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Intrinsic elements : the formal elements of the novel, where is consist
of by the character, characterization, plot, setting, moral value and symbol.
Target : an objective or result towards which efforts are
directed. Winner
: someone that popular and successful, or in a particular situation are the people who have
benefited from it and are in a better position than they previously were because of it.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework
This chapter discusses the theory used to analyze this study. New Criticism is the main theory, it included by intrinsic elements in the novel
The Winner Stands Alone
by Paulo Coelho. The intrinsic elements of the novel that will be focuses on analyzes are included: characters and characterizations, theme,
plot, setting and also the moral value of the novel.
2.1.1 New Criticism
Tyson states that new criticism is the organic unity of the text that is formed by formal elements which is depicted in the text 136. It means that the formal
elements are the main tool to analyze the text itself. In other words, Tyson states that new criticism is the main tool in an analysis to reveal the true meaning of a
text based on the text itself 136. Moreover, he also states that knowing an author’s intention, therefore, tell us nothing about the text itself, which is why
New Criticism coined the term intentional fallacy to refer to the mistaken belief that the author’s intention is the same as the text’s meaning 136. It means that
new criticism does not need the author’s background or reader response to get the meaning of the text. As Charter states that, new criticism concentrated on
paradoxes and ambivalence which could be established in the text 27.
