which seems to be a cultural word, whereas the word is a loanword from another language. In addition to confirming the
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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validity to the supervisor, it is also recommended to consult the validity with a cultural observer.
3. It is recommended that the next translation studies are conducted more critically, not only in form of textual analysis. A researcher, for example, can try to conduct an interview with the translator of the novel which is being analyzed. This interview can be an effort to find the reasons why some particular strategies are used in translating cultural words.
4. It is also recommended for those who are interested in conducting research in translation studies to expand the scope of the study. It would be more interesting to analysis cultural terms in many languages, not only cultural terms in Indonesian and English.
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Siti Khodijah, 2015
EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Gambier, Y., Shlesinger, M., & Stolze, R. (2007). Doubts and directions in translation studies. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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Molina, L., & Albir, A. H. (2002). Translation technique revisited: A dynamic and functionalist approach. Spain: Universitat Autonoma da Barcelona.
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EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL TERMS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND
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easy to understand. The most important thing is that the translator has faithfully preserved the original meaning of the cultural words.
5.2 Suggestions
Referring to the entire process of the analysis in this study, there are some suggestions for translators and readers who are interested in conducting research relating to this study. Firstly, for a translator, it would be better for a translator to try harder in finding equivalent words in the target language before deciding to employ translation strategies like borrowing, modulation, etc.
This is very important to be noted because there might be a word in the target language available to be the translation of a particular word in the source language. For example, the word guna-guna, in fact, can be naturally translated into English
with the word ‘witchcraft’. Thus, the translator could make the translation sounds as
natural as possible without using borrowing strategy. In other words, the anticipation above is correlated to one of the requirements to be a good translator. As stated in the previous chapter, a translator should have profound knowledge of both the source language and the target language. Furthermore, it is also important that a translator should be able to figure out the cultural background of the two languages.
Secondly, for those who are interested in conducting research especially in the field of cultural words translations, there are some points which are important to be considered. The points are as follows:
1. The researcher should be critical in determining the cultural words. The data which are being identified should be ascertained as cultural words in the source language. The researcher needs to know the boundaries to claim that a particular term is a cultural word.
2. It is important to validate that the words which are being analyzed are cultural words because there might be a word which seems to be a cultural word, whereas the word is a loanword from another language. In addition to confirming the
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validity to the supervisor, it is also recommended to consult the validity with a cultural observer.
3. It is recommended that the next translation studies are conducted more critically, not only in form of textual analysis. A researcher, for example, can try to conduct an interview with the translator of the novel which is being analyzed. This interview can be an effort to find the reasons why some particular strategies are used in translating cultural words.
4. It is also recommended for those who are interested in conducting research in translation studies to expand the scope of the study. It would be more interesting to analysis cultural terms in many languages, not only cultural terms in Indonesian and English.
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