LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF MADURESE PEOPLE IN PANDAN DISTRICT OF TAPANULI TENGAH.

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LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF MADURESE PEOPLE

IN PANDAN DISTRICT OF TAPANULI TENGAH

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Registration for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

YUSI TRI UTARI PANGGABEAN Registration Number: 8146 111 072

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, the Almighty God who has given tremendous blessings including health, strength, patience, and wisdom which enable her to accomplish this thesis with the title Language Maintenance of Madurese people in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan.

The writer realizes that she cannot complete this thesis without the help and support from great people. Therefore, she would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., as her first and second advisor who have guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of excellent advices, suggestions, and comments and also truly gave support to finish her study as well.

The writer would also like to extend her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have done abundant helps especially in administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program. Then, her big thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have taught her many valuable knowledges and share life experiences to support the writer to gain brighter future.

Thank also goes to her great proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum for their constructive commentaries and suggestions.

Then, a very special thanks and gratitude go to her family, her beloved father, Yusri Panggabean and her beloved mother, Rahmadiah Hanum, S.E, her father and mother in law, Muallif Nasution and Risna Panggabean and also her husband, Muhammad Rizki nasution, S.Pd for their unconditional support and love throughout the years of her study and patience to assist the writer since starting untill finishing

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her study. Thank you for all prayers which enable the writer to dream and stand up here the way she is. Then a special love and thank directly dedicates to her dearest sisters and brothers, Rima Pratiwi Panggabean, S.Pd., and her husband Suriyadi Siambaton, S.Pd., Dewi Sartika Panggabean, S.Pd, Muhammad Yogi Aulia Panggabean, and Muhammad Arif Maulana Panggabean for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.

Big thank goes to the head of Pandan District and all society especially for Madurese ethnic in Pandan District who helped her a lot during the research.

Finally, she also thanks to her friends, Lia Agustina Damanik, S.Pd., M.Hum, Sari Dwi Rahayu, S.Pd., M.Hum, Masjuliati Harahap, S.Pd., M.Hum, Hotmasari Harahap, S.Pd., M.Hum who have given support to her and are willing to be bothered during the writing of this thesis.

The last, sincere thanks also to her beloved friends on LTBI A-2 UNIMED 2014 especially Selamat Husni Hasibuan, Neneng Lestari, Wiwit Nur Rahmi, Muhammad Muslim Nasution and all lovely classmates whom she can not mention one by one. Thanks for being her mood booster to join the class since the first untill the last semester.

May God the Almighty bless them all.

Medan, September 2016 The writer

Yusi Tri Utari Panggabean Reg. number: 8146111072

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iii ABSTRACT

Panggabean, Yusi Tri Utari. Registration Number: 8146111072. Language Maintenance of Madurese People in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.

This study deals with language maintenance of Madurese People in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah. It employs qualitative research design. This study aims to describe the maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District. The subjects were fifteen Madurese family in Pandan District. The instruments used for this study were observation, questionnaire, and interview (in-depth interview). The observation was applied to get the data about the Madurese people in maintaining Madurese Language such what the language that they used in daily communication. Questionnaire was applied to collect the data about the factors which support Madurese Language maintenance in Pandan District and interview was applied to get data about the reason of Madurese people maintain Madurese Language and to get in depth result of the research. The data was analyzed by using Miles and Huberman’s data analysis. Madurese Language is maintained in Langkat. They keep using Madurese Language in Pandan because they realize the condition of Madurese Language nowdays, whereas there were some of them shift from Madurese Language to speak Indonesian Language. There are ten factors which support Madurese Language maintenance. They are the use of Madurese Language in family, visiting homeland, intra-marriage, the use of Madurese Language in neighborhood, the use of Madurese Language in workplace, the use of Madurese Language in education, ethno linguistics vitality, living in an area dominated by Madurese, the use of Madurese Language in Religion, practice of traditional ceremony. The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District occurred by using Madurese Language in daily activity and it is done by parents, children and the environment. The reasons for maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan District was to show their identity as Madurese people and to keep their language. Madurese Language keep maintain and exist in Pandan District.

