MINANGKABAU LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY THE ASSOCIATION OF SEI JARING COMMUNITY IN MEDAN.
MINANGKABAU LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
BY THE ASSOCIATION OF SEI JARING COMMUNITY IN
MEDAN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
YENITA USWAR
Registration Number: 809112043
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Uswar, Yenita, Registration Number 809112043, Minangkabau Language
Maintenance by The Association of Sei Jaring Community in Medan. A
Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School,
State University of Medan. 2013.
The objectives of this qualitative research were (1) to identify the factors that
affect the Minangkabau language (ML) maintenance in Medan, (2) to discover the
parents’ efforts in maintaining ML in Medan and (3) to find out the reason why
the speakers have to maintain ML. The population is the Association of Sei Jaring
Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring: IWS) in Medan. The sample was 10
families including 10 parents and their children. The instruments of this study are
a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire was used to answer the
factors affected the maintenance of ML and how factors affected the maintenance
of ML. The interview was used to discover the influence why Minangkabau’s
people have to maintain ML. There are four factors in ML maintenance, the
parents’ role, the role of family, the intramarriage and homeland visits. After
distributing questionnaire and did some interviews it is found that IWS especially
for the third generation (children) has the danger level in ML when they
communicate to each other. Meanwhile, the data analysis also shows that both
fathers and mothers communicate to each other with ML. This condition occurred
because of the influence of the environment. To maintain it, all the factors must
influence so that language maintenance will be possible happened. Especially,
parents have to keep communication and teaching Minangkabau language
continuously to their children. Thus, the young generation can keep the existence
of ML for their future.
iii
ABSTRAK
Uswar, Yenita. Registration Number 809112043, Pemertahanan Bahasa
Minang oleh Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring (IWS) di Medan. Tesis. Jurusan
Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, ProgramPasca Sarjana, Universitas
Negeri Medan. 2013.
Tujuan penelitian kualitatif ini adalah (1) untuk mengidentifikasi faktor apa yang
memepengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan dalam kasus di Medan, (2)
untuk menemukan usaha para orangtua dalam pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan
(3) untuk menemukan alasan kenapa orang-orang Minang harus mempertahankan
bahasa Minang. Populasinya adalah Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring (IWS) di Medan.
Sampelnya adalah 10 keluarga terdiri dari 10 orangtua dan anak-anak. Instrumen
penelitian ini adalah kuesioner dan wawancara. Kuesioner digunakan untuk
menjawab faktor yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan
bagaimana faktor tersebut mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang. Dan
wawancara digunakan untuk menemukan mengapa orang Minang harus
mempertahankan bahasa Minang. Ada empat faktor dalam pemertahanan bahasa
Minang, peranan orang tua, peranan keluarga, perkawinan antar suku dan pulang
kampung. Setelah penyebaran kuesioner dan dilakukannya beberapa wawancara,
ditemukan bahwa IWS khususnya generasi ketiga (anak-anak) mengalami level
yang berbahaya dalam berbahasa Minang ketika mereka berbicara antar mereka.
Padahal data menunjukkan bahwa baik para ayah dan ibu menunjukkan
berkomunikasi dalam berbahasa Minang antar mereka. Kondisi ini terjadi
dikarenakan pengaruh lingkungan sekitarnya. Untuk mempertahankan hal ini,
seluruh faktor saling mempengaruhi. Seluruh faktor harus saling terkait supaya
pemertahanan bahasa akan mungkin terjadi. Khususnya, para orang tua harus
menjaga komunikasi dan mengajarkan bahasa Minang berkelanjutan kepada anakanak mereka. Jadi, generasi muda dapat menjaga keberadaan Bahasa Minang
untuk masa depan mereka.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to ALLAH SWT for the mercy, health and guidance
that has been given in completing this thesis. Even faced with some difficulties in
arranging it, the writer has tried her very best effort to accomplish it.
In its present form, she realizes that she owes a great debt of gratitude to
many people who have assisted her in the process of writing and data collection. It
would be impossible to list all the names but some deserve to be mentioned.
First, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., her First Adviser, for the useful
suggestions, comments and encouragement given during the process of
consultations and framing up her ideas.
Second, Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D., her Second Adviser, for
her great support, valuable inputs and critical comments on the contents and styles
of writing. This thesis would not have been done without her full support, care,
attention and to whom she owes an invaluable debt of gratitude.
Third, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program for the administration procedures in setting all the bits
and pieces in obtaining her the degree of Magister Humaniora.
Fourth, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP.,
and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., the reviewers and examiners who have
given enormous inputs for this thesis.
Fifth, Suwardi and Usnetti, her parents, for the mental and financial
support during the completion of this thesis and up to the present time. Meriska
i
Fitri Uswar, S.E., and Rozi Uswar, S.E., her sister and her brother, especially for
their endless support.
