RESULTS AND ANALYSIS A Metafunction analysis on Seno Gumira Ajidarma`s `Clara`, the English translation version.

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents of the result and the analyses of metafunctions and register devices of ‗Clara‘ which respectively include the analyses of meta- functions divided in three parts namely ideational, interpersonal and textual meta- functions and register devices which also divided into three part field, tenor and mode. These two analyses, metafunctions and register devices, are based on the core of metafunctions which is associated by the analysis of transitivity and logico-semantic, mood structure and theme pattern. These analyses function to answer the first and second questions 1 What meta-functions are applied in „Clara‟? And 2 How are meta-functions realized in register situational context in text to reveal the meaning of „Clara‟? In analyzing this short story, as mentioned previously, I categorize clauses spoken by Clara and civilian security guard narrator, two main characters of ‗Clara‘. 4.1. Metafunction Analyses Metafunctions as mentioned previously includes three devices namely ideational, interpersonal and textual function therefore the analyses of which are specified into three analyses; ideational analysis, interpersonal analysis and textual analysis. These three analyses associated by transitivity and clause complex analysis, mood structure, and theme pattern. The following pointers therefore are shown or pointed based on each analysis and the understanding of register theory are fused with the analyses of metafunctions because both 39 metafunctions and register devices are associated by three analyses which support one another. In analysis of transitivity structure, six processes which are respectively called by material process, mental process, behavioral process, relational and existential process are found and discussed. In this research, these grouping furthermore, function to reveal meaning and to know how, where, what social setting of the text produced so that from these analyses are shown whether Clara and civilian security guard narrator are objects goal range or subject actor of that heartbreaking humanity tragedy described in ‗Clara‘. These probabilities are specified in these following analyses.

4.1.1. Transitivity Structure Experiential Meaning

The experiential meaning analysis are associated by the system of transitivity subdivided into some process types namely material process, mental process, behavioral process, verbal process, existential process and relational process, verbal process, and behavioral process which respectively describe the process of doing, sensing, doing and sensing, saying, existing and being. The following tables present the total number of process in ‗Clara‘. As Table 4.1 shows, there are 422 processes in ‗Clara‘ which are derived from processes from main characters; Clara and civilian security guard narrator which respectively consist of 220 and 202 processes. Shown at this table, material process and relational process are dominant processes used in ‗Clara‘ with 186 and 105 processes. The mental process occupies the third list with 56 processes. The fewest processes are the behavioral process, the verbal process and existential process which respectively have 36, 32 and 7 occurrences but both behavioral and verbal process are little bit equilibrate. Table 4.1 The Total of Processes in ‘Clara’ Character M at er ial Pr oc ess M en tal Pr oc ess B eh aviora l Pro ce ss Ve rb al Pr oc ess Re lation al Pr oc ess E xiste n tial Pr oc ess T ot al Pr oc ess Charac te r Clara 121 27 11 12 44 5 220 28 6 3 3 10 1 51 Narrator 66 27 26 19 61 2 202 16 7 6 4 14 2 49 Clara Narrator 186 1 56 3 36 4 32 5 105 2 7 6 422 Total Process 44 13 9 7 24 3 100 Each process above is specified into detailed analysis as below which cover the six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential process. As mentioned above that each process relating to sentences spoken by the apparatus and Clara is separated to denote two descriptions perspectives about Indonesia derived form that categorization.

4.1.1.1. Material Process

The material process is a process of ‗doing.‘ It expresses the notion that entity ‗does‘ something to some other entities. It can be probed by asking: what did x do? Or what did x do to y. There are usually three participants in this process namely Actor and Goal Range. These three participants are respectively comparable to Subject and Object. This process as mentioned previously can be active or passive which respectively well-known as operative or receptive. The following tables are two tables specifying material process spoken by Clara and narrator which derived from sentences spoken by Clara Table 4.2 and narrator Table 4.3. Both processes respectively consist of 120 and 66 processes or 28 and 16 of each character see Table 4.1. Table 4.2 Material Process in Clauses Spoken by Clara Kinds of Participants and Process Type Actors fires, my MBW, they, you, I, papa, the wheels, some of people, he, the grimy of bottom, the dank breeze, someone, it, a stooped old woman, she, gang of people and etc. Material Processes avoid, balloon, bankrupt, bear 3x, brake, bring 2x, burn 3x, buy, carry 2x, catch, collapse, come 6x, cover, discover, divide, drive, dug, dump, ensure, fell, fire, fly 3x, get 4x, go 3x, grab, grind, heal, hit, hold down 2x, hurt, instigate, jam, keep, kick, kiss, leave, left, live, loot 2x, move 3x, need, open 2x, pay 2x, peer into, pick up, plaster, plunge, pound, pull 3x, pump, race 2x, rape, rub, rummage, run 3x, save, scatter, scuffle, slap 2x, slip off, smash, snatch away, sped, sprawl, squeeze, step, step, stand, stop 2x, stung, surround, take care, take, tear, teeter, throw, took 2x, torch 2x, trap 2x, try 2x, turn, vanish, wear 4x, work, wrap Goals Ranges neighbors houses, papa, mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters, members of my family, the front windshield of the BMW, I Clara, my cheek, my mouth, my skirt, and etc. Table 4.3 Material Process in Clauses Spoken by the Narrator Kinds of Participants and Process Type Actors I, the woman, no tears, and old woman, an office boy, my situation, the cloth, you, she etc. Material processes born, bruise, built, burn 3x, come, cover, drape, drive, dye 3x, fell, get, get wind, go 3x, go home, hell, help, hold, improve, indicate, let, make 5x, manage, point, prove 2x, pull 3x,put 4x, rape 5x, remove, ride, sat, scatter, slip down, split, sprawled naked, stand up, take 3x, transform, walk, walk home, wear 3x Goals Ranges She, the story…, I, they, your panties, you, shop, hear hair, and etc. The material process as seen in Table 4.1 is the most process used in ‗Clara‘. The sentences spoken by Clara and narrator respectively consist of 120 and 66 processes. This indicates that the author principally concerns with representing actions and event. Both tables above consist of verbs showing actions and events derived from clauses spoken by Clara and narrator. As seen in Table 4.2 and by observing the analysis of transitivity analysis attached in appendices, can be specified that there are some actors and goals ranges used by author to describe the actions and events of text. The same with Table 4.2, Table 4.3 also consists of verbs indicating action verbs and participants of material process; actor and goal range. It functions to describe whether Clara or narrator experience tragedy or they are actor of that tragedy. Both actions and events can be proved by asking the following questions: what did x do? or what did x do to y. The following sentences are examples of material process of Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 which respectively are sentences spoken by Clara and narrator.  Examples of material process grouped in Table 4.2 and derived from clauses spoken by Clara: 1 The neighbors houses had been looted clause 40 2 Papa, Mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters were trapped in the house clause 41i 3 …and they couldnt Fn get away clause 41ii 4 …members of my family were trapped like rats in their own home? clause 68 5 the front windshield of the BMW was smashed in clause 100ii 6 I was pulled roughly out through the window clause 108 7 I was thrown down on the toll road like a gunny sack clause 109 8 My cheek was plastered to the scored surface of the toll road clause 112 9 My skirt had already slipped off clause 162 10 The grimy bottom of a foot was jammed into my mouth, silencing me clause 158  Examples of material process grouped in Table 4.3 and derived from clauses spoken by the narrator. 11 her hair was dyed red clause 6i 12 after all she drives a BMW clause 268i 13 the cloth covering her slipped down bit to make an issue of being raped clause 278 14 she was only wearing a cloth clause 243 15 She was sprawled naked by the roadside clause 245 16 an old woman had helped her from a kampong by the toll road clause 244 17 her words were scattered about without being linked together clause 27 18 Ive never even had a ride in a BMW clause 273 19 for years now I‟ve been assigned to make report clause 31i 20 so the story [[that you are about to hear]] isnt built from her sentences…clause 30 Based on examples 1 – 10, clauses spoken by Clara, and by referring to mood structure and transitivity analysis attached in appendices page 97 can be understood the underlined words are material process therefore all phrases assigned by which are actors or goal or range. Because most of which are made in receptive clauses, these then indicate that Clara is an object of this actions. Observed from examples 1 – 10, phrases neighbors houses, papa, mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters, members of my family, the front windshield of the BMW, I, My cheek, my mouth, and my skirt are assigned to Clara a goal or victim of that tragedy which is done by the Actors but as these examples proposed that the actor is more suppressed than that showed. It is grasped from the choice of structures that most of which are receptive where Clara is a goal of material process but however, the actor can be Indonesian because this tragedy happen in Indonesia. Examples 11 – 20 are clauses spoken by narrator. As these clauses present, the author make them in two forms; operative and receptive. Based on these clause therefore can be grasped that sometimes these clauses presents the situation experienced by Clara and sometimes function to describe the activities done by narrator and sometimes attribute both Clara and narrator. Examples 11 – 12 attribute Clara who has BMW and dye her hair red. Examples 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 present the sufferings experienced by Clara who was raped and sprawled naked by the road then founded by an old woman from a kampong by the toll road. This tragedy makes her words are scattered about without being linked together. Unlike with the kinds of clauses used by examples 1 – 10 which pattern receptive, the clauses in 11 – 20 include two kinds of pattern namely operative and receptive. Based on these various patterns, these clauses show that Clara narrator not only become a goal or range of certain material process but sometimes she also becomes an actor as examples 11 and 12. From the total of process however, indicates that Clara is a Goal or victims of that heartbreaking tragedy.