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iv ABSTRAK

Panggabean, Yusi Tri Utari. NIM: 8146111072. Pemertahanan Bahasa oleh Orang Madura di Kecamatan Pandan Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.

Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan Pemertahanan Bahasa oleh Orang Madura di Kecamatan Pandan Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yang mengkaji tentang peran penutur Bahasa Madura dalam mempertahankan Bahasa Madura di Kecamatan Pandan. Subyek penelitian ini adalah lima belas keluarga Madura di Kecamatan Pandan. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah observasi, angket, dan wawancara. Observasi diterapkan untuk mendapatkan data tentang orang Madura dalam mempertahankan bahasa Madura seperti bahasa apa yang mereka gunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Kuesioner diaplikasikan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang faktor-faktor yang mendukung pemertahanan Bahasa Madura di Kecamatan Pandan dan wawancara diterapkan untuk mendapatkan data tentang alasan orang Madura mempertahankan Bahasa Madura dan untuk mendapatkan hasil kedalaman penelitian. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles dan Huberman. Pemertahanan Bahasa Madura di Kecamatan Pandan tetap bertahan atau tetap ada karena mereka masih dapat menggunakan Bahasa Madura dalam berkomunikasi sehari-hari dengan penutur Bahasa Madura yang lain walaupun ada beberapa dari mereka yang beralih menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia. Ada sepuluh faktor yang mendukung pemertahanan Bahasa Madura yaitu penggunaan Bahasa Madura dalam keluarga, mengunjungi kampung halaman, menikah sesama suku Madura, penggunaan Bahasa Madura dengan tetangga, penggunaan Bahasa Madura di tempat kerja, penggunaan Bahasa Madura dalam pendidikan, kebanggaan terhadap suku dan Bahasa Madura, tinggal di kawasan yang didominasi oleh orang Madura, penggunaan Bahasa Madura di Agama, praktek upacara tradisional. Pemeliharaan Bahasa Madura di Kecamatan Pandan terjadi dengan cara menggunakan Bahasa Madura dalam kegiatan sehari-hari dan hal itu dilakukan oleh orang tua, anak-anak dan lingkungan. Alasan untuk mempertahankan Bahasa Madura di Kecamatan Pandan adalah untuk menunjukkan identitas mereka sebagai orang Madura dan untuk menjaga bahasa mereka. Bahasa Madura tetap bertahan di Kecamatan Pandan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………...… i

ABSTRACT………. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 7

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 7

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE...9

2.1 Role and Function of the Indonesian and Vernacular Languages in Indonesian Society………9

2.2 Language Endangerment ... 11

2.2.1 Level of Endangerment………12

2.3 Language Choice ... .14

2.4 Language Maintenance ... .16

2.4.1 The Factors in Language Maintenance...18

2.4.1.1 The use of Language in Family ... .21

2.4.1.2 Homeland Visits ... .22

2.4.1.3 The Intra-Marriage ... .23

2.4.1.4 The Use of Language in Neighbors ... .24

2.4.1.5 The Use of Language in Workplace... .24

2.4.1.6 The Use of Language in Education Domain ... .25

2.4.2 Steps in Maintaining a Language………..27

2.5 Madurese………...29

2.5.1 Madurese Language…... ……….31

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2.6 Relevant Studies………36

2.7 Conceptual Framework...40

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 42

3.1 The Research Design... 42

3.2 The Subject of the Study. ...42

3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection………...43

3.4 The Techniques for Collecting Data ... 44

3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis………..45

3.6 Trustworthiness ... 47

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING………. 50

4.1 The Data and Data Analysis……… 50

4.2 Finding………. 65

4.3 Discussion……… 66

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……… 69

5.1 Conclusion……… 69

5.2 Suggestion……… 70

REFERENCES...71

APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Language is a system of communication that has great function in human life. Language plays as an important role in human life because we use it to communicate and to give information each other around the world. Progress in understanding the complexity of reality is due, amongst other things, to the growing linguistic diversity that has characterized human species. Language is also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values. Each language expresses a differentiated ethical sensibility. It provides us with symbols and metaphors to deal with the mysterious and the sacred.

