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3. Minor Word Formation Processes
A word formation process can be defined as a process which is used to form a word by taking, adding, removing, or even changing the structure of a
wordwords. There are many processes that can be used to form a word. Below are the explanation of word formation processes, such as borrowing, clipping,
conversion, cliticization, and blends.
a. Borrowing
Yule 2010 defines borrowing as ―a process of taking over of words from
other languages ‖ p. 54. However, according to Zapata 2007, the language that
borrows the terms usually adapts the phonology and morphology of the borrowed words. Hence, borrowed words do not copy the same from their original language.
Yule 2010 gives some examples of borrowed words in English, such as ―croissant French, piano Italian, pretzel German, sofa Arabic, tattoo
Tahitian, tycoon Japanese, yogurt Turkish, and zebra Bantu ‖ p. 54.
b. Compounding
According to O‘Grady and de Guzman 2010, a process of creating a
larger word by combining some lexical categories is called compounding. Compounding can happen in some categories: a noun, a verb, an adjective, or a
preposition. In English, compound words can be written separately as two words, as one word separated by hyphen, or even as one word without hyphen. The table
below shows some examples of compounding from some lexical categories: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Table 2.2 Some examples of compounding noun + noun
verb + noun adjective + noun
preposition + noun
toothpaste swimming pool
happy hour underground
bedroom driving license
software in-laws
noun + verb verb + verb
adjective + verb preposition +
verb
rainfall dropkick
dry cleaning overlook
haircut break dance
public speaking underestimate
noun + adjective adjective +
adjective preposition +
adjective
nationwide deep blue
over ripe
c. Cliticization
O‘Grady and de Guzman 2010 define clitics as ―some words which are unable to stand alone as independent forms for phonological reasons‖ p. 138. A
process of attaching clitics to a word is called cliticization. In cliticization, there are two types of clitics: enclitics and proclitics
. ―Enclitics are clitics that attach to the end of their host while proclitics are clitics that attach to the beginning of their
host‖ O‘Grady de Guzman, 2010, p. 138. The examples of enclitics are ‘m in I’m I am, ‘ll in you’ll you will, ‘ve in they’ve they have, and ‘d in he’d he
had or he would. On the other hand, proclitics often occur in Indonesian. For example, proclitics happen in this sentence: ―Kumakan roti itu.‖ The clitic ku- in
kumakan, which means I eat, is a proclitic since the clitic ku- is attached to the beginning of the word makan, as its host.
d. Conversion
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