Conceptual Framework LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

45

D. Research Procedure

The research procedure used an instructional design to help with the research procedure. It is the systematic and reflective process of developing an effective solution for an educational need. However, this research adapted some steps which have been developed by Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell 2012, namely the ASSURE model. The ASSURE Model is classified into an instructional system design. The ASSURE model is an acronym for: Analyze learners, State objectives, Select media and materials, Utilize media and materials, Require learner participation, and Evaluate and revise. However, this research employed an expert judgment as an evaluation and skip Require learner participation step. Therefore, the modified instructional system design from Smaldino, Lowther, and Russel was Analyze learners, State Objectives, Select media and materials, Utilize media and materials, The Expert judgment evaluation, and Revision. The Analysis stage of ASSURE focused specifically on analyzing the learner, rather than analyzing the scope of the project itself. Learner characteristics, competencies and learning styles will dictate the further development of the instruction. The ASSURE component Select materials recognized that useful materials may already exist and can be used in their original form or with modification. Original development of materials would additionally fit into this step of the process. The importance of Require learner participation step is emphasized explicitly in the ASSURE model. 46 However, due to the limitation of the problems and time, learner participation was substituted to the Expert judgment evaluation. Afterwards, the Revision step was applied. The modified framework of the ASSURE model is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: The ASSURE Model Smaldino, Lowther, and Russell, 2012 E. Data Collection Techniques and Instruments The research used two kinds of instruments to obtain the research data. The instruments were needs analysis questionnaires and a rating scale of an expert judgment. The questionnaires were structured questionnaires which were based predominantly on closed questions which produce data that can be analyzed quantitatively for patterns and trends. Random sampling technique Analyze learners Select materials and media Utilize media and materials First Draft Expert Judgment Evaluation Revision Final Product