Language is obviously a vital tool for communication. It is not only as a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it is used for creating friendship, cultural ties, economic relationship, etc. The existence of language for human life is very important. Without a language, the society cannot be formed and there will be no community. It is agreed that language cannot be separated from the culture as language is the product of the culture. The connection between the culture and language has been noted clearly in past time and probably long before, because language is the most visible symbol of an ethnic group.

Languages are formed and reflected by the most basic human experiences in the daily lives. Without proper scientific documentation, the decline of these

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languages will result in the irrecoverable loss of a unique knowledge that is based on specific cultural and historical experience. The increasing globalization in the twentieth century, with a small group of notions dominating the scene, has had an adverse effect on the shifting of social and cultural of many communities especially for the young generation.

The transmigrates from linguistically different background have long faced the task of maintaining the language origin when they stay in the new place and their children were born in it. To maintain the existence of their mother tongue, language maintenance influences and is influenced by the various factors that transmigrate families encounter in their acculturation process in the host country.

As people from one culture, they have to adjust themselves to the changing of time. This is hardly felt by the youth. Therefore, the roles of parent in maintaining their own vernacular language to their children have to be developed. They have to use their vernacular language in communicate with their children in any chance. Thus, their vernacular language can be maintained.

Multilingual societies, such as Indonesia, offer great opportunities for in depth sociolinguistic studies, including those focusing on the idea of language maintenance and shift. Language shift and ramification are among the most important aspects of situation where different languages come into contact. This is because most often through social or political processes the language or languages become dominant at expand of the others. Indonesia – as a multi-ethnic country – is assumed that most of the Indonesian people use at least two languages: they are

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the vernacular language (mother tongue) and Indonesian language as a National Language to interact with their socio cultural. The vernacular language is used to communicate within their tribes and the Indonesian language is used between the different tribes.

In this world, there are thousands of languages. In Indonesia, specifically there are hundreds of vernaculars. Many vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. As it was informed in Kompas (2007), about 726 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one million language users. They are Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Balinese, Bugisnese, Madurese, Minangkabau Language and etc. even there are many vernaculars but the use of those vernacular language which is used by language users are only ten vernacular language.

When a community does not maintain its language but gradually adopt another one, this is known as a language shift (Hoffman, 1991: 186). While language maintenance refers to a situation where members of a community which tries to keep the language they have always used. A research report from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) forum (2002) on languages endangerment showed that languages were in danger of disappearing based on the documents 2279 languages with different degrees of endangerment and 538 were critically endangered. The youngest speakers are elderly, and interaction in the given language is infrequent. Thus, it can be assumed that these 538 languages will disappear in a few years when the speakers are gone.

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Holmes in his book An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2001: 63) states

that where the language is considered as an important symbol of a group’s identity, it is likely to be maintained longer. Another statement as said by Corson in Language Diversity and Education (2001:74) that maintenance of heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its speakers. It means that if the vernacular is not maintained, it can be loss in the next generation.

One of the cities which are the home for Madurese ethnic group is Pandan. Madurese is one ethnic in Indonesia known as a reliable immigrants. This statement is no exaggeration to remember two things. First, the distribution area Madurese migrants are found in almost all provinces in Indonesia, even in the neighbor countries, especially Malaysia. Madurese people each other in Pandan use their Madurese language in everyday life to show others about their identity. According to the Dictionary of Madura (Pawitra: 2009), Madurese language has three levels of language (speech levels).

General (yâ-enjâ’) = Lomra {L} - coarse language level.

This is the lowest level of Madurese language. It is typically used by people who are older age to younger people or to friends of the same age. For example, parents to child, sister to brother or playmates who have been familiar. But at this level are not allowed to be spoken by the younger to the older.

Medium (Èngghi -enten) = Tenggaan {T} - intermediate language level.