4.1.1.2 Mental Process

Mental process is a process of feeling, thinking and seeing. The participant of mental process is called Senser and it must be a conscious human participant but for nature of the non-active participant is phenomenon – something is thought, felt or perceived by the conscious Senser. Table 4.4 and Table 4.5 below are mental processes derived from the sentences spoken by Clara and narrator. These processes respectively amount to 27 and 29 processes or 6 and 7 . Mental process as mentioned previously divided into four divisions namely perception, affection, cognition and violation. These processes can be proved by verbs such as seeing, hearing, noticing, feeling tasting, smelling for perception, liking, loving, admiring, missing, fearing, heating for affection, thinking, believing, knowing, doubting, remembering, forgetting for cognition and wanting, needing, intending desiring, hoping and wishing for violation. These processes are included in the following tables – Table 4.4 and Table 4.5. Table 4.4 Mental Process in Clauses Spoken by Clara Kinds of Participants and Process Type Sensers I Clara, they Mental Processes care, feel 2x, hate, hear, hear, know 6x, notice, see 7x, suppose, think 2x, thrust, want 2x Phenomenon about all the recent disturbances, what was going on, fires lighting up the night, a gang of people, them over, the Chinese, my boyfriend, my hand phone light blinking rapidly, the language for it, my fathers message, a spear, etc. Table 4.5 Mental Process in Clauses Spoken by the Narrator Kinds of Participants and Process Type Sensers You the reader, I the narrator, she Clara, you Clara Mental Processes Admit, believe, confess, feel moved, felt 5x, hate, imagined, know, know 3x, see 4x, silhouette, trust, want 4x Phenomenon my true identity, this woman, the words, human being, the dime novels sold on street corners, an emotion, a certain way about the rich, her feet, her Clara Mental processes as mentioned deals with the process of perception, affection, cognition and violation experienced by Clara and narrator. The following clauses are some examples of two tables above – Table 4.4 and Table 4.5 – which are derived from clauses spoken Clara and narrator.  Examples of mental process grouped in Table 4.4 and derived from clauses spoken by Clara: 21 … Id heard about all the recent disturbances clause 70 22 To the left and right I could see fires lighting up the night clause 81 23 But up ahead I saw a gang of people clause 85 24 Good lord can they really hate the Chinese so much clause 101 25 Frankly speaking I didnt know what was going on clause 72 26 I only know Indonesian and enough English clause 209i 27 I saw rough and grimy feet [wearing flip- clause 113 28 I felt my skirt being pulled down clause 153 29 I dont know the language for it clause 208 30 …I only knew projected that I loved him clause 146  Examples of mental process grouped in Table 4.5 and derived from clauses spoken by the narrator: 31 I should have felt for her clause 165 32 …even though in all honesty I„ll admit her story… clause 15 33 At least I feel moved by the dime novels sold on street corners clause 166 34 She Told her tale in language [[that Was impossible to understand]] clause 16 35 …it seems as if what she‟d experiences and felt couldn‟t be put in sentences clause 19 36 in the light of the lamp the curves of her body were silhouetted clause 303 37

I, too felt like raping her clause 306

38 You will never know who I really am clause 311 39 …and of course I feel a certain way about the rich clause 274 40 I hate them clause 276 Examples 21 – 30 above are clauses spoken by Clara, based on these examples, we know some phenomena that Clara experiences, thinks, knows, and cares with. Examples 21 – 24 for instances, show the heartbreaking tragedy about 1998 where there was recent disturbances described by everywhere lighting fires which done by ‗Indonesian‘. In example 23 and clauses before it clauses, as narrated that gang of people are then burn Clara‘s car. Clara, as narrated in this short story Clauses 53 and 54 is a gi rl who runs here and there for his family‘s business which is nearly bankrupt because of the ballooned of dollar. Supported by example 24, Clara does not what is going on and why does it happen but refers to field the first part of register theory of text discourse, can be grasped that it is just goal of for years- abhorrence of Indonesian above ‗red‘ people, Chinese where Chinese is a group of people who is lucky in economical problem rather than the indigenes, besides Indonesian, for years has been indoctrinated that the people who are red are dangerous see clause 9 therefore supported by for years abhorrence and poverty of the red people make them care about love, being a human not. As shown in examples 26 and 30, Clara is a girl who knows only Indonesia and enough English and even she a Chinese, her sweet heart is Indonesian, Javanese. In this sentence, the author describe a inversely description that the Chinese girl, Clara is a honest lover who does not care whether her boy friend Chinese or not, as example 30 proposes that Clara only knows that she love him. Another phenomena felt by Clara is as she experiences bad treatment by ‗Indonesian‘ so what she experience make her psychologically so shocked that she has no words for describes it. This description is probably intended for heartbreaking impression made by the author of this short story. Examples 31 – 40 are clauses spoken by narrator, a civilian security guard. These examples show us some phenomena about Clara and narrator, the nature of human being, the bad political situation of Indonesia which is respectively presented details in examples 31 – 37 and 38 – 40. Examples 31 – 37 describe the side of human nature of narrator, a civilian security guard who felt for Clar a‘s story and what she experiences but however the beautifulness of Clara makes him feel raping. The character of narrator as the author narrates in this short story a person which is impossible to know, what happen in his heart, nobody know it example 38. Examples 39 and 40 furthermore show us the issues about the ‗notoriety‘ and ‗dangerousness‘ of Chinese where Indonesian, as examples 46 in behavioral process analysis proposed that for years, narrator presenting the Indonesian has been indoctrinated with idea that the Chinese dangerous. The dangerousness of which refers to the Indonesian communist party where Indonesian has bad experience with it.

