Adverbs Changed to Adjective Form Prepositional gerund phrases modifying adjectives

Gerunds are usually preceded by the the same types of advebs as those that precede finite verbs – usually manner or frequency advebs.

b. Adverbs Changed to Adjective Form

In gerund phrases, adverbs from simple sentences are often transformed to adjectives that precede the gerund. Examples: • His wife was shocked at his reckless breaking of the law. • The company appreciated his discreet handling of the affair. • Her mother’s constant meddling in her affairs was a source of great annoyance to her. It is this adjective – from – adverb form that is most common in the. . . – ing + of phrase construction. Examples: • The constant dripping of the water irritated her. • The unexpected closing of the hotel left the tourist with no palce to stay. The use of such an adjective – from – adverb reinforces the nominal effect of the gerund phrase. The negative adjective no is used instead of the adverb not with certain types of gerund phrases. a. After there + a form of be Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara • There is no stopping him. • There is no denying that she is very efficient. b. Prohibitions againts certain activities Examples: • No smoking is allowed in this classroom. • No trespassing on these premises will be permitted.

2.2.4 Gerund Phrases as Subjects of Verbs

A gerund phrase does not occur frequently as a subject. One of its common uses as a subject is in general statements with be as the main verb. Examples: • Eating a good breakfast is very wise. • Taking a long walk every day is good execise. The gerund phrase may also function as the subject of a verb expressing:

1. Cause – effect relationship Examples:

• Seeing her every day made him realize how wonderful she was. • His finding the error quickly saved him = caused him to save many hours of extra work. A gerund phrase subject with such a verb may have conditional meaning. Universitas Sumatera Utara Example: • Doing such a thing now = if you do such a thing now, it will cause you much trouble later on.

2. Emotion Examples:

• Being overcharged for anything enrages her. • Seeing her so thin and pale shocked him. It sould be noted that such verbs of emotion often also denote some degree of cause : thus enrages her, shocked him in the above sentences may be interpreted as causes her to become enraged, caused him to be shocked. Gerund phrases may also function as subjects of passive verbs. Examples: • His keeping accurate records has never been quistioned. • Their accepting the money will be considered unwise. A gerund phrase subject sometimes appears after anticipatory it + an adjective. Such a construction usually informal usage. Examples: • It’s very embarrasing , not remembering your name. • It’s incredible , meeting an old schoolmate so far from home. • It’s not worthwhile taking that trip for only one day. Universitas Sumatera Utara A comma is required if the subject is included in the gerund phrase – It’s strange, his doing that. Sometimes a noun is used rather than an adjective in this construction after anticipatory it. Examples: • It will be a sad thing, not seeing her anymore. • It’s been a pleasure meeting you. • It’s no use or no good crying over spilled milk. No use and no need may also be preced by expletive there – there’s no use or no need crying over spilled milk. Gerund phrase subjects after anticipatory it often have alternate forms with infinitive phrases. Examples: • It’s very embarrassing not to remember your name. • It’s been a pleasure to meet you. • It’s no use to cry over spilled milk.

2.2.5 Gerund Phrases as Objects of Verb

Certain verbs in English are followed by verbals – either gerunds or infinitives – which are considerd as the objects of these verbs. Most of these verbs Universitas Sumatera Utara denote mental activity or indirect speech and therefore require subjects that refere to human beings. Other have little semantic content outside of indicating aspect – the beginning, duration, end or repetition of anaction ; these verbs may or may not be used with subjects denoting persons. There is less agreement that a verbal following one of these aspects – denoting verbs is its objects ; actually, there is some justification for considering a verb that expresses aspect as a quasy – auxiliary rather than as a verb that takes an object. Verbs Followed by Gerund Objects 1. Acknowledge 21. Facilitate 41. Relinguish 2. Admit 22. Fancy = imagine 42. Relish 3. Advocate 23. Finish 43. Renounce 4. Anticipate 24. Give up = stop 44. Report 5. Appreciat 25. be Grudge 45. Resent 6. Avoid 26. Imagine 46. Resist 7. Can not help 27. Involve 47. Risk 8. Consider 28. Justify 48. Sanction 9. Contemplate 29. Keep 49. Shirk 10. Defer 30. Keep on 50. Stop 11. Delay 31. Leave off 51. Suggest 12. Deny 32. Mean 52. Tolerate 13. Detest 33. Mention 53. Try 14. Disclaim 34. Miss 54. Understand 15. Drop = stop 35. Necessitate 55. Urge Universitas Sumatera Utara 16. Encourage 36. Postpone 56. Withhold 17. Enjoy 37. Practice 18. Entail 38. Put off 19. Escape 39. Quit stop, informal 20. Evade 40. Recommend These verbs can also have subjects that do not designate human beings. These verbs usually have subjects that denote lifeless things. Examples: • We have considered selling our home. • He mentioned meeting the governor at the reception. • I can not tolerate his constant complaining about everything. Some verbs on this list, because of their semantic nature, can not refer to events happening in the past – for example : avoid, defer, give up, miss, risk, urge. After such verbs only the – ing gerund is used. Examples: • He risked losing the money. • He missed being teased by his younger sister. Verbs Followed by Gerund or Infinitive Objects 1. Abhor

