English Learning Materials a. Definition of Materials

dictionaries, grammar books, readers, workbooks, photocopied exercises, newspapers, food packages, photographs, live talks by invited native speakers, instruction given by a teacher, tasks written on cards or discussions between learners. In addition, Richards 2001: 251 defines instructional materials as the language input for learners and the language practice used in the classroom. The materials may take the form of a printed materials such as books, workbooks, worksheets or readers; b non print materials such as cassette or audio materials, videos, or computer-based materials; and c materials that comprise both print and non print sources such as self-access materials and materials on the internet. After reviewing the definitions of materials above, we can conclude that materials are anything that can help teachers and students in the learning process. Materials can be in the form of printed materials e.g. textbook, newspaper, magazine, non-printed materials e.g. audios, videos, recordings, or the collaboration of printed and non-printed materials e.g. self-access materials and materials on the internet.

b. Criteria of Good Materials

In order to support learning process better, good materials is needed to be provided. Hutchinson and Waters 1987:107 state some criteria of good materials that are contain: a. interesting texts b. enjoyable activities which engage the learners‟ thinking capacities c. opportunities for learners to use their existing knowledge and skills d. content which both learners and teachers can cope with Furthermore, Hutchinson and Waters 1987:107 also propose some principles in writing the materials: 1 Materials should support the learners to learn. 2 Materials help arranging the teaching learning process. 3 Materials put a view of the nature of language and learning. 4 Materials reflect the nature of the learning task. 5 Materials can help teacher in developing the teacher method, by introducing teacher to new techniques. 6 Materials provide the example of correct and appropriate language use. Therefore, good materials should provide the real-world communication on it so the students can use the knowledge from the materials in their work or in the field they are in so it suitable to their needs.

5. Material Development a. Definition of Material Development

Tomlinson 1998: 2 defines materials development as anything which is done by writers, teachers or learners to provide language input and to use those sources to maximize the available information to conduct language learning. Instructional development provides a process and framework for planning, developing, and adapting instruction based on the learner needs and interest. While Grave 2000: 150 explains that materials