4.1.1.3 Behavioral Process

Behavioral process is typically process of physiological and psychological behavior. That process semantically is as a ‗half-way house‘ meaning a process work for mental and material process or a process occupies between mental and material process. This realizes the mid-way between materials on the one hand and mental on the other. The majority of Behavioral processes have only one participant namely Behavar who must be a conscious being. It is the name for naming the subject which has verbs typically include physiological and psychological verb. As material process and mental process, in behavioral process, I also categorize the verbs indicating physiological and psychological behavior into two categorizations; clauses spoken by Clara and clauses spoken by the narrator. As seen in Table 4.1, there are 11 behavioral processes in clauses spoken by Clara and 25 processes in clauses spoken by the narrator or there are respectively 3 and 6 of whole process found in ‗Clara‘. The Table 4.6 and Table 4.7 below are whole verbs found in each process of behavioral process. Table 4.6 Behavioral process in Clauses Spoken by Clara Kinds of Participants and Process Type Behavers The people, I Clara, they Behavioral processes Annoy, care, Glance, look, love, scream, see, shake, shout, Stood, submerge Phenomenon Having their profit, in business matters, at the headlines in the newspapers, the photo, Him, what happened to me?, fire as a kind of beauty Table 4.7 Behavioral process in Clauses Spoken by the Narrator Kinds of Participants and Process Type Behavers I Clara, she Clara, the woman Clara, I the narrator, you Clara, no animal Behavioral processes commit, cry 2x, endure, experience, faint, faint, flare, got a glimpse, ignore, indoctrinate, lost consciousness, moved, need, shouted, show, sleep 2x, sob, stare, stare, suppose, trust, understand, weep Phenomenon Her tale, with the idea…, so great a burden of suffering merely, your feelings, you, my report, the fact, her shoulder, etc. The following are sentences derived from examples of Table 4.6  Examples of behavioral process grouped in Table 4.6 and derived from clauses spoken by Clara: 41 …and the people there are already annoyed about having their profits clause 6 42 I was seeing fire as a kind of beauty clause 199 43 In the midst of such a vast universe, who cared what happened to me? clause 195 44 I d been too deeply submerged in business matters clause 7 45 I only glanced at the headlines in the newspapers clause 74  Examples of behavioral process grouped in Table 4.7 and derived from clauses spoken by the narrator: 46 the woman wept , I should have felly for her clause 164 47 sometimes she fainted clause 187 48 she started crying again clause 183 49 it seems as if what shed experienced and felt what couldnt be put into sentences clause 19 50 I could never have imagined [[that a human being should have to endure]] so great a burden of suffering merely]] clause 23 51 I was almost moved even before she began to tell her story clause 21 and 22 52 for years I„ve been indoctrinated with the idea [[that people who are red]] are dangerous clause 9 53 I ignored the fact clause 242 54 anger flared from her eyes for an instant clause 283 55 She stared at me a look of disbelief on her face clause 261 Examples 41 - 45 and 46 – 55 are respectively behavioral process derived from clauses spoken by Clara and narrator. Closely related to processes in mental process, these processes show the phenomena experienced by both main characters; Clara, narrator and even Indonesian. Those phenomena are profits, business matters, the headlines in the newspapers, something experienced by Clara what happened to me and fire as a kind of beauty. As seen in clause 41, the author gives us information that profits are something annoys ‗Indonesian‘, it then make them feeling jealous and angry to the situation the feel. In this case Indonesian is Behaver, someone who does and feels something happen. Clauses 42 and 43 present the situation that Clara experience s after he experience the heartbreaking tragedy. In clause ―I was seeing fire as a kind of beauty” proposes the situation she sees after being raped and for being born as Chinese, no one care of her then because for years Indonesian have been indoctrinated that Chinese in dangerous example 46 clause 9, while clauses 44 and 45 are about who are busier about her businesses and she does not care of what happen around her. Examples 46 – 55 are clauses spoken by the narrator, all these clauses as a whole show us the tragedy experienced by Clara physically and psychologically. In examples 46 – 51 can be understood how she experiences the brutally till what she can do is crying and sometimes fainted and crying again when she wake up. The sufferings she experiences couldnt be put into sentences. She should have to endure so great a burden of suffering because of born as Chinese. Unlike what these clauses propose, examples 52 – 55 are about the narrator, the narrator as mentioned here one of Indonesians who has been indoctrinated for years with the idea that people who are red are dangerous and Clara, as narrated in clauses 5 6i 6ii and 7 which are attached in appendices at mood and transitivity analysis, is a person who dyes her hair red therefore the narrator is little bit apprehensive about the fact and prefers to ignore her even he is almost moved before she began to tell her story. Examples 54 and 55 are such accumulation of what Clara experiences as shown in examples 46 – 51, in both clauses are described that Clara is anger and disbelieve in the narrator who interrogating her with rather impolite questions such as ―what happened after your panties were removed?”, “if you dont tell me, what am I supposed to put in my report ” see clauses 190 191i 191ii in mood structure and transitivity analysis in page 97.

4.1.1.4 Verbal Process

The verbal process is a process of saying and expressed by verbs such as say, tell, ask, reply, and suggest. The verbal process typically contains three participants: Sayer, Receiver and Verbiage. The Sayer is the participant who is responsible for the verbal process. Receiver or Addressee is the one to whom the verbal process is directed: the beneficiary of a verbal message occurring with or without a preposition depending on position in the clause. The Verbiage is a nominalized statement of the verbal process: a noun expressing some kind of verbal behavior e.g. statement, questions, retort, answer, story, etc.. The Table 4.8 and Table 4.9 below are verbal processes derived from clauses spoken by Clara and the narrator which respectively consist 13 and 19 or 3 and 4. Both characters consist of 32 processes and occupy the fifth list of the most process range namely 7 of whole processes in ‗Clara‘. Table 4.8 Verbal Process in Clauses Spoken by Clara Kinds of Participants and Process Type Sensers They, mama, she, papa, I Clara, people Verbal processes answer 2x, call 2x, continue, decide, express 2x, say 5x, speak Receiver Addressee verbiage me Clara, them riots, him gang of people, a word of Chinese, the pain, the humiliation, the bitterness Table 4.9 Verbal Process in Clauses Spoken by the Narrator Kinds of Participants and Process Type Sensers people this woman Clara, she Clara, you Clara, the old woman, I the narrator Verbal Processes call, interrogate, say, speak 2x, tell 4x Receiver Addressee verbiage it brown, her tale, reports, her story, her, me, it news, all this news, you the reader, anyone. The verbal processes grouped in both tables above can be seen in the following examples. Examples 56 – 63 are clauses spoken by Clara, while examples 64 – 70 are clauses spoken by the narrator.  Examples of verbal process grouped in Table 4.8 and derived from clauses spoken by Clara: 56 …So Papa decided [[that I would be would the one to try to ensure [[that the profits from our joint ventures]] in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increase clauses 62 and 63 57 They called the students demonstrations riots clause 71 58 Im Indonesian, I said but I was shaking clauses 104i, 104ii and 105 59 I didnt have to answer him clause 131ii 60 …but I cant speak a word of Chinese in any dialect except those words clause 211 61 …oh I cant express how much my heart Ached clauses 205 and 206 62 ...if the Comprehensive Indonesian Dictionary contains the words to express the pain, the humiliation, the bitterness clause 215ii 63 The main thing is you‟ll be safe. You know, mama continued clauses 51i, 51ii, and 52  Examples of verbal process grouped in Table 4.9 and derived from clauses spoken by the narrator: 64 her hair was dyed red [actually brown] but people call it red clauses 6i, 6ii, and 7 65 I had no reason to believe the words that this woman spoke clause 14 66 she told her tale in language [[that was impossible to understand]]her tale clause 16 67 I was almost am moved even before she began to tell her tale clauses 21 and 22 68 What kind of burden of suffering could a human being experience [[that would render her unable to speak coherently?clause 29 69 she still kept telling her story in fits and starts clause 184 70 if you dont tell me what am I supposed to put in my report clauses 191i and 191ii As seen in above examples of verbal processes can be seen that all underlined verbs are verbal processes. In general, all phrases to which transitivity are assigned are participants called receiver or addressees and to which transitivity are referred are Sayer. The phrases clauses [[that I would be would the one to try to ensure [[that the profits from our joint ventures]] in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao, the students demonstrations riots, Im Indonesian, him, a word of Chinese in any dialect except those words, and how much my heart ached are addressee receiver verbiage. As seen in appendices page 97 and forth, all clauses phrases above function as verbiage Vb except the phrase in example 58. These functions means that in generally, these clauses are about Clara‘s business, demonstration of 1998 tragedies, admission of Clara of who she is as Indonesian and Chinese and something experience during the tragedy, while the clauses 62 and 63 respectively deal with what proposed by clause in example 61 and the hopes of Clara‘s mama on her safe. These three clauses show us the heartbreaking tragedy experienced by Clara. The phrases in which transitivity referred, as mentioned above, are Sayers therefore papa, they, I, and you are Sayers. The meanings of Sayer here are the person who takes a part in this conversation dialogues. Regarded as examples 56 – 63, examples 64 – 70 also consist of receivers addressees or verbiages. The phrases it ...brown, the words, her tale in language [[that was impossible to understand]] her tale, her tale, telling what kind of burden of suffering, her story, me and Clara‟s tale functioned as verbiages Vb except the phrase me in example 70 because me here functions as receiver Rv, while the Sayers of these clauses are people, this woman, she, she her which is as whole refers to Clara which is told by the narrator. 4.1.1.5 Relational Process Relational process is a process covering the attributive, identity and possessive symbolizing of entities. Attributive, identifying, and possessive are three subtypes of relational processes. The meaning of attributive is that „x is a number of the class a‟ and attributive is also a nominal group, typically an indefinite nominal introduced by a an while Identifying is that „x serve to define the identity of y.‟ The verbs which are grouped into this process are be and linking verb which such as is, am, are, was, were, etc. and become, seem, cost, look, sound, smell, weight and of thinking capacity. Relational process, as other processes, has some terms for its participant namely Carrier vs. Attribute and Token vs. Value. The Carrier and Token are normally mapped onto the Subject, while Attribute and Value are normally onto the complement. These two pairs of participants are respectively functioning as subject and object. Relational process, as seen in Table 4.1, occupies the second list of the most process found in ‗Clara‘ with 105 occurrences or 24 of whole processes in ‗Clara‘ these 105 processes as previous processes are grouped based on the speakers of the clauses; Clara and the narrator which respectively have 44 processes and 61 processes or 10 and 14 of whole processes. The following are some examples of relational processes derived from the clauses spoken by Clara and the narrator.  Examples of relational processes in clauses spoken by Clara: 71 I m Indonesian clause 104i 72 I m only a Chinese woman clause 212 73 …he was Javanese or Chinese clause 146 74 Chinese is very rich in terms for describing feelings clause 210 75 …[[that the automobile owner is a macho show-off]] clause 86 76 their feet were grimy and covered with dried mud clause… 77 The expression on the face of the person [[who put his foot in my mouth]] Was icy cold clauses 159 78 …the main thing is youll be safe clause 50 79 we dont have any money clause 58i 80 I dug in my heels about not firing our workers aside from feeling bad about it because it would only cause disturbances anyway clauses 55 and 56  Examples of relational process in clauses spoken by the narrator: 81 …I am a dog clauses 1 82 …I am a pig clauses 2 83 …it is a simple job clauses 35 84 …what was in her head was red as well clauses 11 85 …her heart was red too clauses 12 86 that didnt mean the woman wasnt attractive clauses 266 87 her lips were agape clauses 264 88 she was really beautiful and attractive clauses 304 89 The problem is according to the scientists, no animal commits rape clauses 312 and 313 90 …the fact is red has a different meaning for me clauses 8 Examples 71 – 80 are clauses spoken by Clara while examples 81 - 90 are clauses spoken by the narrator. These clauses as a whole describe the attributions or identities of certain entities. As seen in each clause of these examples above, the phrases Indonesian, a Chinese woman, Javanese or Chinese, very rich in terms for describing feelings, a macho show-off, grimy and covered with dried mud, icy cold, and safe are attributes given to carriers which can be observed in examples 71 – 78, while the phrase any money and disturbances anyway as seen in the mood structure and transitivity analysis in page 97 respectively function as Pd and Cr; something possessed and something to which transitivity assigned. The phrases a dog, a pig, a simple job, red as well, red too, the woman wasnt attractive, agape, and really beautiful and attractive are attribute given to carriers listed in examples 81 – 88, while the phrases no animal commits rape and a different meaning for me, as analyzed in mood structure and transitivity analysis attached in appendices in page 97, these both phrases as symbolized by V and Pd. These symbols respectively function to identify the subject and show that it is something possessed by entity called possessor Pr.

