14
These paragraphs build the description of the subject. 3.
A concluding paragraph The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.
For the sample of description text including the schematic structures, it can be seen in appendix 14.
3. The Forms of Descriptive Text
Generally, people thought that the form of descriptive text is like they find and read as usual. In fact, the descriptive text has its own forms. When
reading a descriptive text, people must realize what form of the descriptive text is being read. Fortunately, Pharr and Buscemi divide the descriptive
text’s forms into two forms. The forms are objective description and subjective description.
24
Objective description is used in the sciences, in business, and in technology. Writers using this approach attempt to describe their subject
without including their personal responses. A medical examiner’s report on what caused the death of a person found in an alley is an example of objective
description. So is the report of a business planner who has been sent to look at a tract of land and determine its suitability for development as a shopping
center. When a certain type of machinery is needed for production, a company’s engineers will describe the machine before it is built, lying out the
required physical and dynamic specifications. Note that personal bias is out of place in this context. Instead, the emphasis is on impartially, on providing a
disinterested description. On the other side, subjective description is used by writers to show a
personal connection to their subject. For example, if the writers wrote an essay describing their aunt’s dog, Rusty, a lovable rogue with a talent for
madcap adventures and digging up disgusting objects, they would be writing from their limited experience of this dog. If their aunt had taken on this
assignment, however, her response would probably be much different. She’s
24
Pharr and Buscemi, op. cit., p. 137-138.
15
the one who has to deal with this creature day in and day out, and what seem “lovable” to an occasional visitor may well require teeth-gritting forbearance
from the caretaker. From the elaboration above, the difference between objective
description and subjective description is clear enough. The objective description only uses the details as real as the described subject, without
including personal opinion. Meanwhile, the subjective description includes the writer’s feelings toward the described subject. Therefore, people can realize
and determine easily which one descriptive text used objective description and subjective description.
C. Collaborative Learning
1.
The Definition of Collaborative Learning
Collaborative learning is not like an unusual term anymore in kinds of fields, especially in education field. It has been discussed by the experts and
educators in the education field. Collaborative learning gives ways to arrange group work to improve learning process and to increase
students’ academic achievement.
It is related to Simplicio’s statement in the Orlich and friends’ book that doing in collaborative teams is able to help the pupils reach
academic goal.
25
Collaborative learning is an approach that used by teachers in teaching and learning processes. It is quoted from Slavin’s statement in the Dornyei’s
book, “Educational theory has even proposed a teaching approach, called
cooperative learning, which is entirely built on the concept of peer collaboration.”
26
It can be said that collaborative learning is same as cooperative learning which is collaborative learning is more general approach
than cooperative learning approach. This approach has been accepted in popularity in recent years.
25
Donald C. Orlich, et. al., Teaching Strategies: A Guide to Effective Instruction, Ninth Edition, Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 270.
26
Zoltan Dornyei, Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 100.
