g. Address experiences and interests common to students at the particular grade level.
h. Be free from bias i.e., not provide advantages to students who have had a broader range of life experiences, access to more technology, etc. For
example, do not assume that all people take family vacations, have access to the Internet, etc..
i. Respect students’ privacy avoid highly personal, private issues. j. Encourage fresh, original thinkingnew student learning. Avoid
hackneyed and overused topics.
Finally, after discussing characteristics of effective writing tasksactivities, the next point of this part will discuss materials development,
including definition and the principles of materials development.
6. Materials Development a. Definition
Materials for language learning will be taken to be anything that can be used to facilitate the learning of a language, including course books,
videos, flash cards, games, websites and mobile phone interactions, though, inevitably, much of the literature focuses on printed materials. Materials can
be informative informing the learner about the target language, instructional guiding the learner in practicing the language, experiential providing the
learner with experience of the language in use, eliciting encouraging the learner to use the language and exploratory helping the learner to make
discoveries about the language. As different learners learn in different ways the ideal materials aim to provide all these ways of acquiring a language for
the learners to experience. Tomlinson, 2012
However, not every materials provided are suitable with the condition in the classroom. Hence, sometimes teachers should develop materials in
which appropriate for the classes i.e. materials development. Tomlinson 2012 states that materials development refers to all the processes made use
of by practitioners who produce andor use materials for language learning, including materials evaluation, their adaptation, design, production,
exploitation and research. It means that material development is an effort to make appropriate materials that can be used in the teaching and learning
processes.
b. Principles of Materials Development
Tomlinson 2010 proposes some principles based on six principles of language acquisition i.e. the learners are exposed to meaningful, rich, and
comprehensible input; learners need to be engaged both affectively and cognitively in language experience; language learners who achieve positive
affect are much more likely to achieve communicative competence than those who do not; L2 language learners can benefit from using those mental
resources that they typically utilize when acquiring and using their L1; Language learners can benefit from noticing salient features of the input;
Learners need opportunities to use language to try to achieve communicative purposes. However, this research will only use principles which are derived
from the first principle and the third principle which are seen as the necessary input for this research.