4.1.1.6 Existential Process

Existential process typically employ the verb be or synonymous such as exist, arise, occur. The only obligatory participant in the existential process is the Existent which usually follows the there is there are sequence, may be a phenomenon of any kind, is often is fact an event. The following clauses are existential processes derived from clauses spoken by Clara and the narrator.  Examples of existential processes in clauses spoken by Clara: 91 There was a sharp pain in my groin clause 204 92 Who cared what happened to me? clause 195 93 There were already two man clause 152 94 There was a picture of my boyfriend in my wallet clause 127 95 So Papa decided that I would be the one to try to ensure that the profits from our joint ventures in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increased clauses 62 and 63 96 …what trickled down from them would be enough to keep our workers going clause 64  Examples of existential processes in clause spoken by the narrator: 97 Thereve been a lot of cases like this today clause 129 98 The riots are still going on clause 297 99 Maybe what was in her head was red as well clause 11 100 My situation still hasnt improved any and I still havent managed to get rich clauses 271 and 172 These sentences show the existence of certain entitles such as a sharp pain and sufferings experienced by Clara, two men who treat Clara brutally, the picture of her boy friend, the profits from her joint ventures in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao, and something that trickled down from joint ventures, ravishment and so on. Examples 91 – 93 for instances, present the existence of the tragedy of May 1998 which is experienced by Clara where no one who care of her because she is Chinese. Example 94 presents show the allegiance of Clara to her boy friends. These four clauses are existent; the entities which exists in Clara‘s experiences. Examples 95 and 96 are clauses spoken by Clara. These clauses describe the existences of Clara‘s business where Clara as narrated is asked by her father to be the one to try to ensure that the profits from our joint ventures in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increased and from them the workers are kept going. In these two clauses, the author use two words that are synonymous to the word exist therefore they are included into existential process. Examples 97 – 100 furthermore are existential process derived from clauses by the narrator. Closely related with clauses spoken by Clara above, these clauses also show us the existences of entities, in example 97 and 98, the author project the existences of the tragedy, while examples 99 and 100 respectively describes the hesitancy or doubt of the narrator to care of Clara and poorness or penury of the narrator which actually represent the real Indonesian. 4.1.2 Clause Complex Structure Logical Meaning Besides Experiential meaning, ideational metafunction is also subdivided into logical meaning. Logical meaning is realized by the analysis of clause complex‘s structure. Clause complex is the term used by systemicists to name the grammatical and semantic unit formed when two or more clauses are linked together in certain systemic and meaningful ways. The logical meaning and experiential meaning function to express the ideational meanings applied in ‗Clara‘. In logical meaning, there are two analyses used to reveal the logical meaning of the text – ‗Clara‘ namely the analyses of taxis parataxis and hypotaxis and logico-semantic projection and expansion. The two tables below Table 4.10 and Table 4.11 are respectively present clause complex summary of ‗Clara‘ and taxis and logico-semantic relations of ‗Clara‘ Table 4.10 Clause Complex Summary of ‘Clara’ No Types of Clause in Clara Total of Occurrence 1 words in text 2.747 2 sentences in text 309 3 clause simplexes 64 4 clause complexes 89 5 embedded sentences 29 6 clause complexes of 2 clauses 22 7 clause complexes of 3 clauses 5 8 clause complexes of 4 clause 2 As seen in Table 4.10 above, there are 2.747 words in ‗Clara‘ with 309 sentences. In this table, clause simplexes and clause complexes are also shown in ‗Clara‘ which respectively consist of 64 and 89 clauses. As shown in this table as well, there are embedded sentences, clause complexes of two, three and four clauses which respectively consist of 89, 29, 22 and 5. Supported by Table 4.13 below, can be concluded that these two tables Table 4.10 and Table 4.11, in general, show us how the author makes the meaning – by way of linking these clauses grammatically and semantically for certain meaning. Please have a look at these following clauses.  derived from Clara 101 Its true Id often been out of the country recently. [Running frantically here and there [taking care of Papas business] [[which had nearly been bankrupted by loans in US dollars]] [[that suddenly ballooned out of control]] clauses 53, 54i and 54ii 102 He rummaged around in the dashboard glove compartment, then took my bag], [dumped the contents out on the road.] [Out fell my wallet, make-up, mirror, eyebrow brush, eyelash comb, lipstick, hand phone and the cinema ticket ] [[I‟d used to go to the movies with my boyfriend the previous night]] clauses 120i, 120ii, and 120iii 103 Nevertheless, I was certain it wasnt the students [[who burned and looted the subdivisions, the shopping centers, and the passing automobiles]] clauses 76i and 76ii 104 I braked little by little, and even so the wheels [rubbing against the asphalt still screeched Skreeeeeeee] – [[which is often taken as a sign [[that the automobile owner is a macho show-off]] clauses 91 and 92i, 92ii and 92iii 105 So Papa decided [[that I would be the one to try to ensure [[that the profits from our joint ventures]] in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increased clauses 63i, 63ii and 63iii  derived from the narrator 106 For years, I‟ve been indoctrinated with the idea that [[people who are red]] are dangerous clauses 9i and 9ii 107 So I had no reason to trust this woman [[who intentionally dyed her hair red]] clauses 10i and 10ii 108 She told her tale in language [[that was impossible to understand]] clauses 16i and 16ii 109 What kind of burden of suffering could a human being experience [[that would render her unable to speak coherently?]] clauses 29i and 29ii 110 Ive become an expert in making bitter truths turn magically into something agreeable and contrariwise, making deeds [[that were actually patriotic]] turn into subversion clauses 32i and 32ii As seen in each sentence above, these all sentences consist of parenthesized clauses and some of which are bracketed. These respectively mean that they are embedded clauses and ellipsed clauses and these can be post modifier of the noun such as to enhance, expand, and project the meaning of the sentences see these following examples of taxis analysis. Sentences 101 – 105 are modified by clauses put in parenthesis functions to enhance, expand, project the meaning of the word. Each sentence consist of phrases papa‘s business, us dollars, the cinema ticket, the students, sign, and to ensure which respectively post-modified by [[which had nearly been bankrupted by loans in US dollars]], [[that suddenly ballooned out of control]], [[I‘d used to go to the movies with my boyfriend the previous night]], [[who burned and looted the subdivisions, the shopping centers, and the passing automobiles]], [[that the automobile owner is a macho show-off]], and [[that the profits from our joint ventures]]. Regarded as sentences 101 – 105, sentences 106 and 110 that consist of phrases idea, woman, language, experience and deed are post-modified by sentences put in double brackets such as [[people who are red]], [[who intentionally dyed her hair red.]], [[that was impossible to understand.]], [[that would render her unable to speak coherently?]], [[that were actually patriotic]]. These sentences are questioned by what x? Such as what idea, what language, what experience and so on. Therefore the answer can be ―the people who are red are dangerous‖, ―the language that was impossible to understand‖ and ―…deeds that were actually patriotic.