Sixth, Mr. Mishar St. Karangan, Head of the Association of Sei Jaring
Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring: IWS) and Mr. Rizky Gunawan as Secretary
at that time represent for his support. Also the IWS family for being the informants
and spend their time for some interview sessions about Minangkabau language.
Finally, Yulifa Rahma Hutabarat, S.S., Teguh Satria Amin, S.Pd., Fadhilah
Arfa Hasibuan, S.Pdi., Rabiatul Adhawiyah, S.Pd., Natalia Tarigan, S.Pd. and all
friends whose names can not be mentioned, with very special gratitude for their
friendship and valuable time for being together.
Medan, 29th August 2013
The Writer,
YENITA USWAR
Registration Number 809112043
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………
i
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………...
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..
v
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………..
x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study ………………………..
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study …………………………..
5
1.3. The Objectives of the Study …………………………
6
1.4. The Scope of the Study ………………………………
7
1.5. The Significance of the Study ……………………….
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Role and Function of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the Indonesian
Society …..………………………………………….
9
2.1.1 Role of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the Indonesian
Society ……………………………………….
v
9
2.1.2 Function of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the
Indonesian Society………………………….
10
2.2. Language Endangerment ..………………………….
12
2.2.1 Level of Endangerment …...….……………..
12
2.2.1.1 Safe ………………………………….
13
2.2.1.2 At Risk ………………………………
13
2.2.1.3 Disappeared …………………...…….
13
2.2.1.4 Moribund …………………………….
13
2.2.1.5 Nearly Extinct ………………………..
13
2.2.1.6 Extinct ………………………………..
14
2.3. Language Shift and Maintenance ..…………………..
14
2.3.1 Language shift …………………………………
14
2.3.2 Language Maintenance .………………………..
15
2.3.3 Factors in Language Maintenance ……………..
17
2.3.3.1 The Role of Parents in Language
Maintenance ............................................
19
2.3.3.2 The Role of Family in Language
Maintenance ……………………………
22
2.3.3.3 The Intramarriage ….…………………..
23
2.3.3.4 Homeland Visits .………………………
24
2.4. Language and Identity in Language Maintenance ……
25
2.5. Language Attitude in Language Maintenance ………..
27
vi
2.6. The History of Minangkabau Language …………….
29
2.7. Conceptual Framework ……………………………..
34
2.7. Relevant Studies …………………………………….
35
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design ………………………………........
37
3.2. Subject of the Study ………………………………..
37
3.3. Technique of Data Collection ....………………........
38
3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ……………..…..……..
39
3.5. Trustworthiness of the study…………….…............
41
3.5.1. Credibility ……………………………..….....
41
3.5.2. Transferability ……………………….………
42
3.5.3. Dependability ………………………….…….
42
3.5.4. Conformability ………………….……………
42
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Data Analysis …...………………………………….
43
4.1.1 Factors Affecting Minangkabau
Language Maintenance ..……………………..
43
4.1.1.1 The Role of Parents in Minangkabau
Language Maintenance………………..
44
4.1.1.2 The Role of Family in
Minangkabau Language Maintenance …
45
4.1.1.3 The Intramarriage …..………………….
47
4.1.1.5 Homeland Visits ...….………………….
48
vii
4.2. Research Finding ……………………………………..
49
4.3. Discussion …………………………….………………
50
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions…………………………………………
53
5.2. Suggestions .………………………………………..
54
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………..
56
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………
60
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Degrees of Language Endangerment ….…...…………………….
20
Table 2.2 Baso Minang Dialects ……………………………………………
32
Table 2.3 Some Minangkabau Languages ………………………………….
33
Table 3.1 The Level of Parents (Second Generation) and Children (Third
Generation) Roles in Minangkabau Language Maintenance …….
41
Table 4.1 The Role of Parents in ML Maintenance ………………………...
44
Table 4.2 The Role of Family in ML Maintenance …………………………
45
Table 4.3 The Intramarriage ………………………………………………...
47
Table 4.4 Homeland Visits ………………………………………………….
48
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. The Result of The Data ……….…………............................
60
Appendix 2. Pilot Study Questionnaire….………………………………..
64
Appendix 3. Pilot Study Result …………………………………………..
68
Appendix 4. The Interview ...……………………………………………..
72
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study
Language is obviously a vital tool for communication. It is not only as a
means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it is used for creating
friendship, cultural ties, economic relationship, etc. The existence of language for
human life is very important. Without a language, the society can not be formed
and there will be no community. It is agreed that language cannot be separated
from the culture as language is the product of the culture. The connection between
the culture and language have been noted clearly in past time and probably long
before, because language is the most visible symbol of an ethnic group.
Languages are formed and reflected by the most basic human experiences
in the daily lives. Without proper scientific documentation, the decline of these
languages will result in the irrecoverable loss of a unique knowledge that is based
on specific cultural and historical experience. The increasing globalization in the
twentieth century, with a small group of notions dominating the scene, has had an
adverse effect on the shifting of social and cultural of many communities
especially for the young generation.
