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processes which enable a person to interact selectively with his environment. Robert Craig and William classified the types of attitude into two. The first one
is positive favorable attitude. The second one is negative unfavorable attitude. Positive attitudes are associated with approach tendencies feelings of pleasure.
It is also must be combined with a strong action orientation. Negative attitude is associated with avoidance tendencies in what persons say behave do.
3. Literature
This part will discuss the main point of literature. They are the nature of literature, the scope of literature, and the importance of literature in language
learning.
a. The Nature of Literature
It is quite difficult to define the meaning of literature. Literature is defined as anything written Sylvan et al., 2004. According to Rees 1973, there are two
definitions of literature. The first definition is anything which is written. For example, time-tables, catalogues, text – book, travel brochures and so on. The
second definition is writing which express and communicate thoughts, feelings and attitudes toward life. Basically, the term “literature” has different meanings
depending on who is using it and in what context. In education matter, for instance, literature can be defined as text which is composed of letters. It might be
the same as the other texts or passages in common. In literary definition, literature means acquaintance with letters,
from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character. It is
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a piece of writing that is valued as works of art, especially novels, plays, and poems. It is contrast to technical books and newspapers,
magazines, etc. Oxford English Dictionary the Sixth Edition, Wehmeir, 2000
There are many experts who contribute the definition of literature. In one point of view, literature is perceived as human expressions of life which uses
language as its medium. Those expressions of life might consist of experience, thought, and even feeling Hudson, 1910. Literature is a criticism of life. It is an
interpretation of life as life shapes itself in the mind of the interpreter. Literature is a performance in words which offers truth and gives
beneficial effects on the reader. This definition is also supported by Sylvan et al., 2004 which stated that literature is a performance in words. It has an element
of entertaining, display. There are three characteristics of literature: imitative, expressive, and
affectiveSylvan et al., 2004. The imitative theory holds that art is an imitation of something. The imitative theory often includes the notion that art gives us not
only pleasure but knowledge, insight into the nature of reality Sylvan et al., 2004. Literature is expressive because it expresses the artist feeling, emotion. It is
the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings Sylvan et al., 2004. Literature is affective because it holds that a work of art ought to arouse a
particular emotion, or affect to use the psychologists term, in the perceiver.
b. The Form of Literature