‖ The adding of post modifier makes sentences full meaning, while sentences 106 and 107 describe the doctrine that has been indoctrinated that red is dangerous while sentences 108 and 109 describe the heartbreaking tragedy experienced by Clara so that his language is impossible to understand. The sentence 110 furthermore describes the loss humanity sense of Indonesia who works only for money so he Narrator has become an expert in making bitter truths turn magically into something agreeable and contrariwise, making deeds that were actually patriotic turn into subversion. The clauses 101 – 110 above are examples of clause complex and these clauses furthermore, as mentioned previously can be are analyzed using taxis analysis and logico-semantic can be analyzed using taxis and logico-semantic. Based on these analyses, the goal of the text semantically is concluded. The data presented in the following table – Table 4.13 are needed for taxis analysis and logico-semantic analysis. Table 4.11 Taxis and Logico-Semantic Relations in ‘Clara’ Clause Complex Taxis Logico Semantic Relation Parataxis Hypotaxis Projection Expansion L oc u tion Id ea E lab or at ion E xt en sion E n h an ce m en t Total of Taxis Total of Logico Semantic Relation LSR initiating [1] : 84 continuing [2] : 89 continuing [3] : 36 continuing [4] : 14 continuing [5] : 03 continuing [6] : 01 dominant [ α] : 67 dependence [ ] : 65 dependence [ ] : 06 dependence [ δ] : 02 16 [ ‗‘ ] 16 [ ‗ ] 57 [ = ] 48 [ + ] 58 [ x ] Parataxis : 227 Hypotaxis : 140 LSR : 195 4.1.2.1Taxis Analysis The tactic system taxis technically describes the type of interdependency relationship between clauses liked into a clause complex. This system comprises of two options namely parataxis and hypotaxis Eggins, 2004: 258. Parataxis deals with the clauses related as equal, independent entities, while hypotaxis deals with the clauses related to a main clause through a dependency relationship. Both systems, as seen in the analysis of clause complex attached in appendices page ….are both respectively symbolized by number [1], [2], [3], and forth and [α], [ ], [ ], [ δ] and so on. As seen in Table 4.13, there are 227 parataxis and 140 hypotaxis. These systems show us how these clauses linked based on their equalities, independencies and dependent relationship. The following sentences are some examples of clauses linked based on both cases; parataxis and hypotaxis. These clauses above as seen in the analysis of clauses complex as seen in page… for instances, can be specified as below 111 Its true Id often been out of the country recently. [Running frantically here and there [taking care of Papas business] [[which had nearly been bankrupted by loans in US dollars]] [[that suddenly ballooned out of control]] clauses 53, 54i and 54ii α 53 Its true Id often been out of the country recently. = 54i [Running frantically here and there [taking care of Papas business] = 54ii [[which had nearly been bankrupted by loans in US dollars]] = δ 54iii [[that suddenly ballooned out of control.]] 112 He rummaged around in the dashboard glove compartment, then took my bag], [dumped the contents out on the road.] [Out fell my wallet, make-up, mirror, eyebrow brush, eyelash comb, lipstick, hand phone and the cinema ticket ] [[I‟d used to go to the movies with my boyfriend the previous night]] clauses 120i, 120ii, and 120iii 1 120i He rummaged around in the dashboard glove compartment, 2 α 120ii then [took my bag], [dumped the contents out on the road.] [Out fell my wallet, make-up, mirror, eyebrow brush, eyelash comb, lipstick, hand phone and the cinema ticket] 120iii [[I‘d used to go to the movies with my boyfriend the previous night.]] 113 Nevertheless, I was certain it wasnt the students [[who burned and looted the subdivisions, the shopping centers, and the passing automobiles]] clauses 76i and 76ii 1 α 76i Nevertheless, I was certain it wasnt the students ‗ 76ii [[who burned and looted the subdivisions, the shopping centers, and the passing automobiles.]] 114 I braked little by little, and even so the wheels [rubbing against the asphalt still screeched Skreeeeeeee] – [[which is often taken as a sign [[that the automobile owner is a macho show-off]] clauses 91 and 92i, 92ii and 92iii α x 2 91 I braked little by little, 92i and even so the wheels [rubbing against the asphalt still screeched Skreeeeeeee] – 92ii [[which is often taken as a sign [[ δ 92ii that the automobile owner is a macho show-off.]] 115 So I had no reason to trust this woman [[who intentionally dyed her hair red.]] clause 10 x 2 α 10i So I had no reason to trust this woman = 10ii [[who intentionally dyed her hair red.]] As seen in each clause analysis using tactic system in examples 111 – 115, some red and blue circled symbols show the relationship among some clauses. The symbols [ α], [ ], and son red circled show the clauses related to a main clause through a dependency relationship, while the symbols [1], [2], and so on which are blue circled show the clauses related as equal, independent entities. In other words, [ α] stands for dominant, while [ ] and the rests are dependence. As seen in Table 4.13, there are 67 dominant symbolized by [ α], and 72 dependences which respectively derived from [ ] with 65, [ ] with 6 and [ δ] with 2. These symbols as denoted previously function as modifier of the first clause. It is so with what we have the number 1 and 2 which are circled blue. To understand the function of numbering of these clauses, the following examples are needed. 116 Maybe Im a dog. Maybe I‟m a pig – But I wear a uniform. Youll never know my true identity clauses 1 - 4 1 1 Maybe Im a dog. = 2 2 Maybe I‘m a pig – + 3 3 But I wear a uniform. x 4 4 Youll never know my true identity. The four clauses above, for instances, are symbolized by number 1, 2, 3, and 4. Number 2, and 3 as seen in that analysis are preceded by symbols [=], [+], and [x]. These symbols present the way the clauses presented by the author. Clauses 1 until 4 are parataxis because they can stand alone therefore they symbolized by the number 1, 2, 3, and son. . They do no depend on another sentences therefore they are called parataxis but semantically they connected and related each other. The first sentence expands to the next the next clauses therefore the clause 2, 3, and 4 designated with [=], [+], and [x]; respectively indicate elaboration, extension, and enhancement. Observing these examples, the symbols cycled blue means that the clause can be stand alone but semantically, they constantly related to the continuing sentences. As Table 4.13 present, there 227 clauses groped as parataxis but however semantically, the are related each other. 4.1.2.2 Logico-semantic Analysis Logico-semantic is a system that describes the specific type of meaning relationship between linked clauses Eggins, 2004: 259. There are two main options in which clauses may be related; through projection where one clause is quoted and reported by another clause and expansion where one clause develops or extends on the meaning of another. Projections, as proposed by Eggins 2004: 259, offers two choices locution where what is projected is speech and idea where what is projected is thought, while expansion consists of three options: elaboration, extension and enhancement which respectively stand for relations of statement or equivalence; relations of addition; and relation of development. Recalling the examples above, the symbols which are circled orange show the relations between initiating and continuing. As this examples show, there are symbols [=], [+], and [x] in clause 2, 3 and 4. They are respectively, as mentioned previously means that clauses 1 is elaborated by the second clause, the second clauses is extended by the third clauses and the fourth are enhanced or development by the third clauses. Based on Table 4.10 above, we can observe the total number of clauses which related one another based on logico-semantic. Based on some clauses below, we can see and understand how a clause related to another clause. In this analysis their relationship symbolized by [―] and [‗] indicating projection and [=], [+], and [x] indicating expansion which respectively has slightly mentioned above. 117 For years, I‟ve been indoctrinated with the idea, that [[people who are red]] are dangerous. So I had no reason to trust this woman [[who intentionally dyed her hair red.]] clauses 9i, 9ii, 10i, 10ii ‗2α 1 9i For years, I‘ve been indoctrinated with the idea = 9ii that [[people who are red]] are dangerous. x2 α 10i So I had no reason to trust this woman = 10ii [[who intentionally dyed her hair red.]] Some clauses above are designated with [ α], [ ] and some other with numbers [1] and [2], while clause 9i and 10i are designated with both. This pattern exposes that the clause 9ii is dependent on clause 9i because 9i is dominant rather than 9 ii therefore they are respectively designated with [α] indicating its dominant and [ ] indicating it‘s dependent. So are the clause 10i and 10ii, the first clause is dominant rather than the second clause therefore they are designated by [α] for the first clauses and [ ] for the second. Besides [α] and [ ] and number 1 and 2, these clauses are designated with [=] and [x], these symbols show that clause 9ii was expanded by clause 9i and so was the clause 10ii is expanded by clauses 10ii. This pattern specifically shows how the author builds the meaning. 4.1.2 Mood Structure Interpersonal Meaning The meaning of interpersonal based on idea that language is used to interact and the focus of the language is about the interactivity of the language and the one interacts with other people using language. The speaker in each spoken or writing text, communicate to listener reader through text. In this subtitle, there are three kinds of analysis namely mood analysis, modal analysis, and possessive and personal pronoun analysis. These three analyses, in general, provide the information of both main characters; Clara and the narrator. Based on that information, the description of situational context in the text is concluded. The detail descriptions of each analysis are specified as below.

