Architecture In Transformation The Case Of Batak Toba
ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSFORMATION
The Case of Batak Toba
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MOEHAMMED NAWAWIY LOEBIS
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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
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Moehammed Nawawiy Loebis : Architecture in transformation the case of Batak Toba, 2000
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Moehammed Nawawiy Loebis : Architecture in transformation the case of Batak Toba, 2000
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Moehammed Nawawiy Loebis : Architecture in transformation the case of Batak Toba, 2000
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Bina dalam Proses Transformasi
Kajian kes Batak Toba
Abstrak
Disiplin iImu Seni bina, seperti takrif mengbadkan maupun teori teori yang
mengazasinya seIalunya berubah secara dinamis mengikut kecenderungan (Trend)
perkembangan iImu pengetahuan (Knowledge) dan faIsafah (philosophy).
Seni bina teJah menjadi po1emik yang semakin hangat dibincangkan terutamanya
dalam masa terakbir ini, seperti dikesankan dalam perbincangan yang terjadi antaTa
Modemisme dan Post-modemisme yang kemudian secara nyata (Physical) terlihat didalam
Jinglmngan buatan manusia (Built enviromnent) yang berubah secara berterusan
(Continues).
Babawa perubaban gaya seni bina (Architectural Style) yang sangat berkesan dan
tidak tidak bersamaan (Conflict and Incompatible) dengan budaya local, telah mewamai
berbagai tempat di muka bumi ini dan selalu membingnngkan dan timbul menjadi
pertentangan sosio-budaya, alienasi, tegangan serta rasa bermusuhan dalam masyarakat.
Perlu ditegaskan babawa pennasalahan bukan terletak pada proses perubaban itu
sendiri tetapi lebih kepada jenis dan intensitas dari perubahan yang telah terjadi, yaitu
antaTa perubahan alamiah yang dipicu dari dalam dalam bentuk evolusi (Natural
Evolution) maupun sebagai akibat kontak dengan budaya luar melalui proses diffusi dan
perubahan yang dipaksakan dari luar,
penyelidikan ini bertujuan mencari penje\asan tentang alasan, penyebab, arah
serta mekantsme transfotmasi Seni bina dalam konteks dinamika budaya. Berkaitan
dengan tujuan tersebut, penyelidikan difokuskan pada transformasi seni bina yang terjadi
pada kumpulan kaum Batak Toba dalam masa antaTa tahun 1850 sampai tahun 1998,
dengan mengamhil dua tapak penyelidikan yang berbeza. Tapak yang pertama adalah
perkampungan Jangga Dolok yang terletak di pinggiran Danau Toba iaitu kawasan desa
(Rnral) ianya masih ada mukim tradisional masa lampan. Tapak kedua iaJah mukim
spontan yang memiliki ciri Bandar (Uman) di Tegalsari yang terletak di pusat bandar
Medan.
Hasil penyelidikan itu mengukuhkan bipotesis yang telah dibuat, yang pertama,
iaJah penegasan babawa perubaban terjadi melalui kontak dan pertukaTan sosio-budaya
baik secara dalaman (Evolution) dan eksternal dengan berselerak (DiffiIsion) atan
proses pertukaran sosiokeduanya secara seremoak. Yang kedua, ditemui bahawa ｾ
budaya ini, penerima budaya (Cultural Recipient) akan memilih dan banya mengambil
unsure-unsur luar yang sesuai dan memiliki kesamaan akar dengan ideologi (Ideology,
Worldview and Culture) yang dimihkinya timpa boleh dipaksakan, sebingga terjadi bentuk
campuran (Hybrida) yang berbeza dengan budaya luar tempat unsur itu bennnla yang
disebut budaya pemberi (Cultural Donor) dan juga beza tetapi boleh diterima oleh
sipenerima budaya. Ketiga, dengan demikian boIeh dirumuskan bahawa perubahan itu
iaJah phenomena alam yang tidak boleh dieJakkan dan selalu akan mengbasilkan suatu
campuran dengan arahanserta bentuk yang sangat sukar untuk diramalkan.
Penyelidikan ini dilalmkan dengan pendekatan 'synchronic' dan 'diachronic'
dengan kaidahkualitatip dan kullIrtitatip secara serentak.
Diharapkan basil penyelidikan ini boleh memberikan sumbangan bagi teori seni
bina pada kaitan teori ttansformasi yang semasa ini hanya mendesakkan peran serta
pengaruh luaran dari budaya pemberi terbadap penyesuaian (Adaptation) yang dilakukan
0100 si penerima budaya.
