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v is the same as when it is pronounced on the base ending with n which is ətʃə
r
. Thus, the word curvature is pronounced as ˈkɜːvətʃə
r
.
3. Borrowing
As mentioned in chapter 1 before, the suffix {-ure} is a borrowing suffix from French {-ure} and Latin {-ura}. Hence, there are many words on the data
collected which are classified as loan words and that must be analyzed using diachronic approach. Based on the diachronic data, most of the words are
originated from Latin rather than French. The total number of diachronic data is fifty seven words. Those words are divided into two categories. The first category
is the data which have no base in neither Latin nor French. It means, those data borrow the words entirely without any addition of the suffix {-ure}. The second
category is the data which have a base in either Latin or French. In other words, the data in this category are the data having {-ure} as a suffix. Below are the
examples of the first category.
Table 3. Diachronic Data Having No Latin or French Bases NO.
WORD LATIN
FRENCH
1 Adventure
- aventure
2 Culture
cultura culture
3 Gesture
gestura -
4 Structure
structura structure
5 Treasure
- tresor
Those loan words are not formed from a base being added to the suffix {-ure} in French or the suffix {-ura} in Latin. They borrow the Latin or French
words entirely. The word culture, for instance, is not formed from Latin cult- + {-ura} or French cult- + {-ure}. It is directly from Latin cultura and French
culture. Another example is the word treasure. It is originated from French tresor,
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based on Greek thēsauros. After experiencing an adjustment in English, tresor turns into treasure. In contrast to the table above, below is the second category
containing some examples of loan words having a base.
Table 4. Diachronic Data Having Latin or French Bases NO.
WORD LATIN LATIN BASE
FRENCH FRENCH
BASE
1 Furniture
- -
fourniture fournir
2 Imposture
imposit- imposture
- -
3 Lecture
lect- lectura
- -
4 Ligature
ligat- ligatura
- -
5 Picture
pict- pictura
- -
The loan words in this category are formed from either a French or Latin base which is added to the suffix {-ure} or {-ura}. For example, the word lecture
comes from Latin lectura. It is formed from the Latin base lect- + {-ura}. Nevertheless, there are some words which are not attached to the suffix {-ure} or
{-ura} yet the allomorph of it. For instance, the word furniture is originated from French fourniture. It has the French base fournir or in Old French written as
furnir meaning ‘to furnish’. The base fournir + {-ure} does not become fournirure instead of fourniture. The last phoneme of the base which is ‘r’ is
omitted and replaced with the allomorph {-ture}. Another example of the loan word attached to the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} is ligature. It is originated
from Latin ligatura which is formed from the Latin base ligat + {-ura}.
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B. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure}
There are some phonological changes that occur in the process of adding the suffix {-ure} on the bases. This process is known as morphophonemic
process. Segment insertion, segment deletion, vowel reduction, consonant change, and vowel change are the kinds of morphophonemic processes that occur after the
suffixation of the suffix {-ure}. In analyzing the morphophonemic process, the International Phonetic
Alphabet IPA is necessary. The International Phonetic Alphabet of the data in this undergraduate thesis is taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English Ninth Edition 2015. Due to the fact that a word can experience more than one morphophonemic process, the number of one morphophonemic
processes is not be the same as the number of the words. Below is the table of the morphophonemic processes occuring in the words attached to the suffix {-ure}.
Table 5. The Morphophonemic Processes Occurring in the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure}
NO. MORPHOPHONEMIC
PROCESS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 Consonant Change
22 61.1
2 Vowel Insertion
7 19.4
3 Vowel Change
3 8.3
4 Segment Deletion
2 5.6
5 Vowel Reduction
2 5.6
TOTAL 36
100