4.1.2.1 Mood Analysis

Mood analysis functions to know how the text is organized at a micro level theme rheme and as a series of larger units of meaning Gledhill, 2003:2. The goal of mood analysis, as the following table shows, can be associated with three types of mood; declarative, interrogative and imperative. These three types of mood respectively work for giving information, asking information, and ask someone to do something. In using these mood types, someone manipulate those types for any purposes; it is previously called by syntax function. The function of manipulation as discussed in textual analysis see theme pattern analysis in page 127. The analysis of mood in this research functions to group all clauses in ‗Clara‘ whether they are declarative, interrogative, or imperative. These types obviously give the reader listener something special and in this cases are information of Clara and the narrator. The descriptions of these main characters support the goal metafunction, the basic idea of this research. As seen in Table 4.12, declarative is the most type of mood used in Clara with 90 occurrences. The others are interrogative and imperative which are respectively with 6 and 4 . These furthermore indicate that ‗Clara‘ is like a information provider therefore from this analysis, we can get the description of ‗Clara‘. Table 4.12 Mood Types and their Occurrences Mood Type Total Sample of Sentences De clarat iv e 307 90  2 The woman sat before me.  3i Her hair was dyed red, 3ii [actually brown].  3iii But people call it red.  3iv And the fact is, red has a different meaning for me.  4i For years, I‘ve been indoctrinated with the idea 4ii [[that people who are red]] are dangerous.  7i She told her tale in language 7ii [[that was impossible to understand]].  7iii Not because her Indonesian isnt good enough, 7iv since she has complete command of the language,  7v but because it seems as if what shed experienced and felt couldnt be put into sentences. In te rr ogative 22 6  5iii who knows?  21 You always carry your passport, right?  31viii But why should I run away now, 31ix while members of my family were trapped like rats in their own home?  57 Good lord, can they really hate the Chinese so much?  127ii who cared what happened to me? Imper at ive 16 4  20i Dont come home, 20ii save yourself, 20iii go directly to Cengkareng, 20iv fly to Singapore or Hong Kong, 20v the main thing is get a ticket out of here.  68 Get up  86 Answer me  95 Look her over  96 See if shes still a virgin or not  106 Keep your mouth shut, Chink 4.1.2.1.1 Declarative Sentences Declarative sentences must consist of SubjectFinite. This sentence functions to convey information. The following examples can be grasped how ‗Clara‘ described so that an information of which can be understood. Please have a look at three examples below. 118 Maybe I am dog. Maybe I am pig. But I wear a uniform. You‟ll never know my true identity clauses 1 - 4 maybe I am a dog Mood Adjunct Subject Finite predicator Attributive Complement MOOD RESIDUE maybe I am a pig Mood Adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Attributive Complement MOOD RESIDUE but I wear a uniform Conjunctive Adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE you will never know my true identity Subject Modal Mood adjunct Finite Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE 119 The woman sat before me. Her hair was dyed red, actually brown. But people call it red. And the fact is red has a different meaning for me. For years, I‟ve been indoctrinated with the idea that people who are red are dangerous clauses 6 - 9 the woman sat before me Subject Finite Predicator Circumstantial adjunct MOOD RESIDUE her hair was dyed red Actually Brown Subject Finite Predicator Circumstantial adjunct Comment adjunct Attributive complement MOOD RESIDUE but people call it Red Conjunctive adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Circumstantial adjunct Comment adjunct MOOD RESIDUE and the fact is red has different meaning for me Conjunctive Adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE four years I have been indoctrinated with the idea that people who are red are dangerous Circumstan- tial adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE 120 Our subdivision was surrounded the neighbors houses had been looted and torched, Papa, Mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters, were trapped in the house and couldnt get away clauses 39ii – 41ii our subdivision was surrounded Subject Finite Predicator MOOD RESIDUE and the neighbor’s houses had been Looted Conjunctive adjunct Subject Finite Predicator MOOD RESIDUE Papa, Mama, Monica and Sinta, my sisters were Trapped in the house And could not get way Subject F ini te P re dica tor C irc um - stanti al Adjunc t C onjunctive Adjunc t F ini te Ne ga ti ve F ini te P re dica tor MOOD RESIDUE These three examples consist of SubjectFinite and forms statement therefore these function to convey information of certain discourse in ‗Clara‘. In example 118, the narrator says “maybe I am dog”, “maybe I am pig”, “but I wear a uniform”, “you‟ll never know my true identity”. This example represents a situational context of the narrator, his duties, his attitudes, and so on. It is also supported by the attribution given by the author such as the words ‗dog‘ and ‗pig‘ whereas we refer to the situational context of the text – Indonesia, ‗dog‘ and ‗pig‘ are more impolite where these words assigned to someone. Example 119, regarded as example 118, also represents the information about who Clara and the narrator are. Based on these clauses propose, we know who is the object goal and subject actor in ‗Clara‘. These phenomena which are described in this example clearly represent a situation where people for years have been indoctrinated with the idea that people who are red are dangerous. Another explanation of these sentences is the description of Clara physically. The example 120 describes the situation experiences by Clara. This sentences as narrated in ‗Clara‘ is sentences sent by Clara‘s mother by phone to Clara. This sentences show us the description of what happen Clara‘s family. This sentences are “Our subdivision was surrounded the neighbors houses had been looted and torched, Papa, Mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters, were trapped in the house and couldnt get away.” These three examples, as seen in above analyses consist of SubjectFinite therefore these clauses function as declarative sentences functions as information provider. 4.1.2.1.2 Interrogative Sentences Eggins, 2004:166-167 says that English offers two main structures for asking questions: polar interrogatives yes no questions or WH- interrogatives questions using who, what, which, when, where, how. Interrogative functions to ask information, good s and services. In ‗Clara‘, there are 22 clauses formed in interrogative as the following examples show. 121 Did you ever do it with him? clause 129 Did You ever Do It with him Finite subject Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial MOOD RESIDUE 122 You did, didnt you? clause 138 You Did didn’t You Subject Finite Predicator finite: neg Subject MOOD RESIDUE MOOD 123 But why should I run away now, while members of my family were trapped like rats in their own home? clauses 167 and 168 Why Shoul d I run away while members of my family were trapped like rats in their own home? WH Compl Finite Subject Predicator Complement RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE Sentences 121 and 122 are interrogative sentences asked by gang of people to Clara. The pattern of these clauses, as seen in their analyses, are FniteSubject where finite positioned at the initial of each sentence then followed by Subject. This is the pattern of interrogative but something question can be patterned in SubjectFinite such as the form of question tag like example 122, while sentence 123 furthermore is another type of interrogative – using word question. This question is not really question where someone should answer for it but it is just for the sake of asking the reader that Clara is not coward girl despite it would endanger herself. 4.1.2.1.3 Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences, according to Eggins 2004: 177-178, may be of the further structures 1 an imperative consisting of a MOOD element of FiniteSubject like “Don‟t you come home” - Finite.negSubjectPredicator Complement, 2 an imperative consisting of a MOOD element of Finite only no Subject like “Do read this novel” – FinitePredicatorComplement, 3 an imperative consisting of a MOOD element of Subject only no Finite like “You did it” - SubjectPredicator Complement, and 4 an imperative consisting of only a RESIDUE no MOOD element of all like “Answer me” – PredicatorComplement. The following sentences therefore are an imperatives which consist of PredicatorComplement except the sentences 2 which use the structure number 1 Finite.negSubjectPredicator Complement. This pattern can be specified as follow. 124 Answer me clause 136 Answer Me Predicator Complement RESIDUE 125 Dont come home clause 38i Don‘t Come Home Finite. Neg Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE 126 Save your self clause 43 Save Yourself Predicator Complement RESIDUE 127 Go directly to Cengkareng clause 44 Don‘t Go Home Finite. Neg Predicator Complement MOOD RESIDUE 128 Fly to Singapore or Hong Kong clause 45 Fly Directly To Singapore or Hongkong Predicator Complement RESIDUE Remembering to the ‗Clara‘, the following sentence 124 can be remembered that this sentence is a question asked by someone who stopped Clara‘s car in her way home. This question as narrated is not answered by Clara even this sentence formed of imperative sentence. The next examples of imperative sentences are shown in examples 125 – 128. These sentences are imperative sentences which are asked by Clara‘s family because of un-safeness conditions during that tragedy.

