character’s inner thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events; for a highly developed mode of such inner showing. While in telling, the author intervenes
authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and
dispositional qualities of the characters. 2.
Theory on Conflict
The discussion of a character covers also ‘conflict’ as the important aspect
in a play. Abcarian, Klotz and Richardson in
Literature: Reading and Writing the Human Experience
give their argument that Plays often portray oppositions between characters or groups, or even
between two aspects of a cha racter’s personality; this opposition often
takes the form of a
conflict
that drives the plot. More than other forms of literature, plays give physical expression to the social and psychological
conflicts that define us individually and collectively Abcarian, Klotz and Richardson, 1998: 23.
In
A Handbook to Literature,
Holman and Harmon 1986: 107 define conflict as “the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in the plot.
Conflict provides interest, suspense, and tension. At least, one of the opposing forces is usually a person, or, if an animal or an inanimate object is treated as
though it were a person .” Simply, conflict may be an argument between opposing
forces, like man against man, nature, fate, society or perhaps the internal one between the two opposing parts of man’s personality.
In addition, the writer supports Stanton ’s theory 1965: 16 that conflict
can be
internal conflicts
which are the conflicts between two desires within a character, and
external conflicts
which are the conflict between characters or between a character and his environment. Both conflicts can be in turn
subordinate to the
central conflict,
which may be internal, external, or both. Stanton adds that a central conflict lays between fundamental and contrasting
qualities
or forces, such as honesty and hypocrisy, innocent and experience, individuality and the pressure to conform.
3. Theory on Moral
Every work of literature has moral lesson as it said before that literature was the media for teaching moral. The existence of moral values in a work of
literature is the representation of all kinds of human’s aspects. One of the aspects of human beings is a social creature. As a social creature, one cannot live
separately from others. A person needs another person. Laws, norms, values and customs are needed and those are necessarily useful to secure the relationship.
Those refer to a requirement that someone has to be good person for others. Moral values are the points in this writing. Wellman 1975: 135 says that the theory of
value holds that what make an act morally good or evil is the value or disvalue of its actual consequences. Moral value is used in the analysis to help to make
judgment on the goodness of moral conscience that is presented by the main character through his attitudes and conflicts.
When considering the moral the writer supports Cochrane, Hamn and Kazepides in
The Domain of Moral Education
1979: 7, note that moral thinking is about the fundamental value by which human being process to live. They note
that the word
values
have meaning that the things we seriously believe in to be worthy pursuing, the ends that we think to be worth realized and the action which
we think worth doing, or which we think important to refrain from doing. In brief,
they say that moral is not just about differentiating good or bad but it has a deeper meaning.
Daniel C. Maguire in
The Moral Choice
states that “the foundation of
morality is the experience of value of persons and their environment” 1978: 72. This statement can be understood that morality is set up by the value of person
and their own environment. The experience that people have in their life has close relation with the environment as well. The relationship of people and their
environment, of course, cannot be avoided from conflict; that can be personal conflict and collective conflict. That is why the existence of conflicts makes
morality seems meaningful.
4. Theory on Leadership a.
Theory on Modern Leadership
In this review, the writer uses Gary Yulk’s book entitled
Leadership in Organization
to discuss the theory on modern leadership. Since the play discusses about a country or nation, the writer considers that the discussion of leadership in
organization refers to the similar basic views. General views of leadership in organization are presented in the book. In relevance, some theories are taken to
support the purpose of knowing the modern criteria of becoming a good leader. One of the subjects that important as the complement of a good leader is ethical
leadership. In this discussion the writer supports Gary Yulk 2006: 420 who gives several criteria that relevant for judging individual leader, including the
person’s values, stage of moral development, conscious intentions, freedom of choice, use of ethical behavior, and types of influence used.
As noted by Yulk 2006: 421, James McGreg or Burns states that a primary leadership role or function is to increase awareness about ethical issues
and help people resolve conflict values. He explains that transforming leadership is a process in which
‘leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation
’. These leaders seek to raise the consciousness of followers by appealing to ideals and moral values such as liberty, justice, equality,
peace and humanitarianism, not to baser emotions such as fear, greed, jealousy, or hatred. Followers are elevated from their everyday selves to their better selves.
Another scholar, Ronald Heifetz as quoted by Yulk 2006: 421 proposes that the primary role of leaders is to help followers confront conflict and find
productive ways to deal with it. The leader must engage people in facing challenges, changing perspective, and learning new ways to work together
effectively. Leadership is described as both a dyadic and collective process. It is emphasized that meaning change requires shared leadership, and it cannot be
accomplished by a single, heroic individual. Gary Yulk 2006:424 suggests some criteria of leadership:
first
, the use of leader power and influence;
second
, the handling diverse interest of the multiple stakeholders;
third
, the development of a vision for the organization;
fourth
, the integrity of leader behavior;
fifth
, the risk taking in leader decisions and actions; and
sixth
, the communication of relevant information operations. Relating to the
moral values the criteria of leadership should be taken or done which considered as morally acceptable.
Robert Greenleaf still in Yulk 2006: 422 proposes the concept of servant leadership. Service to followers is the primary responsibility of leaders and the
essence of ethical leadership. Greenleaf adds that service includes nurturing, defending, and empowering followers. A servant leader must attend to the needs
of followers and help them become healthier, wiser, and more willing to accept their responsibilities. It is only by understanding followers that the leader can
determine how best to serve their needs. Servant leaders must listen to followers, learn about their needs and aspirations, and be willing to share in their pain and
frustration. Even the weak and marginal members of society must be treated with respect and appreciation.
In addition, Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy 1999:101 in
Leadership Enhancing the Lessons of Experience
state that experience can contribute to the development for better understanding of leadership situation.
b. Theory on Classic Roman Leadership
The purpose of theory on classic Roman Leadership is to know the duties of classic Roman leader. Theory on classic Roman Leadership refers to the
government of Rome, the leaders, and the citizens or the lead. In
History of Rome,
Cary 1954:49-63 noted that at the time when the city of Rome was founded, the prevalent form of government was monarchical. For more than a century, kings
ruled Rome. In
Every Day Life in Rome
, Treble 1953:139 stated that the kings of Rome had three main duties. They had to deal with all questions concerning