The transmigrates from linguistically different background have long
faced the task of maintaining the language origin when they stay in the new place
and their children were born in it. To maintain the existence of their mother
tongue, language maintenance influences and is influenced by the various factors
2
that transmigrate families encounter in their acculturation process in the host
country.
As people from one culture, they have to adjust themselves to the
changing of time. This is hardly felt by the youth. Therefore, the roles of parent in
maintaining their own vernacular language to their children have to be developed.
They have to use their vernacular language in communicate with their children in
any chance. Thus, their vernacular language can be maintained.
Multilingual societies, such as Indonesia, offer great opportunities for in
depth sociolinguistic studies, including those focusing on the idea of language
maintenance and shift. Language shift and ramification are among the most
important aspects of situation where different languages come into contact. This is
because most often through social or political processes the language or languages
become dominant at the expand of the others. Indonesia as a multi-ethnic country,
is assumed that most of the Indonesian people use at least two languages: they are
the vernacular language (mother tongue) and Indonesian language as a National
Language to interact with their socio cultural. The vernacular language is used to
communicate within their tribes and the Indonesian language is used between the
different tribes.
In this world, there are thousands of languages. In Indonesia, specifically
there are hundreds of vernaculars. Many vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered.
As it was informed in Kompas (2007), about 726 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia
are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one million language users.
They are Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Balinese, Bugisnese, Maduranese,
3
Minangkabau Language and etc, even there are many vernaculars but the use of
those vernacular language which is used by language users are only ten vernacular
language.
When a community does not maintain its language but gradually adopt
another one, this is known as a language shift (Hoffman, 1991: 186). While
language maintenance refers to a situation where members of a community which
tries to keep the language they have always used. A research report from United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) forum
(2002) on languages endangerment showed that languages were in danger of
disappearing based on the documents 2279 languages with different degrees of
endangerment and 538 were critically endangered. The youngest speakers are
elderly, and interaction in the given language is infrequent. Thus, it can be
assumed that these 538 languages will disappear in a few years when the speakers
are gone.
Indonesia which consists of many islands and regions with different ethnic
groups has a lot of vernacular languages. There are 746 vernaculars which are
spread in
Indonesia
(www.depdikdas.go.id/pusat-bahasa/746-jumlah-bahasa-
daerah-indonesia). The growth and development of regional languages are
connected with the local cultural life in form enriching the national culture and
also the national language. One of the vernacular languages which has
development contribute to the development of the national language is
Minangkabau language (ML). It is one of the vernaculars comes from the
Austronesia. This language grown and developed in West Sumatera province.
4
Be, Japas, Malano, Ali & Isyam (1986:1) mention that approximately 90%
of the population is the speakers of ML in West Sumatera. It is caused by the
language policy which has been carried on by the government, thus the
transmigrates are forced to use it as their daily language. The ethnic group who
are also known as it likes to wander from one place to another, ML is also widely
used in vary area outside West Sumatera. The shifting of a language happens in
the young generation of Minangkabau ethnic group. They are difficult to maintain
their original ML and pass on their heritage to their children because they do not
have the facilities to do so in their adoptive society. Consequently, their language
as well as their cultural and religious values are being eroded.
One of the cities which is the home for Minagkabau ethnic group is
Medan, a multi-ethnic city. It competes to disappear among another vernaculars,
Indonesian and English language as the impact of globalization. Several ethnics
are live in Medan such as Javanese, Bataknese. Chinese, Mandailingnese,
Minangkaba Language, Malaynese, Karonese, Acehnese, Tamil and others. ML is
one of the vernaculars in Indonesia which is used mainly in Medan.
It is usually used by the transmigrates in Medan. But, the children who
were born in Medan can not speak it like their parents. It is obvious that the
children are influenced by many factors which influence their use of the language.
The researcher discovers that there is a problem that occurs in the Minangkabau
ethnic group in Medan in where she saw the children of both parents who came
from West Sumatera tends to rarely use the language itself, whether at home or in
their own community.
5
Holmes (2001) states that language shift is the replacement of one
language by another as the primary means of communication and socialization
within a community. The mark of shifting has long been seen in Medan. Every
young generation which is born in this city (except expatriate) will get Indonesian
language as their mother tongue. This condition was also proceed by Siregar, Isa
& Husni (1998) in their research about the case of bilingual community in Medan
that explained that the local language is very rarely used it, for example in the
personal life such as at home, the function and the role of the local language start
to loss.
It was happened in a small community which was researched by the
researcher, namely the Association of Sei Jaring Community (Ikatan Warga Sei
Jaring: IWS) in Medan. According to the Head of IWS, there are 97 families of
IWS who lives in Medan. In where, based on the observation of the researcher,
many of IWS families especially the third generation (children who were born in
Medan) was a level danger because they had been influenced by the environment
which is stayed by many ethnic groups. And this condition made the shifting of
ML happening.
From the situation, Holmes (2001:63) states that where the language is
considered as an important symbol of a minority group’s identity, it is likely to be
maintained longer. Another statement as said by Corson (2001:74) that
maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its
speakers. It means that if the vernacular is not maintained, it can be loss in the
next generation.
6
Thus, the researcher would like to discover ML maintenance occurring in
Medan and how to maintain it, because she experienced some difficulties in using
ML for herself. Thus, the second generation namely parents, who moved from
their hometown to Medan, and the children as the third generation, who were born
in Medan (Kochan, Mapals, Smith & Webster, 2010) had to work each other and
the existing Minangkabau community in Medan had to support it.
1.2. The Problems of the Study
Minangkabau language (ML) is very interesting to be discussed the causes
of the language shift. Based on a preliminary observation and in line with the
great importance growing of the preserving the existence and development of
local languages especially to the Indonesian language as the national language,
people of Minangkabau ethnic group who stayed in Medan have got problems on
their language. The problems are formulated in the following questions.
1. What do the factors affect the maintenance of Minangkabau language
(ML) in Medan?
2. How do the factors affect the maintenance of ML in Medan?
3. Why do the speakers maintain ML in the ways they do?
7
1.3.The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems of the study, the objectives are.
1. to identify the factors in maintaining Minangkabau language (ML),
2. to discover the parents’ efforts to maintain ML in Medan and
3. to find out the reasons why the speakers have to maintain the ML.
1.4.The Scope of the Study
A study on language maintenance is closely related to language planning
program. The maintenance of a language is meant to avoid its disappearance. It is
a fact that the younger generation should be aware of their vernacular that has
shifted in a big city. One of the vernaculars is Minangkabau Language (ML) as a
language of the Minang’s people. And one of the communities which exist in
Medan is The Association of Sei Jaring Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring:
IWS),
Therefore, the scope of this thesis is ML of IWS families, and the second
generation and the third generation will be taken as the subjects. It is of prime
important to protect its existence of the second generation (namely parents), who
move from their hometown to Medan, and the children as the third generation
(children), who were born in Medan.
8
1.5.The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically
and practically.
Theoretically, the findings would be an evidence of the present situation of
the indigenous Minangkabau language (ML) in Medan especially in the
community of IWS. The findings would be as a comparative study of many
endangered languages for those who are interested in an intensive study of
language maintenance, and the finding hoped to be useful for the next researchers
who will do an in depth research dealing about language maintenance or any
research about ML. Furthermore, the findings would be useful for language
planners improve their knowledge about the vernacular and how to maintain it as
to protect from the extinct.
Practically, since this research focuses on ML which is directly connected
to Minangkabau culture and existence, it is also hoped to be useful for all
Minang’s people to realize that it is important to maintain their language in order
to kept the existence of their ethnic group.
45
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
Based on the results of the findings some conclusions are drawn. There are
four factors which were observed. They were the role of parents, the role of
family, the intramarriage and homeland visits. The analyses of the data were
based on the factors and members of IWS who provided some useful insights on
factors in maintaining Minangkabau language (ML). There are some points to be
exposed in relation to the factors.
1. The factors which affect ML maintenance by IWS are the roles of parents,
family, the intramarriage and the homeland visit.
2. Basically, the most factors which might be could giving the affect of ML
maintenance are the role of parents and the intramarriage. In fact, when
fathers and mothers communicate with one another, they use ML, but
when they communicate with their children, some of them mix their
languages and even use Indonesian language.
3. Being far from homeland causes people in this case the second generation
being prouder to their ethnic group and missing it. But for some of the
third generation chooses to stay hen their parents ask them to visit their
homeland.
4. The fact which was forgotten by the children that to refuse Indonesian
language than ML when their parents communicate with them. And their
parents did not correct and fix them. Especially when the children
46
communicate with each other. Their parents allow them use the Indonesian
language.
5. The environment that they lived was influenced their using of ML.
Because of the heterogenic people, the children are usual used Indonesia
language.
5.2. Suggestions
In line with the findings, some points are suggested as the following:
1. The maintenance of a language should be taken as a serious case. The first
thing to be done is to introduce the culture itself, that is Minangkabau
language (ML) to the Third Generation (children), in where the children
had the danger level for ML. this is caused by the entry of foreign cultures
through several media, which indirectly affect the development of culture
and language. Parents have the responsibility to keep ML with
communicating and teaching ML continuously to their children.
2. The first domain for children in learning something is the family domain.
So, it is hoped to the parents, to keep use ML to their children as the first
domain of language teaching.
3. The organization, in this case IWS has to push the young generation to join
the activities which are related to the culture of Minangkabau, because
they help them to remain and proud of their culture.
47
4. To Minangkabau’s themselves, to be aware of this phenomena and keep
using the language so that ML will not extinct.
5.
It is also suggested to all young generation, not only Minangkabau ethnic
group but also other ethnic group, to bear in mind that maintaining the
ethnic group is something important to keep their identity.
47
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BY THE ASSOCIATION OF SEI JARING COMMUNITY IN
MEDAN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
YENITA USWAR
Registration Number: 809112043
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Uswar, Yenita, Registration Number 809112043, Minangkabau Language
Maintenance by The Association of Sei Jaring Community in Medan. A
Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School,
State University of Medan. 2013.
The objectives of this qualitative research were (1) to identify the factors that
affect the Minangkabau language (ML) maintenance in Medan, (2) to discover the
parents’ efforts in maintaining ML in Medan and (3) to find out the reason why
the speakers have to maintain ML. The population is the Association of Sei Jaring
Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring: IWS) in Medan. The sample was 10
families including 10 parents and their children. The instruments of this study are
a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire was used to answer the
factors affected the maintenance of ML and how factors affected the maintenance
of ML. The interview was used to discover the influence why Minangkabau’s
people have to maintain ML. There are four factors in ML maintenance, the
parents’ role, the role of family, the intramarriage and homeland visits. After
distributing questionnaire and did some interviews it is found that IWS especially
for the third generation (children) has the danger level in ML when they
communicate to each other. Meanwhile, the data analysis also shows that both
fathers and mothers communicate to each other with ML. This condition occurred
because of the influence of the environment. To maintain it, all the factors must
influence so that language maintenance will be possible happened. Especially,
parents have to keep communication and teaching Minangkabau language
continuously to their children. Thus, the young generation can keep the existence
of ML for their future.
iii
ABSTRAK
Uswar, Yenita. Registration Number 809112043, Pemertahanan Bahasa
Minang oleh Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring (IWS) di Medan. Tesis. Jurusan
Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, ProgramPasca Sarjana, Universitas
Negeri Medan. 2013.
Tujuan penelitian kualitatif ini adalah (1) untuk mengidentifikasi faktor apa yang
memepengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan dalam kasus di Medan, (2)
untuk menemukan usaha para orangtua dalam pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan
(3) untuk menemukan alasan kenapa orang-orang Minang harus mempertahankan
bahasa Minang. Populasinya adalah Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring (IWS) di Medan.
Sampelnya adalah 10 keluarga terdiri dari 10 orangtua dan anak-anak. Instrumen
penelitian ini adalah kuesioner dan wawancara. Kuesioner digunakan untuk
menjawab faktor yang mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang dan
bagaimana faktor tersebut mempengaruhi pemertahanan bahasa Minang. Dan
wawancara digunakan untuk menemukan mengapa orang Minang harus
mempertahankan bahasa Minang. Ada empat faktor dalam pemertahanan bahasa
Minang, peranan orang tua, peranan keluarga, perkawinan antar suku dan pulang
kampung. Setelah penyebaran kuesioner dan dilakukannya beberapa wawancara,
ditemukan bahwa IWS khususnya generasi ketiga (anak-anak) mengalami level
yang berbahaya dalam berbahasa Minang ketika mereka berbicara antar mereka.
Padahal data menunjukkan bahwa baik para ayah dan ibu menunjukkan
berkomunikasi dalam berbahasa Minang antar mereka. Kondisi ini terjadi
dikarenakan pengaruh lingkungan sekitarnya. Untuk mempertahankan hal ini,
seluruh faktor saling mempengaruhi. Seluruh faktor harus saling terkait supaya
pemertahanan bahasa akan mungkin terjadi. Khususnya, para orang tua harus
menjaga komunikasi dan mengajarkan bahasa Minang berkelanjutan kepada anakanak mereka. Jadi, generasi muda dapat menjaga keberadaan Bahasa Minang
untuk masa depan mereka.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to ALLAH SWT for the mercy, health and guidance
that has been given in completing this thesis. Even faced with some difficulties in
arranging it, the writer has tried her very best effort to accomplish it.
In its present form, she realizes that she owes a great debt of gratitude to
many people who have assisted her in the process of writing and data collection. It
would be impossible to list all the names but some deserve to be mentioned.
First, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., her First Adviser, for the useful
suggestions, comments and encouragement given during the process of
consultations and framing up her ideas.
Second, Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D., her Second Adviser, for
her great support, valuable inputs and critical comments on the contents and styles
of writing. This thesis would not have been done without her full support, care,
attention and to whom she owes an invaluable debt of gratitude.
Third, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program for the administration procedures in setting all the bits
and pieces in obtaining her the degree of Magister Humaniora.
Fourth, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP.,
and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., the reviewers and examiners who have
given enormous inputs for this thesis.
Fifth, Suwardi and Usnetti, her parents, for the mental and financial
support during the completion of this thesis and up to the present time. Meriska
i
Fitri Uswar, S.E., and Rozi Uswar, S.E., her sister and her brother, especially for
their endless support.
Sixth, Mr. Mishar St. Karangan, Head of the Association of Sei Jaring
Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring: IWS) and Mr. Rizky Gunawan as Secretary
at that time represent for his support. Also the IWS family for being the informants
and spend their time for some interview sessions about Minangkabau language.
Finally, Yulifa Rahma Hutabarat, S.S., Teguh Satria Amin, S.Pd., Fadhilah
Arfa Hasibuan, S.Pdi., Rabiatul Adhawiyah, S.Pd., Natalia Tarigan, S.Pd. and all
friends whose names can not be mentioned, with very special gratitude for their
friendship and valuable time for being together.
Medan, 29th August 2013
The Writer,
YENITA USWAR
Registration Number 809112043
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………
i
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………...
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..
v
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………..
x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study ………………………..
1
1.2. The Problems of the Study …………………………..
5
1.3. The Objectives of the Study …………………………
6
1.4. The Scope of the Study ………………………………
7
1.5. The Significance of the Study ……………………….
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Role and Function of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the Indonesian
Society …..………………………………………….
9
2.1.1 Role of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the Indonesian
Society ……………………………………….
v
9
2.1.2 Function of Indonesian Language and
Vernacular Language in the
Indonesian Society………………………….
10
2.2. Language Endangerment ..………………………….
12
2.2.1 Level of Endangerment …...….……………..
12
2.2.1.1 Safe ………………………………….
13
2.2.1.2 At Risk ………………………………
13
2.2.1.3 Disappeared …………………...…….
13
2.2.1.4 Moribund …………………………….
13
2.2.1.5 Nearly Extinct ………………………..
13
2.2.1.6 Extinct ………………………………..
14
2.3. Language Shift and Maintenance ..…………………..
14
2.3.1 Language shift …………………………………
14
2.3.2 Language Maintenance .………………………..
15
2.3.3 Factors in Language Maintenance ……………..
17
2.3.3.1 The Role of Parents in Language
Maintenance ............................................
19
2.3.3.2 The Role of Family in Language
Maintenance ……………………………
22
2.3.3.3 The Intramarriage ….…………………..
23
2.3.3.4 Homeland Visits .………………………
24
2.4. Language and Identity in Language Maintenance ……
25
2.5. Language Attitude in Language Maintenance ………..
27
vi
2.6. The History of Minangkabau Language …………….
29
2.7. Conceptual Framework ……………………………..
34
2.7. Relevant Studies …………………………………….
35
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design ………………………………........
37
3.2. Subject of the Study ………………………………..
37
3.3. Technique of Data Collection ....………………........
38
3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ……………..…..……..
39
3.5. Trustworthiness of the study…………….…............
41
3.5.1. Credibility ……………………………..….....
41
3.5.2. Transferability ……………………….………
42
3.5.3. Dependability ………………………….…….
42
3.5.4. Conformability ………………….……………
42
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Data Analysis …...………………………………….
43
4.1.1 Factors Affecting Minangkabau
Language Maintenance ..……………………..
43
4.1.1.1 The Role of Parents in Minangkabau
Language Maintenance………………..
44
4.1.1.2 The Role of Family in
Minangkabau Language Maintenance …
45
4.1.1.3 The Intramarriage …..………………….
47
4.1.1.5 Homeland Visits ...….………………….
48
vii
4.2. Research Finding ……………………………………..
49
4.3. Discussion …………………………….………………
50
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions…………………………………………
53
5.2. Suggestions .………………………………………..
54
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………..
56
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………
60
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Degrees of Language Endangerment ….…...…………………….
20
Table 2.2 Baso Minang Dialects ……………………………………………
32
Table 2.3 Some Minangkabau Languages ………………………………….
33
Table 3.1 The Level of Parents (Second Generation) and Children (Third
Generation) Roles in Minangkabau Language Maintenance …….
41
Table 4.1 The Role of Parents in ML Maintenance ………………………...
44
Table 4.2 The Role of Family in ML Maintenance …………………………
45
Table 4.3 The Intramarriage ………………………………………………...
47
Table 4.4 Homeland Visits ………………………………………………….
48
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. The Result of The Data ……….…………............................
60
Appendix 2. Pilot Study Questionnaire….………………………………..
64
Appendix 3. Pilot Study Result …………………………………………..
68
Appendix 4. The Interview ...……………………………………………..
72
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Study
Language is obviously a vital tool for communication. It is not only as a
means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but also it is used for creating
friendship, cultural ties, economic relationship, etc. The existence of language for
human life is very important. Without a language, the society can not be formed
and there will be no community. It is agreed that language cannot be separated
from the culture as language is the product of the culture. The connection between
the culture and language have been noted clearly in past time and probably long
before, because language is the most visible symbol of an ethnic group.
Languages are formed and reflected by the most basic human experiences
in the daily lives. Without proper scientific documentation, the decline of these
languages will result in the irrecoverable loss of a unique knowledge that is based
on specific cultural and historical experience. The increasing globalization in the
twentieth century, with a small group of notions dominating the scene, has had an
adverse effect on the shifting of social and cultural of many communities
especially for the young generation.
The transmigrates from linguistically different background have long
faced the task of maintaining the language origin when they stay in the new place
and their children were born in it. To maintain the existence of their mother
tongue, language maintenance influences and is influenced by the various factors
2
that transmigrate families encounter in their acculturation process in the host
country.
As people from one culture, they have to adjust themselves to the
changing of time. This is hardly felt by the youth. Therefore, the roles of parent in
maintaining their own vernacular language to their children have to be developed.
They have to use their vernacular language in communicate with their children in
any chance. Thus, their vernacular language can be maintained.
Multilingual societies, such as Indonesia, offer great opportunities for in
depth sociolinguistic studies, including those focusing on the idea of language
maintenance and shift. Language shift and ramification are among the most
important aspects of situation where different languages come into contact. This is
because most often through social or political processes the language or languages
become dominant at the expand of the others. Indonesia as a multi-ethnic country,
is assumed that most of the Indonesian people use at least two languages: they are
the vernacular language (mother tongue) and Indonesian language as a National
Language to interact with their socio cultural. The vernacular language is used to
communicate within their tribes and the Indonesian language is used between the
different tribes.
In this world, there are thousands of languages. In Indonesia, specifically
there are hundreds of vernaculars. Many vernaculars in Indonesia are endangered.
As it was informed in Kompas (2007), about 726 of 746 vernaculars in Indonesia
are endangered. Only 13 vernaculars have more than one million language users.
They are Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Balinese, Bugisnese, Maduranese,
3
Minangkabau Language and etc, even there are many vernaculars but the use of
those vernacular language which is used by language users are only ten vernacular
language.
When a community does not maintain its language but gradually adopt
another one, this is known as a language shift (Hoffman, 1991: 186). While
language maintenance refers to a situation where members of a community which
tries to keep the language they have always used. A research report from United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) forum
(2002) on languages endangerment showed that languages were in danger of
disappearing based on the documents 2279 languages with different degrees of
endangerment and 538 were critically endangered. The youngest speakers are
elderly, and interaction in the given language is infrequent. Thus, it can be
assumed that these 538 languages will disappear in a few years when the speakers
are gone.
Indonesia which consists of many islands and regions with different ethnic
groups has a lot of vernacular languages. There are 746 vernaculars which are
spread in
Indonesia
(www.depdikdas.go.id/pusat-bahasa/746-jumlah-bahasa-
daerah-indonesia). The growth and development of regional languages are
connected with the local cultural life in form enriching the national culture and
also the national language. One of the vernacular languages which has
development contribute to the development of the national language is
Minangkabau language (ML). It is one of the vernaculars comes from the
Austronesia. This language grown and developed in West Sumatera province.
4
Be, Japas, Malano, Ali & Isyam (1986:1) mention that approximately 90%
of the population is the speakers of ML in West Sumatera. It is caused by the
language policy which has been carried on by the government, thus the
transmigrates are forced to use it as their daily language. The ethnic group who
are also known as it likes to wander from one place to another, ML is also widely
used in vary area outside West Sumatera. The shifting of a language happens in
the young generation of Minangkabau ethnic group. They are difficult to maintain
their original ML and pass on their heritage to their children because they do not
have the facilities to do so in their adoptive society. Consequently, their language
as well as their cultural and religious values are being eroded.
One of the cities which is the home for Minagkabau ethnic group is
Medan, a multi-ethnic city. It competes to disappear among another vernaculars,
Indonesian and English language as the impact of globalization. Several ethnics
are live in Medan such as Javanese, Bataknese. Chinese, Mandailingnese,
Minangkaba Language, Malaynese, Karonese, Acehnese, Tamil and others. ML is
one of the vernaculars in Indonesia which is used mainly in Medan.
It is usually used by the transmigrates in Medan. But, the children who
were born in Medan can not speak it like their parents. It is obvious that the
children are influenced by many factors which influence their use of the language.
The researcher discovers that there is a problem that occurs in the Minangkabau
ethnic group in Medan in where she saw the children of both parents who came
from West Sumatera tends to rarely use the language itself, whether at home or in
their own community.
5
Holmes (2001) states that language shift is the replacement of one
language by another as the primary means of communication and socialization
within a community. The mark of shifting has long been seen in Medan. Every
young generation which is born in this city (except expatriate) will get Indonesian
language as their mother tongue. This condition was also proceed by Siregar, Isa
& Husni (1998) in their research about the case of bilingual community in Medan
that explained that the local language is very rarely used it, for example in the
personal life such as at home, the function and the role of the local language start
to loss.
It was happened in a small community which was researched by the
researcher, namely the Association of Sei Jaring Community (Ikatan Warga Sei
Jaring: IWS) in Medan. According to the Head of IWS, there are 97 families of
IWS who lives in Medan. In where, based on the observation of the researcher,
many of IWS families especially the third generation (children who were born in
Medan) was a level danger because they had been influenced by the environment
which is stayed by many ethnic groups. And this condition made the shifting of
ML happening.