This is the second level of Madurese language. At this level of language usage began to be refined. Normally this level of language used by a man who had

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met, a conversation between the laws and son, husband and wife. Therefore, in this usage between rough and smooth.

High / Fine (Èngghi-bhunten) = Alos {A} - subtle language level.

This is the highest level of Madurese language. This usage is done by the younger to the older age. Like a child to his parents, a pupil to his teacher. The use of language in this stage is very polite.

As it is found in Pandan District, Madurese people still use their language although it is just the lowest level of Madurese language (yâ-enjâ’). They use it each other in their everyday life. As the researcher found in the first observation in one of Madurese family (mother and her daughter) who lived in Pandan District;

Ibu: Sariii,, sassa aki lu pereng roa ye nak? Sakeccek ekkik deteng tamoiyya. Todus dekkik nak.

Sari: Bentar lagi lah, buk. Capek kali Sari.

(Mom: Please, wash the plate first, our guests will arrive in a few seconds. Later, we are embarrassed, Sar)

(Sari: In a minute mom, I’m very tired)

After taking the first observation, the researcher interviewed mother;

A: Bu, dikeluarga ibu masih lancar, aktif atau masih sering gak memakai bahasa Madura?

B: Ya gitu bu, kalau yang lancar dirumah ini ya saya, bapak, sama ayah saya bu.

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B: Mereka itu ngerti, tapi males pake bahasa Madura. Karna jarang dipake, mereka itu jadi gak lancar bu.

A: Trus kalo dirumah anak-anak biasanya pake bahasa apa bu?

B: Ya, bahasa Indonesia atau dicampur-campur bahasa pesisir sini dikitlah.

A: Kenapa ya bu kira-kira seperti itu?

B: Namanya kita hidup dilingkungan pesisir bu. Mau gak mau pasti ada pengaruh-pengaruh dari lingkungan.

A: Kalau dari ibu sendiri, ibu pengen gak kalau anak-anak nantinya lancar menggunakan bahasa Madura?

B: Yaiyalah bu. Saya sama bapak kan orang Madura. Kalau bisa anak-anak juga harus tau tentang Madura, paling gak bisalah bahasa Madura. Kalau dirumah kita pake bahasa Madura sama anak-anak supaya anak-anak ngerti dan mau pake bahasa Madura, bu.

Based on the first observation and interview above, although the language of Madura is an important feature to determine the identity of the ethnic group, it seems Madurese language cannot always be maintained, but that does not mean the language of Madura to be abandoned. Madurese language instead should be utilized so that the noble culture is not uprooted.

In the face of shocks social change so fast and powerful, maintaining of Madurese language in a multicultural community in District Pandan is a relevant effort to maintain the Madurese language as one of the heritage since time immemorial.

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1.2The Problems of the Study

The problems to be investigated operationally are formulated as follows

1. What factors affect the maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan

District?

2. How do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan

District?

3. Why do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan

District?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the research questions. They are:

1. to find out the factors in maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan

District.

2. to describe how Madurese people maintain Madurese Language in Pandan

District.

3. to explain the reason why Madurese people maintain Madurese Language

in Pandan District.

1.4The Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the maintenance of Madurese Language. It is focused on the factors, the way (indication of an ongoing process of language maintenance) and reasons of Madurese people maintain Madurese Language. The three aspects are in focus since they are highly assumed to be related in the study of the maintenance of language. This study was conducted for Madurese people who live in Pandan District of Tapanuli Tengah.

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1.5The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically useful for language maintenance especially for Madurese Language speakers.

Theoretically, the findings will be a real fact of the present situation of indigenous Madurese Language in Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah especially in Pandan District. The findings will be as a comparative study of many endangered vernacular languages for those who are interested in intensive study of language maintenance. Such will inspire linguists or language planners to establish and enrich the theory of language maintenance. Moreover, the findings would be useful for language planner to plan a better schematic strategy in maintaining threatened languages.

