Perceptual Process Component of Perception

10 message. This process will influence how people interact with and adjust their environment.

b. Perceptual Process

The diagram below shows how the perceptual process happens: Figure 1 Altman et al. 1985 From the perceptual process shown in Figure 1, it is seen that perception comes from the stimuli. Stimuli are forms of physical energy, such as light, heat, sound, and movement which strikes sensory receptors. Sensory receptor is the sensory organs such as eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin which convey the message to the brain. The stimuli then are selected in the brain. The selected stimuli will result in the form of information. The information will be organized and interpreted by the brain. After interpreting the information, the brain then translates the information into meaning. The result of the meaningful information of the translation is then called perception. Then, behavioral responses toward exist. In other words, behavior comes from a process, and perception is one factor that affects the process. If someone has a good perception of something, he will create behavior toward that thing. Stimuli observation of the stimuli organizing the stimuli interpreting the stimuli a response behavior and attitude formed. 11

c. Component of Perception

Biggs as cited by Astuningsih 2006 states that perception on learning deals with belief about knowledge which influences students’ approaches to learning. It means that perception on learning deals with concept, as stimulus which comes from environment; therefore, there is a system that relates the concept with the environment, which is called interactive system Biggs as cited by Astuningsih, 2006. This system has three components, namely presage, process, and product learning outcome. Presage is a factor that includes students’ belief about knowledge and learning conception. Presage also includes learning context, such as teachers and school attributes. The examples of presage, according to Biggs 1989 and Dart Clarke 1991, are educational practices, students’ preparations, approaches to learning, and changes to assessment product. Process is a factor that includes students’ perceptions of a given learning situation and specific learning strategies that they, consequently, adopt for learning tasks. Learning strategies are factors that influence the process of learning. An example of process is how students learn the materials during English teaching-learning activities. Product or learning outcome is influenced by the learning strategies used. Students’ perceptions on English learning are influenced by the implementation of English teaching-learning activities Perry, 1981. More specifically, these three components are spelled out in five elements of language teaching-learning activities implementation that build students’ 12 perceptions by Champbell 2001. Those are 1 how the teacher teaches the students, 2 what the teacher wants the students to learn, 3 how the students learn in class, 4 what the students learn, and 5 what the purposes of learning the language are.

d. Factors that Affect Someone’s Perception