8. Continue

2. Attempt

9. Decline

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Begin

10. Disdain

4. Can not bear

11. Dread

5. Can not stand

12. Endure

6. Cease

13. Hate

7. Commence

14. Hesitate

8. Intend

15. Propose

9. dis like

16. Regret

10. Love

17. Remember

11. Neglect

18. Scorn

12. Plan

19. Start

13. Prefer 20. Try These verbs may also have subjects which do not designate human beings. After these verbs, the gerund represents past time ; the infinitive represents future time. Examples: • I remember taking care of that matter. past time • I must remember to take of that matter. future time • He began attending classes regularly. • He began to attend classes regularly. • I intend doing that tomorrow. • I intend to do that tomorrow. • You mustn’t neglect making the reservation right away. Universitas Sumatera Utara • You mustn’t neglect to make the reservation right away. Try – a gerund has the special meaning of make an experiment with – try going to bed earlier ; you’ll feel better. In this sense the infinitive may also be used. Try meaning make an attempt to requires the infinitive. Example: • He is trying to enter a good university. After a noun – human subject, need and want in the sense of require will take an – ing gerund – this lamp needs repairing. such a gerund may alternate with a passive infinitive—this lamp needs to be repaired .

2.2.6 Gerund Phrases as Objects of Preposition

Any verbs used as the object in a prepositional phrase takes the form of a gerund. Most gerund phrases after prepositions are subjectless, especially those in adverbial prepositional phrases.

1. Nominal Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases

Such gerund phrases function as prepositional objects of verbs. A great many of the verbs listed under prepositional objects in the chapter on prepositions take such gerund objects. Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara • He insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner. • She often dreams about having a lot of money to spend on luxuries. Some verbs are followed by either gerund phrase prepositional objects or infinitive phrase objects: a. agree in or on going, agree to go b. care about going, care to go c. caution someone againts going, caution someone to go opposite meanings d. decide on going, decide to go e. forget about going, forget to go f. grieve or rejoice, exult at going, grieve or rejoice, exult to go g. help someone in going, help someone to go h. plan on going, plan to go i. serve for going, serve to go j. suffice for going, suffice to go k. warn someone againts going, warn someone to go opposite meanings The word to after the following verbs is a preposition rather than the sign of the infinitive and therefore requires a gerund after it – accustom oneself, allude, confess, confine oneself, dedicate oneself, limit oneself, look forward, object, plead guilty, reconcile oneself, resign oneself, resort, revert. Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara • He objected to their entering the factory without the permission. • We look forward to seeing you again. 2. Adjectival Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases These adjectival constructions appearing after nouns begin mostly with of or for. There are two main types: a. Those prepositional gerund phrases that follow nouns derived from verbs or adjectives. Examples: • His pretense of being rich didn’t fool anyone. • Their preparations for traveling abroad were very time – consuming. • He spoke of the necessity of hiring more men. b. Those prepositional gerund phrases appearing after nouns that are nonderivational. Such adjectival constructions are mostly adjective clause equivalents. Examples: • The money for traveling around the country = with which they could travel around the country was soon used up. • This is not a good way of doing it = in which you can do it . • The time for making excuses = in which you can make excuses is past. Universitas Sumatera Utara Both types of prepositional gerund phrases may have alternate infinitive forms. Examples: • He spoke of the necessity to hire more men. • This is not a good way to do it. • The time to make excuses is past. 3. Adverbial Function of Prepositional Gerunf Phrases a. Prepositional gerund phrases modifying verbs These phrases may express almost all adverbial relationships except place. Examples: • After listening to the news, she started to prepare dinner. • He earned the money for his tuition by working as a waiter during the summer months. • I passed him in the street without his recognizing me. • In spite of traveling alone, she enjoyed her vacation very much. A prepositional gerund phrase may appear in all three adverbial positions, but most frequently in initial or final position. In initial position the “subject” of the phrase is rarely expressed, since it is understood as the subject of the sentence. If the agent of an introductory gerund phrase is other than the subject Universitas Sumatera Utara of the sentence, the phrase is considerd an unacceptable “dangling” element – on looking out the window, a beautiful scene met his eyes.

b. Prepositional gerund phrases modifying adjectives

At introduces most prepositional gerund phrases after adjectives, especially – ed participial adjectives. Examples: • He was embarrassed at hearing himself praised. • I’m disappointed at your doing such a thing. • He’s very quick at adding figures. Other prepositions introducing gerund phrases after adjectives are : a. About Example : He’s very careless about keeping appointments. b. For Example : Their by funds are adequate for meeting their moderate needs. c. Of Example : He’s afraid of displeasing his parents. d. With Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : They must be content with seeing each other at infrequent interval. e. By Example : I was annoyed by the dog’s barking all night.. Many of these prepositional gerund phrases after adjectives have alternate forms with infinitive phrase or that clauses . 1. Infinitive phrases Examples: • He was embarrassed to hear himself praised. • He’s afraid to displease his parents. 2. That clauses Examples: • He was ebarrassed that people were praising him. • He’s afraid that he will displease his parents. The word to after some adjectives , especially certain –ed participal adjectives, is a preposition rather than the sign of the infinitive and therefore requires the gerund form as its object –accustomed , addicated , averse , dedicated , disposed , given , opposed , used . Examples: • I have never become accostumed or used to american food. Universitas Sumatera Utara • Some government officials are not averse to accepting bribes. CHAPTER 3 THE USAGE OF ENGLISH GERUNDS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER In the completing this paper, I collect the data from the articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper to support my paper or as the samples to make the discussion clearly and easy to understand.

3.1 The Data of the Usage of English Gerunds in the Articles of the Jakarta Post Newspaper