a. The Meaning of Language Teaching
Teaching plays an important role in educational process, because the success of education is depended much upon the teacher in carrying out the
education process. Stern 1996: 21 defines language teaching as the activities which are intended to bring about language learning. Cole and Chan 1994: 2
state that teaching is a complex phenomenon that takes into account a wide range of personal characteristics, professional skills and specialized bases of knowledge.
It means that the role of teacher determine the successful of teaching. Wiseman, Cooner, and Knight 1999, describe teaching as a process of
continuous development. At each stage, reflection on the improvement of the delivery of instruction is critical. They suggest that teachers should be concerned
with improving delivery and methodology. Howard 1988: 18 defines teaching as an activity that tries to help
someone to acquire, change, or develop skills, attitudes, ideals, appreciations and knowledge. In addition, Howard says that teaching is more than instruction.
Therefore, it supports Wiseman, Cooner and Knight’s idea that methodology and delivery of instruction are important.
b. Effective Teaching
In order to make good quality of teaching, one factor which should be determined is the teacher itself. Cole and Chan 1994: 3, say that effective
teaching is defined as the actions of professionally trained person that enhance the cognitive, personal, social and physical development of students. So, the teacher
must have good competence in his field.
However, having a good competence is not enough for being a good and
effective teacher. As inspired from the book What Makes a Good Teacher?
UNESCO: 1996, “Good teaching is teaching not only with the mind, but also with the heart.” It means that both teacher competence and personality are
important in creating good teaching quality. Hornby 1995, says that the most effective teaching is not only based on
the approach, but also based on the teacher behavior and competences. Howard 1988: 19 proposes 8 principles of effective teaching, they are:
a Know the subject well enough
b The teacher must also like what he teaches and like teaching as a
profession c
Know the students, their previous experience, abilities and achievements
d Use a variety of methods in teaching
e Eliminate the unnecessary and meaningless; work for depth, not
superficially f
Always follow the well-known Scout maxim and be prepared g
Encouragement and praise will produce better results than criticism h
Build upon previous learnings and experience and strive continually for more student independence and creativity in work habits.
c. The aspects of Effective Teaching
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