106 P
. van Leeuwen et al. Livestock Production Science 67 2000 101 –111 Table 2
Composition of the maize starch based diets with maize, wheat gluten, faba beans, lupins soybean meal and casein as substituting feedstuffs as fed
Diet 1
2 3
4 5
6 Substituted feedstuff
Maize Wheat glutenmeal
Faba beans Lupins
Soy-bean meal Casein
Content substituted 82.82
17.90 51.00
54.00 33.00
18.00 feedstuff
Wheatgluten meal 9.40
Maize starch 51.90
26.78 24.98
43.30 53.35
Glucose 15.00
15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00
Soybean oil 1.50
1.00 1.00
1.00 Cellulose
5.00 2.00
5.00 CaCO
0.90 0.80
0.90 0.80
0.85 1.20
2
CaHPO ?2H O
2.00 2.25
1.85 1.60
1.75 1.60
4 2
NaCl 0.50
0.50 0.50
0.50 0.50
0.50 MgO
0.20 0.20
KHCO 1.30
1.80 0.20
0.40 1.50
3
NaHCO 0.30
0.40 0.30
0.30 0.35
0.40
3
L
-Lysine ?HCl
0.50 0.50
L
-Threonine
L
-Tryptophan 0.03
0.02 0.04
DL
-Methionine 0.20
0.13 Vitamin-trace element
2.25 2.25
2.25 2.25
2.25 2.25
a
mixture Analyzed content
CP N 36.25
16.0 15.3
16.2 15.8
16.1 15.4
a
Contributed the following vitamin sources, additional minerals and trace elements per kg of ration: vitamin E, 37.5 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; niacin, 30 mg;
D
-pantothenic acid, 15 mg; choline chloride, 120 mg; vitamin B 0.45 mg; vitamin K , 3 mg; vitamin A, 9000 IU; vitamin
12 3
D , 1800 IU; KI, 0.81 mg and CoSO ?7H O, 7 mg; FeSO ?7H O, 0.4 g; CuSO ?5H O, 0.1 g; MnO , 0.07 g; ZnSO ?H O, 0.3 g. This
3 4
2 4
2 4
2 2
4 2
mixture was supplied with 20 ppm Tylosine as an antibiotic.
determined in the present experiment using roosters additional experiments not presented. During this
and from previously determined aDC data using pigs period, the weights of the animals were slightly
van Leeuwen et al., 1996b. The model used to higher or unchanged compared to the weight prior to
correlate the aDC CP and aDC AA determined in the surgery.
roosters and pigs was y 5 ax 1 c where y5aDC CP
Results of the amino acid analysis of the diets determined in roosters and x
5aDC CP determined in have been previously reported van Leeuwen et al.,
pigs. 1996b. The ileal aDC CP and aDC AA measured in
The calculations were conducted using SPSS roosters are presented in Table 3. The aDC CP of the
PC 1V5.0 software Norusis, 1992.
maize–wheat gluten based diet diet 1, the wheat- gluten diet diet 2 and the casein diet diet 6 were
significantly P ,0.05 different from those of the
3. Results faba bean diet diet 3, lupin diet diet 4 and
soybean meal diet diet 5. Differences between Feed intake of the roosters 2 weeks post-surgery
these diets were also found for the apparent di- was similar to the feed intake prior to the surgeries.
gestibility of the indispensable amino acids, with the The weight of roosters decreased an average of
exception of lysine. The standard error of the mean approximately 100 g following surgery. The roosters
S.E.M. was, in general, less than 0.02 of the mean were kept for more than 1 year and were used for
digestibility values.
P . van Leeuwen et al. Livestock Production Science 67 2000 101 –111
107 Table 3
Apparent digestibility of dry matter DM, crude protein CP 5N36.25 amino acids AA of the diets
Diet S.E.M.
1 2
3 4
5 6
Substituted feedstuff Maize
Wheat glutenmeal Faba beans
Lupins Soy-bean meal
Casein
b,c a,b
c d
c a
Dry matter 0.83
0.86 0.82
0.66 0.82
0.87 0.011
b a
c c
c a,b
Crude protein 0.88
0.92 0.81
0.84 0.81
0.90 0.012
Indispensable amino acids
a,b d
a,b b,c
a c,d
Arginine 0.85
0.91 0.85
0.87 0.84
0.89 0.010
a a
b b
b a
Histidine 0.87
0.85 0.76
0.80 0.78
0.88 0.015
b a
d b,c
c,d b
Isoleucine 0.86
0.92 0.77
0.82 0.78
0.86 0.014
a a
c b
c a
Leucine 0.91
0.94 0.81
0.85 0.81
0.93 0.012
a b
b,c c
c d
Lysine 0.73
0.78 0.80
0.84 0.83
0.93 0.015
b a
d c
bc a
Methionine 0.86
0.93 0.72
0.81 0.84
0.92 0.016
b a
c c
c a,b
Phenylalanine 0.88
0.93 0.80
0.82 0.81
0.90 0.012
a a
b b
b a
Threonine 0.81
0.84 0.73
0.74 0.74
0.86 0.021
b a
d b,c
cd a
Valine 0.85
0.92 0.77
0.82 0.79
0.90 0.012
Dispensable amino acids
a a
b b
b a
Alanine 0.85
0.89 0.73
0.76 0.75
0.85 0.017
a a
a a
a b
Aspartic acid 0.81
0.82 0.81
0.83 0.80
0.88 0.015
b a
d c
d c
Glutamic acid 0.94
0.97 0.85
0.90 0.86
0.90 0.010
b a
d b,c
cd a,b
Glycine 0.84
0.89 0.77
0.82 0.79
0.85 0.014
b a
d c
cd b
proline 0.91
0.96 0.82
0.85 0.83
0.92 0.011
b a
c b,c
c b,c
Serine 0.88
0.92 0.80
0.84 0.81
0.84 0.015
b a
d b,c
cd a
Tyrosine 0.85
0.91 0.77
0.82 0.79
0.91 0.014
b a
d c
cd a,b
Sum of analyzed AA 0.88
0.92 0.80
0.84 0.81
0.89 0.012
a,b,c,d
Different letters in the same row indicate a significant difference P ,0.05.
Correlations between the ileal aDC CP and AA roosters did not change indicates that the condition
determined in roosters and pigs are presented in of the animals was unchanged which implies that the
Table 4. Fig. 3 shows the aDC CP, aDC Ile, Lys, supply of minerals was adequate. Moreover, the
Met, Thr and Ser determined in the pigs x-axis and flexible silicon cannulas did not give any tissue
2
roosters y-axis. The correlation coefficients R of reaction and did not seem to interfere with the
aDC CP and aDC AA determined in roosters and animals health status.
pigs ranged from 0.62 to 0.90, with the exception of The measurements made in this experiment have a
2
Arg R 50.49.
low variation Table 3 and compare well with measurements in other reports Green and Kiener,
1989; Fuller et al., 1994. In the present experiment,
4. Discussion diets which were already prepared for an experiment