Practically, the findings will be as an input for Madurese Language speakers to be aware of their language in multilingualism situation. The real fact of Madurese Language speakers’ situation will arise the Madurese Language speakers of their own language.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

The study which is concerned with the maintaining Madurese Language was aimed at describing the factors supporting the maintenance of Madurese language, the way of the maintenance and the reasons for the maintaining Madurese Language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the following.

(1) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District of Tapanuli

Tengah was influenced by the role of parents in language maintenance (the use of language in family), homeland visits, the intra-marriage, the use of language in neighbors, the use of language in workplace, ethno-linguistics vitality, living together in an area, the use of language in religion domain, practice of traditional ceremony.

(2) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District occurred by

using Madurese Language in daily activity and it is done by parents, children and the environment.

(3) The reasons for maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan District was to

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5.2. Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following.

(1) It is suggested that the Madurese parents in Pandan District of Tapanuli

Tengah should keep on speaking Madurese Language among family members in family domain in order that the children as the next generation can learn and speak Madurese Language.

(2) It is suggested that the Madurese people in Pandan District of Tapanuli

Tengah should promote Madurese traditional attractions or other Madurese ceremonies in their society to enable the Madurese to be familiar and accustomed to Madurese use.

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met, a conversation between the laws and son, husband and wife. Therefore, in this usage between rough and smooth.

High / Fine (Èngghi-bhunten) = Alos {A} - subtle language level. This is the highest level of Madurese language. This usage is done by the younger to the older age. Like a child to his parents, a pupil to his teacher. The use of language in this stage is very polite.

Ibu: Sariii,, sassa aki lu pereng roa ye nak? Sakeccek ekkik deteng tamoiyya. Todus dekkik nak.

Sari: Bentar lagi lah, buk. Capek kali Sari.

(Mom: Please, wash the plate first, our guests will arrive in a few seconds. Later, we are embarrassed, Sar)

(Sari: In a minute mom, I’m very tired)

After taking the first observation, the researcher interviewed mother;

A: Bu, dikeluarga ibu masih lancar, aktif atau masih sering gak memakai bahasa Madura?

B: Ya gitu bu, kalau yang lancar dirumah ini ya saya, bapak, sama ayah saya bu.

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B: Mereka itu ngerti, tapi males pake bahasa Madura. Karna jarang dipake, mereka itu jadi gak lancar bu.

A: Trus kalo dirumah anak-anak biasanya pake bahasa apa bu?

B: Ya, bahasa Indonesia atau dicampur-campur bahasa pesisir sini dikitlah.

A: Kenapa ya bu kira-kira seperti itu?

B: Namanya kita hidup dilingkungan pesisir bu. Mau gak mau pasti ada pengaruh-pengaruh dari lingkungan.

A: Kalau dari ibu sendiri, ibu pengen gak kalau anak-anak nantinya lancar menggunakan bahasa Madura?

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1.2 The Problems of the Study

The problems to be investigated operationally are formulated as follows 1. What factors affect the maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan

District?

2. How do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan District?

3. Why do Madurese people maintain the Madurese Language in Pandan District?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the research questions. They are: 1. to find out the factors in maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan

District.

2. to describe how Madurese people maintain Madurese Language in Pandan District.

3. to explain the reason why Madurese people maintain Madurese Language in Pandan District.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

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1.5 The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically useful for language maintenance especially for Madurese Language speakers.

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69 5.1. Conclusion

(1) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District of Tapanuli

(2) The maintenance of Madurese Language in Pandan District occurred by

using Madurese Language in daily activity and it is done by parents, children and the environment.

(3) The reasons for maintaining Madurese Language in Pandan District was to

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5.2. Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following.

(1) It is suggested that the Madurese parents in Pandan District of Tapanuli

Tengah should keep on speaking Madurese Language among family members in family domain in order that the children as the next generation can learn and speak Madurese Language.

(2) It is suggested that the Madurese people in Pandan District of Tapanuli

Tengah should promote Madurese traditional attractions or other Madurese ceremonies in their society to enable the Madurese to be familiar and accustomed to Madurese use.

LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF MADURESE PEOPLE IN PANDAN DISTRICT OF TAPANULI TENGAH.