xxiii conception of character to be formed on the basis of what the author has told
us.
15
Telling and showing are not mutually exclusive, however. Most of authors employ a combination of each. Even when the exposition. Most of modern authors
prefer showing to telling, but neither method is necessarily better of more fruitful that the other. As with so many other choices that the writer of film is called on to make,
choice of a method of characterization depends on a number of different circumstances, including the author’s temperament, the particular literary conventions
of the period in which he or she is writing.
B. Psychology of Literature
Psychology of literature is the study of literature using literary works as the object of psyche action. Author will use anything in hisher side in creating literary works.
The author will seize hisher psyche indication and processing it into text or picture. “Karya sastra dan psikologi memang memiliki pertautan yang erat, secara
tak langsung dan fungsional. Pertautan tak langsung, karena baik psikologi dan sastra memiliki object yang sama yaitu kehidupan manusia. Psikologi
dan sastra memiliki hubungan fungsional karena sama-sama untuk mempelajari jiwa orang lain. Bedanya dalam psikologi gejala tersebut riil,
sedangkan dalam sastra bersifat imajinatif.”
16
Literary works and psychology indeed have connection that bound indirectly and functionally. The indirect bound caused either psychology and literary
works have the same object which is the human life. Psychology and literary have functional connection because both learning other people psycho. The
difference in the symptoms of that psychology is real, where as, in literature has an imaginative character
15
Ibid. p.30
16
Suwandi Endaswara, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama. 2003, P. 97.
xxiv There are some purposes of psychology of literature; first, there is a judgment
of literary work as the product of the author mind and psyche in subconscious situation and revealing it into the text and picture the conscious situation. Conscious
and subconscious always affect the author imagination processing. Second, psychology of literature also analyzes the author aspect of mind and feeling. It is
about how the author able to depict characters of hisher work. 1.1.
Comparative Psychology Comparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of
animals other than human beings. It is related to disciplines outside of psychology that study animal behavior such as ethology. Although the field of psychology is
primarily concerned with humans the behavior and mental processes of animals is also an important part of psychological research. This being either as a subject in its
own right e.g., animal cognition and ethology or with strong emphasis about evolutionary links, and somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an
insight into human psychology. This is achieved by means of comparison or via animal models of emotional and behavior systems as seen in neuroscience of
psychology e.g., affective neuroscience and social neuroscience.
17
C. Interpersonal Relationship