From the situation, Holmes (2001:63) states that where the language is
considered as an important symbol of a minority group’s identity, it is likely to be
maintained longer. Another statement as said by Corson (2001:74) that
maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its
speakers. It means that if the vernacular is not maintained, it can be loss in the
next generation.
6
Thus, the researcher would like to discover ML maintenance occurring in
Medan and how to maintain it, because she experienced some difficulties in using
ML for herself. Thus, the second generation namely parents, who moved from
their hometown to Medan, and the children as the third generation, who were born
in Medan (Kochan, Mapals, Smith & Webster, 2010) had to work each other and
the existing Minangkabau community in Medan had to support it.
1.2. The Problems of the Study
Minangkabau language (ML) is very interesting to be discussed the causes
of the language shift. Based on a preliminary observation and in line with the
great importance growing of the preserving the existence and development of
local languages especially to the Indonesian language as the national language,
people of Minangkabau ethnic group who stayed in Medan have got problems on
their language. The problems are formulated in the following questions.
1. What do the factors affect the maintenance of Minangkabau language
(ML) in Medan?
2. How do the factors affect the maintenance of ML in Medan?
3. Why do the speakers maintain ML in the ways they do?
7
1.3.The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems of the study, the objectives are.
1. to identify the factors in maintaining Minangkabau language (ML),
2. to discover the parents’ efforts to maintain ML in Medan and
3. to find out the reasons why the speakers have to maintain the ML.
1.4.The Scope of the Study
A study on language maintenance is closely related to language planning
program. The maintenance of a language is meant to avoid its disappearance. It is
a fact that the younger generation should be aware of their vernacular that has
shifted in a big city. One of the vernaculars is Minangkabau Language (ML) as a
language of the Minang’s people. And one of the communities which exist in
Medan is The Association of Sei Jaring Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring:
IWS),
Therefore, the scope of this thesis is ML of IWS families, and the second
generation and the third generation will be taken as the subjects. It is of prime
important to protect its existence of the second generation (namely parents), who
move from their hometown to Medan, and the children as the third generation
(children), who were born in Medan.
8
1.5.The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically
and practically.
Theoretically, the findings would be an evidence of the present situation of
the indigenous Minangkabau language (ML) in Medan especially in the
community of IWS. The findings would be as a comparative study of many
endangered languages for those who are interested in an intensive study of
language maintenance, and the finding hoped to be useful for the next researchers
who will do an in depth research dealing about language maintenance or any
research about ML. Furthermore, the findings would be useful for language
planners improve their knowledge about the vernacular and how to maintain it as
to protect from the extinct.
Practically, since this research focuses on ML which is directly connected
to Minangkabau culture and existence, it is also hoped to be useful for all
Minang’s people to realize that it is important to maintain their language in order
to kept the existence of their ethnic group.
45
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
Based on the results of the findings some conclusions are drawn. There are
four factors which were observed. They were the role of parents, the role of
family, the intramarriage and homeland visits. The analyses of the data were
based on the factors and members of IWS who provided some useful insights on
factors in maintaining Minangkabau language (ML). There are some points to be
exposed in relation to the factors.
1. The factors which affect ML maintenance by IWS are the roles of parents,
family, the intramarriage and the homeland visit.
2. Basically, the most factors which might be could giving the affect of ML
maintenance are the role of parents and the intramarriage. In fact, when
fathers and mothers communicate with one another, they use ML, but
when they communicate with their children, some of them mix their
languages and even use Indonesian language.
3. Being far from homeland causes people in this case the second generation
being prouder to their ethnic group and missing it. But for some of the
third generation chooses to stay hen their parents ask them to visit their
homeland.
4. The fact which was forgotten by the children that to refuse Indonesian
language than ML when their parents communicate with them. And their
parents did not correct and fix them. Especially when the children
46
communicate with each other. Their parents allow them use the Indonesian
language.
5. The environment that they lived was influenced their using of ML.
Because of the heterogenic people, the children are usual used Indonesia
language.
5.2. Suggestions
In line with the findings, some points are suggested as the following:
1. The maintenance of a language should be taken as a serious case. The first
thing to be done is to introduce the culture itself, that is Minangkabau
language (ML) to the Third Generation (children), in where the children
had the danger level for ML. this is caused by the entry of foreign cultures
through several media, which indirectly affect the development of culture
and language. Parents have the responsibility to keep ML with
communicating and teaching ML continuously to their children.
2. The first domain for children in learning something is the family domain.
So, it is hoped to the parents, to keep use ML to their children as the first
domain of language teaching.
3. The organization, in this case IWS has to push the young generation to join
the activities which are related to the culture of Minangkabau, because
they help them to remain and proud of their culture.
47
4. To Minangkabau’s themselves, to be aware of this phenomena and keep
using the language so that ML will not extinct.
5.
It is also suggested to all young generation, not only Minangkabau ethnic
group but also other ethnic group, to bear in mind that maintaining the
ethnic group is something important to keep their identity.
47
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