4.1.2.2 Modal Analysis

Halliday, 2000 as quoted in Hoe and Liu 2010 views that through modality the speaker takes up a position and signals the status of each character in the sentences. If the commodity being exchanged is information, the clauses are labeled as proposition and the modality expressions are termed as modalization which refers to the validity of proposition in terms of probability and usuality. If the commodity is goods and services, the modality expressions are defined as proposals and are termed as modulation which reflects how confident or un- confident both speaker in viewing the humanity tragedy in terms of obligation and inclination. There are many ways to realize modality, including modal auxiliary, adverbs, intonation and mental-process verbs. In this analysis, I only specify the modality using modal auxiliaries and mental-process verb. For both are respectively analyzed in this part and for the later are already analyzed in experiential meaning analysis above. The following table presents the frequency of modal auxiliaries used in ‗Clara.‘ regarded the same with previous analysis, this modality analysis is also classified mainly into two categories namely modalities derived from clauses spoken by Clara and the narrator while Clara‘s family noted in the table is only for specifying the situation experienced by Clara. Please have a look at this following table. Table 4.13 The Frequency of Modal Auxiliaries Modality Modal auxiliaries In ‘Clara’ Clara Narrator Clara’s Family Futurity inclination Will 1 2 4 9 1 2 Would 8 18 1 2 - - Ability possibility Can 4 9 1 2 - - Could 8 18 4 9 1 2 Obligation Should 3 7 2 4 - - have to 2 4 1 2 - - had to 1 2 1 2 - - Necessity requirement Imperative Must 1 2 1 2 - - Total 28 61 15 32 2 4 Observing the script of ‗Clara‘, in the sentences spoken by Clara, both can and could are in negative form which respectively spoken twice and three times while in sentences spoken by narrator, ‗could‘ is written and spoken in negative form therefore ‗could‘ both in Clara and narrator are spoken four times in negative form, while ‗can‘ spoken is spoken twice. It shows something about the impossible case to happen. The occurrences of modal auxiliaries in clauses spoken by Clara are 28 or 61 100 of the whole clauses, while the rest are 15 and 2 which respectively amount to 32 and 4 . Based on the data can be grasped that Clara uses modality the most rather than the n arrator and Clara‘s family. Some of those clauses are analyzed as below. The meaning of modality used in each clause spoken by both characters can be understood through the following clauses.  Examples of modality use in sentences spoken by Clara and her family. 129 So Papa decided that I would be the one to try to ensure that the profits from our joint ventures in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increased, so that what trickled down from them would be enough to keep our workers going, even though our production had ground to a halt clauses 63i - 65 130 But why should I run away now, while members of my family were trapped like rats in their own home? clause 67 68 131 She said our subdivision was surrounded, the neighbors houses had been looted and torched, Papa, Mama, Monica, and Sinta, my sisters, were trapped in the house and couldnt get away. clause 39i -41ii 132 The main thing is youll be safe clause 50  Examples of modality use in sentences spoken by the narrator 133 Youll never know my true identity clause 4 134 What kind of burden of suffering could a human being experience that would render her unable to speak coherently? clause 29 135 I could never have imagined that a human being should have to endure so great a burden of suffering merely because she was born a human being clause 23 The occurrences of ‗would‘ in example 129, ‗should‘ in 130, and ‗could‘ in 131 respectively indicate futurity, obligation and ability and possibility. The modal we have in example 129 and ‗will‘ in example 132 are the same shows the futurity be cause ‗would‘ is past form of ‗will‘ therefore this can be seen as futurity. Example 129, as seen above, implies that Clara would be the one to try to ensure that the profits from his family ventures in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Macao increased. The modal ‗would‘ shows the activity that Clara should do and be responsible on it. The sentence 130 told us the situation experienced by Clara‘s family. As narrated, Clara is suggested and asked by her family to fly to Hong Kong, Australia and so on. As sentence 132 states that the main thing is Clara will be safe from the brutality which had just happen to her family but how Clara comes leaving for what her family suggestion while her families are trapped and couldn‘t get away. This shows the responsible of Clara. In sentence 131 , we have ‗could‘ followed by ‗not.‘ The word ‗could‘ means possibility and ability but when it is followed by the word ‗not,‘ it means something which is not possible to do. this shows something impossible to do by Clara‘s family - could not get away from the mass ‘s trap. As seen in sentences 133 and 135, the narrator uses modal auxiliaries ‗will‘ and ‗would‘. This indicates the futurity of what he said. Sentence 133 for example, we find that the narrator hides his identity even he use uniform, she convinces that everyone will never know what he is, while sentence 135, the narrator also use the modal auxiliaries ‗would‘, the past form of ‗will‘ showing the futurity of ‗Clara‘ who experiences the kind suffering which make her unable to speak coherently. Sentences 134 and 135 furthermore present the word consisting of modal auxiliaries ‗could,‘ the past form of ‗can‘. it indicates the ability and possibility make Clara unable to speak - what kind of burden of suffering.