Moehammed Nawawiy Loebis : Architecture in transformation the case of Batak Toba, 2000
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Architecture in Transformation
The Case of Batak Toba
Abstract
Architecture discipline, its definition, scope and basic theories have dynamically
changes following the development of the main trend of the grand theory of knowledge
and philosophy.
The subject has become the tense polemical issues as was reflected in the critical
dialog between Modernism and Post-modernism, which is widely discussed and directly
manifested in the physical built enviromnent which have underwent the continual drastic
changes in the last decades of 20 th Century.
However, the drastic change of architectural styles very often are in conflict and
incompatible with the local culture and has colored the entire parts of the world,
inevitable has lead to the confusion, social conflict, alienation, psychological tension and
hostile feelings in the society.
It is needed to confirm that the crucial problem is not the change itself but its
nature, intensity and magnitude, whether the changes is caused and underlie by the
natural internal factors in the form of evolution or peaceful cultural exchanges through
diffusion process or brought about by enforcement of alien external power.
The purpose of the study is to find the reason, cause, direction and mechanism
of architectural transformation within the context of the dynamic cultural change. In line
with this aim, the study is focused on architectural transformation of Toba House during
the period 1850-1998 in two different locations; the first is Jangga Dolok, a hamlet in the
shore of lake Toba in the rural area, on which can be found the reminiscence of
traditional architecture from the past, The second is Tegalsar, a spontaneous housing of
urban character in the core of Medan, the largest city in outer Java, which is occupied by
the Toba migrant.
The study finding had verified the hypothesis; firstly, the change is processed
through the cultural exchanges either internal (Evolution), external (Diffusion) or both
ways.
Secondly, in this cultural exchanges, the recipient cannot be forced and only
adopted external elements which is compatible or have the similar roots with their own
ideology, worldview and cultural values give birth to the hybrid form which is different
with the donor culture and the recipient but accepted by the recipient.
Thirdly, it can be concluded that changes is unavoidable phenomena of nature
that inevitably and continuously creates the hybrid form of architecture, whose furm and
direction not always can be predicted prior to its change.
Synchronic and diachronic approaches are simultaneously applied alongside the
qualitative and quantitative method of research.
The research findings is expected to contribute to the architectural theory in the
context of architectural transformation which currently have exaggerated the role of
external factor and donor culture in process of architectural adaptation instead of the
internal factors and recipient culture which in fact are interdependent.
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The Case of Batak Toba
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ｾ
Bina dalam Proses Transformasi
Kajian kes Batak Toba
Abstrak
Disiplin iImu Seni bina, seperti takrif mengbadkan maupun teori teori yang
mengazasinya seIalunya berubah secara dinamis mengikut kecenderungan (Trend)
perkembangan iImu pengetahuan (Knowledge) dan faIsafah (philosophy).
Seni bina teJah menjadi po1emik yang semakin hangat dibincangkan terutamanya
dalam masa terakbir ini, seperti dikesankan dalam perbincangan yang terjadi antaTa
Modemisme dan Post-modemisme yang kemudian secara nyata (Physical) terlihat didalam
Jinglmngan buatan manusia (Built enviromnent) yang berubah secara berterusan
(Continues).
Babawa perubaban gaya seni bina (Architectural Style) yang sangat berkesan dan
tidak tidak bersamaan (Conflict and Incompatible) dengan budaya local, telah mewamai
berbagai tempat di muka bumi ini dan selalu membingnngkan dan timbul menjadi
pertentangan sosio-budaya, alienasi, tegangan serta rasa bermusuhan dalam masyarakat.
Perlu ditegaskan babawa pennasalahan bukan terletak pada proses perubaban itu
sendiri tetapi lebih kepada jenis dan intensitas dari perubahan yang telah terjadi, yaitu
antaTa perubahan alamiah yang dipicu dari dalam dalam bentuk evolusi (Natural
Evolution) maupun sebagai akibat kontak dengan budaya luar melalui proses diffusi dan
perubahan yang dipaksakan dari luar,
penyelidikan ini bertujuan mencari penje\asan tentang alasan, penyebab, arah
serta mekantsme transfotmasi Seni bina dalam konteks dinamika budaya. Berkaitan
dengan tujuan tersebut, penyelidikan difokuskan pada transformasi seni bina yang terjadi
pada kumpulan kaum Batak Toba dalam masa antaTa tahun 1850 sampai tahun 1998,
dengan mengamhil dua tapak penyelidikan yang berbeza. Tapak yang pertama adalah
perkampungan Jangga Dolok yang terletak di pinggiran Danau Toba iaitu kawasan desa
(Rnral) ianya masih ada mukim tradisional masa lampan. Tapak kedua iaJah mukim
spontan yang memiliki ciri Bandar (Uman) di Tegalsari yang terletak di pusat bandar
Medan.
Hasil penyelidikan itu mengukuhkan bipotesis yang telah dibuat, yang pertama,
iaJah penegasan babawa perubaban terjadi melalui kontak dan pertukaTan sosio-budaya
baik secara dalaman (Evolution) dan eksternal dengan berselerak (DiffiIsion) atan
proses pertukaran sosiokeduanya secara seremoak. Yang kedua, ditemui bahawa ｾ
budaya ini, penerima budaya (Cultural Recipient) akan memilih dan banya mengambil
unsure-unsur luar yang sesuai dan memiliki kesamaan akar dengan ideologi (Ideology,
Worldview and Culture) yang dimihkinya timpa boleh dipaksakan, sebingga terjadi bentuk
campuran (Hybrida) yang berbeza dengan budaya luar tempat unsur itu bennnla yang
disebut budaya pemberi (Cultural Donor) dan juga beza tetapi boleh diterima oleh
sipenerima budaya. Ketiga, dengan demikian boIeh dirumuskan bahawa perubahan itu
iaJah phenomena alam yang tidak boleh dieJakkan dan selalu akan mengbasilkan suatu
campuran dengan arahanserta bentuk yang sangat sukar untuk diramalkan.
Penyelidikan ini dilalmkan dengan pendekatan 'synchronic' dan 'diachronic'
dengan kaidahkualitatip dan kullIrtitatip secara serentak.
Diharapkan basil penyelidikan ini boleh memberikan sumbangan bagi teori seni
bina pada kaitan teori ttansformasi yang semasa ini hanya mendesakkan peran serta
pengaruh luaran dari budaya pemberi terbadap penyesuaian (Adaptation) yang dilakukan
0100 si penerima budaya.
Moehammed Nawawiy Loebis : Architecture in transformation the case of Batak Toba, 2000
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Architecture in Transformation
The Case of Batak Toba
Abstract
Architecture discipline, its definition, scope and basic theories have dynamically
changes following the development of the main trend of the grand theory of knowledge
and philosophy.
The subject has become the tense polemical issues as was reflected in the critical
dialog between Modernism and Post-modernism, which is widely discussed and directly
manifested in the physical built enviromnent which have underwent the continual drastic
changes in the last decades of 20 th Century.
However, the drastic change of architectural styles very often are in conflict and
incompatible with the local culture and has colored the entire parts of the world,
inevitable has lead to the confusion, social conflict, alienation, psychological tension and
hostile feelings in the society.
It is needed to confirm that the crucial problem is not the change itself but its
nature, intensity and magnitude, whether the changes is caused and underlie by the
natural internal factors in the form of evolution or peaceful cultural exchanges through
diffusion process or brought about by enforcement of alien external power.
The purpose of the study is to find the reason, cause, direction and mechanism
of architectural transformation within the context of the dynamic cultural change. In line
with this aim, the study is focused on architectural transformation of Toba House during
the period 1850-1998 in two different locations; the first is Jangga Dolok, a hamlet in the
shore of lake Toba in the rural area, on which can be found the reminiscence of
traditional architecture from the past, The second is Tegalsar, a spontaneous housing of
urban character in the core of Medan, the largest city in outer Java, which is occupied by
the Toba migrant.
The study finding had verified the hypothesis; firstly, the change is processed
through the cultural exchanges either internal (Evolution), external (Diffusion) or both
ways.
Secondly, in this cultural exchanges, the recipient cannot be forced and only
adopted external elements which is compatible or have the similar roots with their own
ideology, worldview and cultural values give birth to the hybrid form which is different
with the donor culture and the recipient but accepted by the recipient.
Thirdly, it can be concluded that changes is unavoidable phenomena of nature
that inevitably and continuously creates the hybrid form of architecture, whose furm and
direction not always can be predicted prior to its change.
Synchronic and diachronic approaches are simultaneously applied alongside the
qualitative and quantitative method of research.
The research findings is expected to contribute to the architectural theory in the
context of architectural transformation which currently have exaggerated the role of
external factor and donor culture in process of architectural adaptation instead of the
internal factors and recipient culture which in fact are interdependent.
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