4.1.2.3 Personal Pronoun and Personal Possessive Analysis

Personal pronoun has variety functions in communication which can be grasped through the social aspect and communication itself. The use of different personal pronoun in communication give the listener different interactive effects. Personal pronoun also reflects the speaker‘s perfection of the relationship between the listener and speaker. The following table illustrates the frequency of personal pronouns and possessive pronouns in ‗Clara‘. Table 4.14 Personal Pronoun Personal Pronoun In ‘Clara’ C lara Perce n tage N arr at o r Perce n tage C lara’ s fam il y Perce n tage G ang o f people Perce n tage C lara’ s save r Perce n tage 1 st Person I me 82 37 51 23 4 2 1 - - - We us 1 - - - - - - - - 2 nd Person You you - - 12 5 4 2 6 3 - - 3 rd Person He him 2 1 2 1 - - 2 - - She her 2 1 35 16 2 1 - - 1 They them 2 1 3 1 - - - - 1 It it 3 1 4 2 1 - - - - Total 92 107 11 9 2 42 48 5 4 1 Table 4.15 Possessive Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Clar a Pe rc en tage Nar rat o r Pe rc en tage Clar a’ s fam il y Pe rc en tage Gan g of p eop le Pe rc en tage Help er Pe rc en tage My mine 36 49 6 8 - - - - - - Our ours 1 1 - - - - - - 1 1 You your - - 3 4 2 3 1 1 - - His his - - - - - - - - - - Her hers - - 19 26 1 1 2 3 - - Its its - - - - - - - - - - Their theirs 2 3 - - - - - - - - Total 39 29 3 3 1 52 39 4 4 1 As seen in Table 4.19 , the first person of ‗I‘ is the most personal pronouns occurred in Clara rather than the other personal pronoun. There are 140 occurrences of personal pronoun which is respectively specified into 37 or 82 times spoken by Clara and 23 or 52 times spoken by the narrator and 4 times and once are respective.ly spoken by Clara family and gang of people. As mentioned previously, the analysis of this short story are divided into two categories based on clauses spoken by Clara and the narrator, while the other speakers like demonstrator and Clara‘s family function to support the meaning made by author. The second personal pronoun that is excessively used in sentences spoken by the n arrator is ‗she.‘ It refers to Clara. The personal pronoun is ‗you‘ which also refers mainly to Clara then to the reader listening. This indicates the conversation happen between two speakers namely Clara and the narrator. This functions to invite the listener or reader to be mixed up with this short story. Table 4.20 specifies the frequency of the personal possessive found in ‗Clara.‘ As seen in this table, possessive ‗my‘ and ‗her‘ are the most used in ‗Clara‘. It deals with the function of the narrator narrating the humanity tragedy which is experienced by Clara, while ‗my‘ used by Clara to show all properties that Clara has. Both personal pronoun and personal possessive can be understood based on the dominant of declarative sentences. Recalling what has been specified on it above can be grasped that the dominant of ‗I‘ and ‗my‘ in this short story describe their experiences, what they do and what they are and so on. The dominance of ‗she‘ in the sentences deals with the roles of the narrator as story teller of this heart breaking story. 4.1.3. Theme Pattern Analysis Textual Meaning Textual meaning deals with ‗the way of language is organized in relation to its context‘ Lock, 1996: 10. Textual meaning is the third simultaneous strand of meaning that enables texts to be negotiated. In describing the structural configurations by which the clauses are organized as a message, we will recognize that one major system is involved, those are theme point of departure for the message and rheme new information about the point of departure. The analysis of theme is needed since it functions to organize the messages and how the meaning made by the speakers. Eggins 2004:300 divide theme into three categories; topical experiential theme, interpersonal theme, and textual theme. The following table are the finding of these three theme. Table 4.15 Theme in ‘Clara’ Theme Textual adversative 26, additive 28, continuative 27 Interpersonal projected 4, polarity 1, vocative 6, adverbial expression 12, mood: adjunct 3, comment: adjunct 8, projecting 29 Marked topical location: time 5, predicated 13, manner: quality 2, location: place 2, circumstantial 1 projecting 5 - projected 28, cause 11, matter 2, accompaniment: reason 4, manner: comparison 2, extent: duration 3 Unmarked Topical imperative 13, multiple 19, imperative 8, declarative 145, wh: interrogative 7, interrogative 11, imperative: negative 2 The categories of theme above are respectively specified as bellow:

4.1.3.1 Textual Theme

Eggins 2004:305 says that clause constituent that can occur in thematic position element refer to two elements which do it express any interpersonal and experiential meaning but which doing important cohesive work in relating the clause to its context. The two main types of textual elements which can get to be Theme are Continuity Adjuncts and Conjunctive adjuncts. Conjunctive Adjuncts are words which are used in spoken dialogue to indicate that speaker‘s contribution is somehow related to continuous with what a previous speaker has said in earlier turn. The commonest continuity items are oh, well, yea or no Eggins, 2004:3050 whereas in conjunctive adjuncts are two conjunctives, tactic conjunctions and cohesive conjunctions which respectively are used to link clauses together within a clause complex will necessarily occur in fist position in the clause e.g. and, but and links sentences to other sentences e.g. however, therefore. Both kinds of conjunctions are described as textual Theme. The following are example of them: 136 But people call it red clause 7 137 …and the fact is, red has a different meaning for me clause 8 138 So I had no reason to trust this woman who intentionally dyed her hair red clause 10 These three sentences can be analyzed as below: but people call it red Adjunct: continuity subject Finite predicator complement complement attributive Mood Residue Textual Topical Theme Rheme and the fact is red has different meaning for me Adjunct: continuity Subject Finite Predicator Complement Mood Residue Textual Topical Theme Rheme so I had no reason to trust this man who intentionally dyed her hair red Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite negative Compl Predicator Complement Mood Residue Textual Topical Theme Rheme These three examples specify where textual themes are put. As mentioned above that textual theme stand of two Continuity Adjuncts and Conjunctive adjuncts. the word ‗but‘ and ‗and‘ in the first and the second analysis stand for tactic conjunctions because the constituents are used to link clauses together within a clause complex will necessarily occur in first position in the clause e.g. and, but while the last stand for cohesive conjunctions because it links sentences to other sentences which is using th e word ‗so‘.

4.1.3.2 Interpersonal Theme

Interpersonal Theme as described by Eggins 2004:302 refers to a constituent to which we would assign a Mood label but not transitivity label occurs at the beginning of a clause. She adds that the constituents which can function as interpersonal theme are the unfused Finite in interrogative structures and all four categories of Modal Adjuncts: Mood, Vocative, Polarity and Comment. This can be seen as follow. 139 Maybe Im a dog clause 1 140 Maybe what was in her head was red as well clause 11 141 Maybe her heart was red too clause 12 142 Good lord, can they really hate the Chinese so much? clause 101 143 yes I‟m of Chinese ancestry clause 102 These sentences can be analyzed as below. maybe I am a dog Adjunct: mood Subject Finite Predicate Complement Mood Residue Interpersonal Topical Theme Rheme maybe what was in her head was as well Mood: adjunct WH: Compl Finite Predicator Compl Finite Predicator Compl Mood Residue Interpersonal Topical Theme Rheme maybe her heart was red too Mood : adjunct Subject Finite Predicator Complement Mood Residue Interpersonal Topical Theme Rheme Good lord can they really hate the Chinese so much? Vocative Finite Subject Adjunct Predicator Complement Mood Residue Interpersonal Topical Theme Rheme yes I am of Chinese ancestor Adjunct: continuative Subject Finite Predicator Complement Mood Residue Interpersonal Topical Theme Rheme In the fifth analyses are seen that interpersonal theme stand respectively for maybe, vocative and continuative adjunct. The word ‗maybe‘ in the first, second and three examples are mood adjunct functions to group a sentence as interpersonal theme or not. The word ‗maybe‘ in the first, second and three of above analysis shows that something is possible or that something might be true. It relates to mood or the way we feel at particular time. While vocative shows that something are addressed or accosted wh ile the word ‗yes‘ in the last example of interpersonal meaning show the continuity of the sentence therefore it is represented by continuity adjunct.

4.1.3.3 Topical Theme: Marked And Unmarked Topical

Topical Theme as mentioned by Eggins 2004:301 refers to an element of the clause to which a Transitivity function can be assigned occurs in first position in a clause. Marked means atypical while Unmarked typical which respectively follow atypical and typical structure of mood. Marked can be indentified by way of the mixture of circumstantial adjunct adjunct positioned at the beginning while Unmarked follows the common mood structures such as subject in declarative clause, Finite in an interrogative, Predicator in an imperative and WH element in a WH-interrogative. These can be seen in the following examples: 144 It was really hard to pull this womans story together clause 86 145 In the light of the lamp, the curves of her body were silhouetted clause 303 146 Of course, I dont need to report this one little thing to my commander V clause 246ii 147 What I am supposed to put in my report? clause 191ii It was really hard to pull this woman’s story Subject Finite Predictor Complement Topical Theme Topical In the light of the lamp the curves of her body were silhouetted Circ: loc Subject Finite Predicator Topical Theme Rheme of course I don’t need to report this one little thing to my commander Adjunct: continuative Subject Finite: neg Predicator Complement Textual Topical Theme Rheme what I am supposed to put in my report? WH: compl Subject Finite Predicator Complement Topical Theme Rheme Eggins 2004: 302 specifies that an important principle to remember is that every clause must contain one and only one topical theme but that theme as seen in the appendix stands for two types of theme; marked and markedness Unmarked. The term marked mea ns ‗atypical, unusual‘ while unmarked means ‗most typical usual.‘ These types of theme are respectively associated by its conflation with another constituent from mood system and the commonest type of marked theme is theme conflating with an adjunct: circumstantial while unmarked can be associated with this such role conflation; themesubject, themefinite, themeWH element and themepredicator which respectively can be associated in mood class; declarative, polar interrogative, WH-interrogative and imperative or sentences preceded by ‗it‘ anticipatory as in the first analysis. The topic of 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th sentences is „it,‟ „in the light of the lamp,‟ „of course,‟ and „what.‟ Each topic stands for subject I, circumstantial: location, adjunct continuative and WH-complement. The occurrences of those constituent in the beginning of each sentence are named by topical. The 1 is classified as marked because the word ‗it‘ follows atypical or unusual structure of mood and it is named by predicated while 2 and 3 are classified as marked because they are begun by circumstantial adjunct and adjunct continuity which function as a marker of marked while the last is unmarked because it follow mood structure; theme WH – interrogative.

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION