Conceptual Metaphor in UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE 2017 News from FourFourTwo.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN UEFA CHAMPIONS
LEAGUE 2017 NEWS FROM FOURFOURTWO
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Stata One of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
By :
Yogi Prasetyo
Reg. Number A73213139
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
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CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN UEFA CHAMPIONS
LEAGUE 2017 NEWS FROM FOURFOURTWO
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Stata One of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
By : Yogi Prasetyo Reg. Number : A73213139
Thesis advisor:
Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling NIP : 197810062005012004
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017
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DECLARATION
This thesis contains materials which have been accepted for the award of
Sarjana degree of English Department Faculty of Artrs and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. And to be the best of my knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person
except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.
Surabaya, 7th July 2017 Writer
Yogi Prasetyo Reg.No. A73213139
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APPROVAL SHEET
Approved to examined at Surabaya, July 2017 Approved by
The advisor
Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling NIP : 197810062005012004
Acknowledged by
The Head of English Department
Dr. Muhammad Kurjum, M. Ag NIP. 196909251994031002
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017
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THESIS EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
This thesis has been approved and accepted by the board of examiners, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan
Ampel Surabaya on
Dean of Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Dr. H. Imam Ghazali Said, MA NIP. 196002121990031002
The Board of Examiners are:
Examiner I Examiner II
Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M. Pd NIP: 197810062005012004 NIP: 197303032000032001
Examiner III Examiner IV
DR. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd Murni Fidiyanti, M.A.
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ACKNOEWLEDMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise and grattitude be to Allah
for giving the writer ability and health to finish this thesis. Blessing is upon our
prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendant and his followers.
This thesis is presented to English Letters Department of Arts and
Humanities Faculty State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya as partial of
requirements for the Degree of Strata One.
This graduating paper will never be finished without the help and support
by my positive surronding people :
1. All of my family members who always care, understand and encourage
me to do the best. Thanks all of your prayers, support, during the time
and the process of making this thesis, especially for my mother who always says “never leave your prayer to God, and always stand up even in hardship”.
2. My thesis advisor Mrs. Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling. Thanks for
your best consultant for me to finish this paper. Without your
suggestions and supervision, this paper will be nothing. I must say that
to comprehend the theory itself I feel difficult, but with your guidance
it is easier and better to understand.
3. The Head of English Department, Dr. Muhammad Kurjum, M. Ag
4. Dr. Zuliati Rohmah my academic advisor. Thanks for your motivation
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ABSTRACT
Prasetyo, Yogi. 2017. Conceptual Metaphor in UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE
2017 News from FourFourTwo. Thesis. English Department. Faculty
of Arts and Humanities. State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Thesis advisor : Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Keywords : Conceptual Metaphor, Mapping Process source domain, target domain, Lakoff and Johnso, UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE 2017.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the conceptual metaphor in
UEFA CHAMPION LEAGUE news from FourourTwo. In this case, the aim of
this research are : 1. To convey the concepts and the meaning of metaphorical expression, 2. To convey the function of the metaphorical expression used by news writer.
The method of this research is using qualitative descriptive analysis. To collect the data the writer uesd reading technique by Ratna. The collected metaphorical expression have picked up only in semifinal and final UEFA Champions League news. The concept of metaphorical expressions are analyzed by using George Lakoff and Mark Johnson theory which the concept elaborated into mapping to see the relation between source domain and the target domain that leads to understand the meaning and also to convey the function of metaphorical expression by Leech.
The result of this research shows that there are fourteen data collected from selected nwes. Those collected data showed four concepts which found based on the metaphorical expression mapping. The mapping process had proven that the meaning of metaphor can be easier to understand, so the message of the news delivered succesfully to the reader. The function of metaphorical expression consist of five function, but only three of five function found in those factual sport news text.
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ABSTRAK
Prasetyo,Yogi. 2017. Conceptual Metaphor in UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE
2017 News from FourFourTwo. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of
Letter and Humanities. State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Thesis advisor : Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling
Kata kunci : Metapora Konseptual, Proses Pemetaan, Ranah Sumber, Ranah Sasaran, Liga Champion UEFA 2017
Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisa metafora konseptual di
dalam berita Liga CHAMPION 2017 dari situs bola FourFourTwo. Penelitian ini
memiliki tujuan untuk : 1. Mengetahui konsep dan arti dari ekspresi metaphorikal, 2. Mengetahui fungsi dari ekspresi metaporikal yang digunakan penulis berita .
Metode penelitian ini adalah deskripsi kualitatif. Untuk mengumpulkan data penulis menggunakan teknik membaca oleh Ratna. Ekspresi metaporikal yang dikumpulkan hanya di berita semifinal dan final Liga Champion UEFA. Konsep dari ekspresi metaporical yang di analisa menggunakan teori dari George Lakoff dan Mark Johnson yang diuraikan melalui pemetaan untuk melihat hubungan dari ranah sumber dan ranah sasaran yang akan menghantarkan ke pemahaman makna dan fungsi dari ekspresi metaporikal dari Leech.
Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat empat belas data yang dikumpulkan dari berita pilihan. Data tersebut menunjukan empat konsep berdasakan pemetaan ekspresi metaporikal. Melalui proses pemetaan makna metapora lebih mudah dipahami jadi pembaca mengetahui pesan dari berita tersebut. Yang terakhir erdapat lima fungsi dari ekspresi metaporikal, tetapi hanya tiga dari lima fungsi yang ditemukan dalam berita olahraga tersebut.
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Table of Contents
Cover ... i
Inside Title ... ii
Declaration ... ii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval ... iii
Thesis Examiner’s Approval ... iv
Acknowledgement... v
Table of Contents ... vii
List of Table ... x
Abstract ... xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Problem... 7
1.3 Research Objective... 8
1.4 Significance of the Research ... 8
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 8
1.6 Definition of Key term ... 9
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. Theoretical Framework ... 10
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2.2 Metaphor ... 12
2.3 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistic ... 13
2.4 Conceptual Metaphor ... 15
2.5 Mapping in Conceptual Metaphor ... 17
2.6 Metaphor in Culture ... 20
2.7 Function of Metaphorical Linguistics Expression ... 21
2.8 Previous Study ... 23
2.9 UEFA Champion League ... 26
2.10 FOURFOURTWO ... 28
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3. Research Method ... 29
3.1 Research Design ... 29
3.2 Research Instrument ... 29
3.3 Data and Data Source ... 30
3.4 Data Collection... 30
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CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Finding ... 34
4.2 Explanation ... 39
4.2.1 Football Match is War ... 39
4.2.2 Attempting to Score is Hunting ... 45
4.2.3 Goal is Gold ... 50
4.2.4 Football Competition is a Journey ... 55
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 61
5.2 Suggestion ... 62
REFERENCES APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Mapping of ARGUMENT IS WAR ... 19
Table 2. Mapping of TIME IS MONEY ... 20
Table 3. Result of Conceptual Metaphor’s classification ... 34
Table 4. Mapping of FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR ... 44
Table 5. mapping of ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS HUNTING ... 49
Table 6. Mapping of GOALS are GOLD ... 55
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CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Human essence lies in how human use their creativity to produce
language, which involves the ability to utter and understand language. This
essence has important roles, especially to communicate and deliver information
with other people in society through language. Because without language they
cannot ask and give people information well and will miss the communication
which appears among each other. And also language is a systematic way of using
words so that people can share information and show their emotion, ideas, feeling,
experience, and knowledge efficiently. Thus language is important aspect in
human life.
People use language for many purposes like communication, discussion,
and to get information. Mass media is one of the tools to get information, people
get information through electronic media and print media every day. In the social live, people tend to see the news of the common things to specific things. By reading the headlines, they are able to obtain general information from the article. Reading through short headlines and informative news, people get solid and interesting information. Wheter in the print media or eletronic media, of course, we will meet with a wide range of writing style, style of language used by speakers or writers as diverse as: comparisons, metaphors, personification, and so on.
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Metaphor is part of figurative language which is often used in mass media.
Figurative language involve comparison or simile, metaphor, allegory,
personification, allusion, synecdoche, and metonym. Figurative language used to
creates an imagination which is characterized by language that compares,
exaggerates, or means something other than what it first appears to mean. Take for example : “I am so hungry, I could eat a sheep”. This show how starves the speaker is, so he can eat any impossible thing. It proves that figurative language is
used to enrich the language. Thus people communicate through language to
convey their feelings and their ideas, even if it means that every utterance which
is conveyed by people sometimes contains of hidden meaning, just like in
imagery, or metaphor as a part of figurative language which is common and
widely used. It is an implicit comparison in which idea is compared with another
idea through a similarity or likeness characteristics. From many figurative
language, then the writer concern to analyzed a metaphor.
Through metaphor people express the idea beyond the literal meaning, it is
a way to understand one thing in the term of other things. Making comparison in
metaphor does not employ the word “like or as”, instead likeness is sugessted.
Knowless and Moon, (2006). Cruse (2000) stated a similar definition which
sugests that metaphors are the use of one word or phrase to refer to something
different from its literal meaning. A metaphor occurs when a word is used to refer
to an object, concept, process, quality, relationship or world to which it does not
conventionally refer. For example “ thank you for visiting my hut ”, it is not
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The listeners have to understand this sentence using their imagination that speaker
wants to be more humble or low profile to call his home. A hut in this sentence is
a metaphor. The idea of a hut is not the same as its literal meaning which
describes that a hut is a place that settled on a farm as a place to rest for farmers
after working.
For most people especialy who have taken literature course have become
familiar with the term metaphor which function to create the impression of poetic,
imaginative, and to enrich language in a literary work. But there is another
perspective who proposed by Lackoff and Johnson (1980). They claimed that
metaphor is not only occurs in language, but also in thought and action. When we
think, and do activities in our daily life were influenced by metaphors. Then
because metaphor influences the human conceptual system, when we act and
think, it is called a conceptual metaphor.
The work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) on metaphor from a cognitive view is
defined metaphor as an understanding of one conceptual domain as another
conceptual domain. Metaphor in the cognitive view has two main domains,
namely, source domain and target domain. This claims that the conceptual domain
of A is the conceptual of domain B.
For example :
”How do you spend your time this noon ?” “I don’t have time to talk with you”
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In those sentences, time is a conceptual metaphor for Time is Money, with the
time as the source domain while monesy as the target domain. Because time in
western culture is identical with a valuable commodity. In the modern era, work is
typically associated with the time it takes and time is precisely quantified. The
concept that people know is like to pay people for hours, weeks, months, or years.
Then people understand and experience time as kind of thing that can be spent,
wast ed, invested, or saved. This is a metaphor since we are using our everyday
experience with money to conceptualize time.
The use of metaphor in research has done by a number of researcher in recent
year. Kurniawati, Albert Tallapessy, and Sabta Diana (2014) were done with their
research about conceptual metaphor in novel entitled The Hunger Games written
by Suzane Collin. In their analysis through certain linguistics choice such as
metaphor, they show the story inside the novel from another point of view,
especially conceptual metaphor. Ekaning Krisnawati (2014). She discussed
metaphor from cognitive view with the theory of conceptul metaphor by Lackoff
and Johnson, which focused in Indonesian soccer news in two Indonesian
newspaper Kompas and Pikiran Rakyat. Aldin Lukman Hakim (2009) entitled
Semantic Analysis of Metaphor Found in Dream Theater’s Selected lyrics. He analyzed ten song lyrics selected from ten Dream Theater’s released album. The result of this research are 95 metaphor which consist of
1. Conceptual metaphor 65 data (68,4%)
2. Mixed metaphor 28 data (29,5%)
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Zunanik Oktavia (2015) has analyzed metaphor in selected lyrics of Maher Zain’s song, she used descriptive qualitative method with the technique of data analysis
are the theory of Miles and Huberman there are data reduction, data display and
verivication. The finding from this thesis there are three types of metaphor used in Maher Zain’s song which are conceptual metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor.
Based on the previous study above a metaphor is authentic discourse occurs
not only at the lexical level, they can also occur in sentences, or even spread over
organized text. Further the writer chooses metaphors as the object of this study. It
is becuase metaphors are used by author in their work, such as literary work
(poem or novel) and factual news report. Metaphors are used to deliver the
message which want to be conveyed by the author. Metaphor is a meaning of
expression one thing in terms of other thing. Meanwhile metaphor not only used
in literature but also used in daily life, similar with the work of Lakoff and
Johnson ( 1980) claimed that metaphor is not only occurs in language, but also in
thought and action, what we are doing, what we are thinking in our daily life were
influences by metaphor. It is called conceptual metaphor because metaphor
influences the human conceptual system, when we act and think. Further from the
explanations, theory of conceptual metaphor is applicable to investigate metaphor
since metaphor figuratively describes anything through another thing. Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) stated that “metaphor resides in thought, not just in words”. Thus, metaphor is not solely words but also a knowledge construction.
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This construction is composed by our daily activity, routine and daily process of
thinking.
Furthermore, related to this study is intended to show that there is another
interesting object that is still rare to analyze a conceptual metaphor. And to fill
the gap with the previous study about metaphor, the writer put an attention to
sports news. It will be interesting because the writer find metaphorical terms in
factual sport news report which is often dominated by literal meaning. This study
will be discussing about conceptual metaphor in sports news, especially in
football news because as football fans, the writer know football have their own
language when talk about the game.
Moreover, the writer focused on one news sports event that is UEFA
Champions League season 2017. Because UEFA Champions League is the top
football competition among European football clubs that will attract many
attention for football fans. The news of UEFA Champions League 2017 will be
taken from FourFourTwo (online version). It is English sport news magazines
from England, as one of the most famous sports news magazines in Europe
mainland. This media is available in an online version and printed magazine that
the writer will analyze online news, because is easily collect, by texting in
searching column device.
In short, this study will focus on conceptual metaphors that are found in
FourFourTwo in UEFA Champions League 2017 news. Conceptual metaphors are
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metaphor needs linguistic expressions that are joined together to form conceptual
metaphor.
The characterization of conceptual metaphor is set of mapping, in which this
set of mapping obtains between basic constituent elements of the source domain
and basic constituent elements of the target. To know a conceptual metaphor is to
know the set of mapping that provide much of the meaning of metaphorical
linguistic expression that make a particular conceptual metaphor manifest. By this
mapping process we can comprehend the metaphor easier.
Then this research is intended to know what conceptual metaphors are used
and how the conceptual metaphor constructs meaning in in FourFourTwo in
UEFA Champions League 2017 news. Conceptual metaphor theory elaborates the
correlation between two conceptual domain called mapping which also leads to
understanding the meaning of metaphor.
1.2 Research Problems
Based on the background of the study above, this research will be guided
by several research questions wich formulated in the following questions:
1. What are the conceptual metaphor and what are the meaning of the
metaphors used by writers in FourFourTwo in UEFA Champions
League season 2017?
2. What are the functions of the metaphorical linguistic expression used
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1.3Research Objectives
Based on the problems above, the objective of the study are aimed:
1. To get understanding on how metaphor can be understood by
elaborating the conceptual metaphor found in football news.
2. To explain the meaning and the function of metaphorical linguistic
expression used by news writer in FourFourTwo in UEFA Champions
League 2017 news
1.4Significance of the Research
This research gives valuable information about conceptual metaphors
that found in football online news magazine. How metaphors construct
meaning, what the function of its metaphor that found in EUFA Champions
League 2017 news from FourFourTwo, and to give awareness that metaphors
could be found in over organized text such as in sports news as the main topic
in this research.
1.5Scope and limitation
The writer focused on analyzing how metaphor can be understood by
elaborating the conceptual metaphor found in football news in FourFourTwo
in UEFA Champions League 2017 news and the analyzing function of
metaphorical linguistic expression used by news writer. The writer start to
collect data from Semi final stage news in early of Mei until the champions
league is entering final round in 4th of June 2017 or it taken in a month. It
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1.6Definition of the key terms
1. Metaphor
A metaphor is a part of a figurative language, it compares one idea with
another idea through a similarity without using comparative markers, such
as like or as.
Example : you are my sunshine
2. Conceptual Metaphor
Conceptual metaphor is a metaphor in which one idea is to understand in
terms of another through which we act and think.
Example : the systematic metaphorical concept that “time is money.”
Will we waste it, save it, or spend it?
3. Figurative language
Figurative language is a type of language that uses words or phrases that
are different from the literal meaning.
4. EUFA Champions League 2017
EUFA Champions League 2017 is the top football competition among
European football clubs that is held every season, in the season 2016/2017
it starts from July 2016 and finish on Mei 2017.
5. FourFourTwo
FourFourTwo is football news magazine that first published in 1994 on the
back of a world cup that England hadn't even qualified. Two decades on,
FourFourTwo is the world's biggest football magazine, published in 17
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2. Theoretical Framework
This chapter consists of some theories related to this research , overview
about FourfourTwo and UEFA Champions League 2017.
2.1Figurative Language
Figurative language is language in which figures of speech, such as
metaphor and metonym freely occur. Contrast with literal language, it means
exactly what each word conveys.
Figurative language can also be defined as any deliberate departure from
the conventional meaning, order, or construction of words. Figurative language is
used in any form of communication, such as in daily conversation, article in
newspaper, advertisement, novel, poems, etc. Accordig to Perrine (1982), she
states that figurative language afford readers imaginative pleasure of literary
work. It is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract
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There are some important figurative languages, such as:
1. Simile
Simile is the comparison of two elements where each maintains its own identity. For example: “My love is like is a red, red rose.” Here, a person is compared to flower in a way that suggested they have certain features in a common, such as beauty, fragility, and etc. Simile usually using “as or like” in its use, for example: She likes a star.
2. Metaphor
Metaphor is the merging of two element or ideas, where one is used to modify the meaning of the other. For example: “The moon was a ghostly galleon tosses upon cloudy seas.” Here, the image of the moon in a cloudy night sky is merged with that of a sailing ship on stormy seas, so that some characteristic of the latter are
transfer to the former.
3. Metonym
Metonym is the use of a part to represent a whole, or the use of one item to stand
for another with which it has come associated. For example: in the news headline “Palace shocked by secret photos,” the palace stands for the royal family and their sides.
4. Personification
Personification is the description a nonhuman force or object in terms of a person
or living thing. For example: “The gnarled branches clawed at the clouds.” Here,
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permits us to use knowledge about ourselves to comprehend other aspects of the
world, such as time, death, natural forces, inanimate objects, etc. One important
question that arises in connection with personification is why we use the kinds of
persons that we do for a target.
5. Symbols
Symbol is the substitution of one element for another as a matter of convention
rather than similarity. For example in the biblical story of Adam and Eve, the
serpent is used as a symbol of temptation. In the ceremonies of the modern
Olympics, white doves symbolizeand freedom. Language itself is a symbolic,
since words and meanings are associated purely by convention.
2.2 Metaphor
Metaphor can be described as a comparison between two different things.
Wales (2001) states that metaphor is produced when words are attributed by metaphoric sense, meaning that “one domain of reference is carried over or mapped onto another on the basis of some perceived similarity between the two fields”.
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Another expert supporting the idea is Keraf (2001), who states that
metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly. For instance, “Muhamad Ali is a lion in the ring”. In this example, Muhamad Ali is compared to a lion, and “lion” is used metaphorically. A lion is pictured as the king of a jungle; therefore, Muhamad Ali was the king of the boxing ring because
Muhamad Ali could defeat his enemies by knocking them quickly.
In the book entitled Metaphor and thought Ortony (1993) states that
metaphor is the use of word or phrase to indicate something different from the literal meaning, as in example “she has a heart of stone”. In this sentence “she has a heart of stone”, it does not mean that she has a heart made of stone but she has a strong faith about something and it is difficult to change
Metaphor is a figures of speech in which one object is compared to
another without any connective words, such as, “he is a pig” . Kennedy and Gioia
(2005). Two dissimilar things, in the previous example. A person (he) and an
animal (pig), are compared without using such a connective word as like.
Based on above oppinions about metaphor the writer can conclude that
metaphor has been viewed as a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to
another by claiming that the first one is the other without explicit comparison
achieved using the words like or as.
2.3 Metaphor in Cognitive linguistics
A new view that opposed the traditional concept of metaphor gained after the publication of George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By in
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1980. It is congruos with cognitive linguistics theories, that according to Evan and
Green (2006) cognitive linguistics is investigating the relation of human language
and human cognition. In cognitive linguistics to study language is to study pattern
of conceptualisation.
Cognitive Linguistics developed into two branches, namely Cognitive
Semantics and Cognitive Approach to Grammar. Cognitive semantics examines
the relationship between experience, conceptual systems, and semantic strutcture
formed in the linguistic expression. While cognitive approaches to grammar
examines and describes how system of language related to human knowledge.
Both of this branches are one entity, either cognitive semantics or cognitive
approach to grammar are interrelated based on the role of interpreting the meaning
of language in cognitive.
Theoretical framewok in this study is more focused on cognitive semantic
approach because it is directly related to the study of conceptual metaphor. Evans
and Green (2006) stated that in specific terms, scholars working in cognitive
semantics investigate knowledge representation (conceptual structure) and
meaning construction (conceptualisation). Cognitive semantics is not only
examines the meaning of language, but rather the essence of human conceptual system through language. It is suitable with Steen’s opinion (2007), that the existence of conceptual metaphor can be studied using the approach of language
system and/or conceptual system (mind).
The work of Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphor We Live By used by the
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achievement of Metaphors We Live By is the fact that “Lakoff and Johnson
showed that metaphor is pervasive both in thought and everyday language”, it is equal and then facilitated the rise and unification of the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor. They claim that “our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which
we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature” Lakoff and
Johnson (1980). Those concepts govern human thought and everyday functioning,
structure human perception and orientation in the world, and how human relate to
other people. In short, our conceptual system plays a central role in defining our
everyday realities, which is what Lakoff and Johnson meant by saying that we live
by metaphors.
Cognitive linguistic defines metaphor as understanding one conceptual
domain in terms of another conceptual domain, while a conceptual domain is any
coherent organization of experience. It can also be expressed in the following
way: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN A IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN B Kövecses
(2010). Metaphorical linguistic expressions, on the other hand, are linguistic
expressions that emerge from the language of the more concrete conceptual
domain, which is domain B.
2.4Conceptual Metaphor
Metaphor is generally defined as a device of the poetic imagination and
the rhetorical flourish in literary work. It is a way to understand one thing in the
term of other things. This view was challenged by Lakoff and Jonhson (1980).
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and action. It means that the way we think what experience, and what we do every
day is influence by metaphor. Because metaphor influences human conceptual
system in the terms of which we both act and think, so it is called concetual
metaphor.
Conceptual metaphor relates to human cognition and connot be separated
from our daily life, this can be seen in the following example of the metaphor “he
shot down all of my argument” . In this example, it can be described that what every individual thinks and acts is always related to metaphor.
Everything seen and felt in daily life is realized through cognitive language or the process of language comprehension related to the context of situation. We sometimes disagree with the understanding or opinion of others in everyday life. Everyone will maintain their own argument when there is difference in opinion or argument. However, in argument, there are losers and winners although the winners do not always have a correct argument.
Victory and defeat in a debate is equated with wars. This results in a metaphorical concept of the human mind where “ARGUMENT IS WAR”. The concept can be seen in such a sentence as “he shot down all of my argument”. The word “shot” is in use with the concept of WAR where people shoot one another so as to win the war. It can be understood that humans observe and treat things that
they meet in the form of metaphor through their utterances every day. Lakoff and
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“metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.”
This all is known as Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Conceptual
metaphor is the process of interpreting or understanding one domain which is
relatively abstract by using another domain which is relatively concrete Lakoff
and Johnson (1980).
2.5Mapping in Conceptual Metaphor
Metaphor in the cognitive view has two main domains, namely, source
domain and target domain. The conceptual domain from which it draw
metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called
source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the
target domain. Thus, the abstract concepts, such as, life, arguments, love, theory,
ideas, social organizations, and others are target domains, while the concrete
concepts, like journeys, war, buildings, food, plants, and others are source
domains. The target domain is the domain that we try to understand through the
use of the source domain.
Consider the following example of (a), and (b) a) He shot down all of my arguments.
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According to Lakoff and Johnson, a mapping concept of argument to that
of war can be seen in both (a) and (b). The argument, which is the target domain,
is viewed in terms of a battle (or a war), the source domain. The existence of such
a link allows us to talk about arguments using war terminology.
The examples in (a) and (b) provide an illustration of Conceptual
Metaphor Theory (CMT). Lakoff and Johnson explain them via the common
conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR, which is systematically reflected in
metaphorical linguistics expressions.
c) Your claims are indefensible.
d) I demolished his argument.
e) I've never won an argument with him.
f) You disagree ? Okay, shoot!
The underlined words are linguistic expression which refer to how the
argument an be reflected as a war. When use attack, demolished, indenfensible,
shoot and target to talk about ARGUMENT, these metaphorical expression omes from domain of WAR. The fact is those expression are not only refer to some war
terms but also to form a human cognition based on the used concept. Everybody
can be completely win or lose in argument, to win an argument they have to use a strategy and if they don’t have a strong strategy or weapon they will lose and their weak argument can be easily defeated. Many of things we do in arguing are
partially structured by the concept of war. Arguments are comprehended in our
thought as war because the word war is associated with defense, attack, demolish,
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can attack our position and, therefore, we should defend ours. In an argument,
people involved use many strategies to win. This yields the conceptual metaphor
ARGUMENT IS WAR. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) claim that such metaphorical
associations do not only reveal themselves in language, but to a large extent
govern our behavior. For example, one might not only talk about “demolishing
arguments", but at the same time behave aggressively in the process.
Here are the mapping to support the conceptual metaphor of ARGUMENT IS
WAR
Table 1. Mapping of ARGUMENT IS WAR
SOURE : WAR TARGET : ARGUMENT
War contender People arguing
War stategies (tactics, high technology,
strong fortress)
strategies for arguing (strong argument,
facts, and beliefs)
To win or lose battle To win or lose argument
To stop fighting To stop arguing
The two domains that constitute a conceptual metaphor are the source
domain and the target domain. The former is the more concrete or delineated
domain that we draw linguistic expressions from, while the latter is the more
abstract and less delineated conceptual domain that is understood in this way. It is
important to note that in most cases these two domains are not reversible. This
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“metaphorical process typically goes from the more concrete to the most abstract and not the other way around” Kövecses (2010).
2.6 Metaphor and Culture
Conceptual metaphor and culture are related to each other. As stated by
Lakoff and Johnson that metaphorical expressions in daily language gives
perception into the concept that structure everyday activities.40 For instance, the
writer takes an example from the methaporical concepts Time is Money.This
metaphor is reflected in daily language by many varieties of expression such as: I‟ve invested a lot of time in her.
I don‟t have enough time to spare for that. You‟re running out of time. You‟re wasting my time.
The metaphorical concepts from Time is Money will be drawn on the following
table:
Table 2. Mapping of TIME IS MONEY
SOURE : MONEY TARGET : TIME
Valuable Precious
Invested spend
Amount Duration
From the table above it can be explained that Time in western culture seen as
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above, it explains that time is precious, valuable, and limited. Thus, it can be
understood how the western culture understands and experiences time as the kind
of thing that can be spent, wasted, and invested wisely or poorly.41 As it has
already known that in Indonesian it has the same metaphorical concepts “Waktu
adalah Uang” which it is borrowed from “Time is Money” English metaphorical concepts. Yet, in facts, Indonesian people do not trully appreciate the value of “Time” because the way they experience time in terms of money is different as it has known in term “Biar lambat asal selamat”. From the explanation above, it can conclude that the similarity between conceptual and metaphor is because of the
experience and culture which will form a metaphorical structure
2.7Function of Metaphorical Linguistics Expression
The only function of language would be to expound knowledge and pass
information, in order to facilitate cooperation between members of society.
Informtion much more be conveyed by using metaphor through implication and
connotation, than through straightforward or literal language. When using
metaphorical expression, listener interpret less narrowly than they would literal
language. Therefore, meaning is communicated between speaker and listener in a
less precise way, eventhough the metaphor may seem concrete and vivid. It is
imprecision, which makes metaphor such a powerfull tool in the communication
of emotion, evaluation, and explanation. According to Leech there are five
function of metaphorical language, they are : information, expression, direction,
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1. Information
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to convey
information which everyone tends to assume it is important that deliver
from the speaker to listener. The characteristic of this function is the
implicit characterization in the message that conveyed. This function is
usually contain an idea, belief, certainty, anger, fear, anxiety, and courage.
2. Expression
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to expressing the speaker’s or writer’s feelings or attitudes, swearword, and exclamation are the most obvious example for this function. The content of metaphorical expression contains the speaker’s or writer’s expecation and desire to the lisner or reader. The characteristic of this funtion is the implicit intention
that indicates direction, suggestion, or expectation.
3. Direction
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to influence the
behavior or attitudes of the other. The characteristic of this function is
shown by command and request, instruction, threat or question. This function of social control places emphasis onthe listener’s or reader’s rather than the speaker’s end of message.
4. Phatic
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to maintaining social
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lines open between social members (speaker listener or reader) and
keeping the social relationships in good condition.
5. Aesthetic
The used of metaphorical expression has the function to creating artistic
effect.
2.8Previous Study
There are some studies which had been conducted regarding analysis the
metaphor, they were as follow :
The writer found another research who has been analyzed metaphor in
novel. Kurniawati, Albert Tallapessy, and Sabta Diana (2014) were done with
their research about conceptual metaphor in novel entitled The Hunger Games
written by Suzane Collin. In their analysis through certain linguistics choice such
as metaphor, they show the story inside the novel from another point of view,
especially conceptual metaphor. Further to analyzed the data they applied theory
of comparison by Miller were used to categorize and the types of metaphor and to
interpret the metaphors. This research applied mixed method strategies through
exploratory-qualitative-statistical research. Exploration and explanation are
necessary since the data in the form of written text. Statistical or data calculation
is also applied during the analysis to count the dominant categories of target and
source domain
The results of this research show that there are nominal and predicative
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dominant target domains. NATURAL FORCE, FIRE, TORMENTOR, DOWN,
and CAPTIVE ANIMAL appearing as the dominant source domains. The whole
dominant categories appear and indicate particular tendency that is related with
the story, character and what Katniss Everdeen as the main character does and
feels in the story.
What will the readers get from this research is with conceptual metaphor,
it can build a story, character, setting, and certain meaning through categories and
properties that are linked with our daily activities. Perception of a concept in our
daily knowledge constructs language from literal to figurative. It is also construct
situated meaning which is means there is another story behind the Katniss’
bravery. It is proven that anything in the story can be revealed by using theory of
conceptual metaphor.
Ekaning Krisnawati (2014) has done research about metaphor in
Indonesian soccer news. She discussed metaphor from cognitive view with the
theory of conceptul metaphor by Lackoff and Johnson, which focused in
Indonesian soccer news in two Indonesian newspaper Kompas and Pikiran
Rakyat.
The writer applied MIPVU (Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije
Universitet) developed by Steen, et al (2010) to determine linguistic metaphor
expressions in sport news. The procedure basically describes the procedure to
determine the basic meaning and the contextual meaning of a word. The basic
meaning is originated from a dictionary, while the contextual meaning is revealed
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contextual meaning are different, the word has the potential to conceptualize
metaphor. The result from this research revealed that some conceptual metaphor
that exist in our thought can be found in linguistic expressions in Indonesian
soccer news. The concept of goals which is the main purpose of the game to
score goals as a gold and as crops, and the game itself conceptualized as hunting.
Aldin Lukman Hakim (2009) entitled Semantic Analysis of Metaphor
Found in Dream Theater’s Selected lyrics. He analyzed ten song lyrics selected from ten Dream Theater’s released album with descriptive qualitative method to analysis the data. There are three steps as the object of the analysis in this thesis, the first is find out the number in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics. Continoue with find oyt the most dominant type of metaphor, and the last is analyze the meaning of metaphor found in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics.
The result of this research are 95 metaphor which consist of
4. Conceptual metaphor 65 data (68,4%)
5. Mixed metaphor 28 data (29,5%)
6. Poetic metaphor 2 data (2,1%)
The most metaphor which appear is conceptual metaphor a conclusion can be
drawn that metaphor plays its role in this lyrics, not only to convey and decorate
ideas but also to arouse emotional feelings of the listener.
Zunanik Oktavia (2015) has analyzed metaphor in selected lyrics of Maher Zain’s song, she used descriptive qualitative method with the technique of data analysis are the theory of Miles and Huberman there are data reduction, data
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The finding from this thesis there are three types of metaphor used in Maher Zain’s song which are conceptual metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. Every types of metaphor have different meaning. The first
is meaning about coneptual metaphor that the source domain is he wants to make
his mother to get happy. Target domain is how can do it. The second is orientational metaphor. Reading Qur’an is many benerits that he always reading Qur’an in every single day and praying on time teh results is he always remembers Allah. The last is ontological metaphor he had gpt mistakes and doing
so bad in the past, now he want to get way to the truth to go in the heavenor
Jannah.
From the previous study, the writer can took some lesson to helped the
writer how to start and finish this research about conceptual metaphor. Althought
this reserach had same topic about sport news with one of the previous studies
above, The differences are the object taken from English language online
magazine which did not need to be translated as the previous study did.
2.9UEFA Champions League 2017
The UEFA Champions League, known simply as the Champions League, is an
annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European
Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs. It is
one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious
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(and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of each UEFA national
association.
In its present format, the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with
three knockout qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams
ente r the group stage, joining 22 other teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams
are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double
round-robin system. The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the
knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the
UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club
World Cup.
Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competition's history, having
won th e tournament ten times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have
accumulated the highest number of victories (16 wins), followed by England and
Italy (12 wins apiece). The competition has been won by 22 different clubs, 12 of
which have won it more than once. Since the tournament changed name and
structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins; Milan were the last
holders to successfully defend their title, in the 1989–90 season. The reigning
champions is Real Madrid, who secured their eleventh title in the competition
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2.10 FourFourTwo
Fourfourtwo is football news magazine that first published in 1994 on the back of a world cup that England hadn’t even qualified, published by Haymarket. It takes its name from the football formation of the same name, 4-4-2. Two
decades on, fourfourtwo is the world’s biggest football magazine, published in 17
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Chapter III
3. Research Method
In this section it discusses the methodology of the research. It
consists of research design, research instrument , data and data source,
data collection, and data analysis.
3.1Research Design
In conducting this research, the writer uses qualitative method.
Qualitative method is a research procedure which result in descriptive
data, including written and oral word from the research objective whether
it is from soceity or book or factual report. Applying qualitative is needed
due to written source of data and interpreting the results by using words.
The purpose of qualitative method is to reveal fact, situation, phenomenon,
or variable of the research (Lia: 2010). In addition, the data are described
descriptively based on the research problem, what conceptual metaphor
are used and how does meaning of conceptual metaphors used in
FourFourTwo in UEFA Champions League 2017.
3.2Research Instrument
The main instrument in this research taken from writen text in
FourFourTwo football.co.uk. The instrument was writter itsefl as the only
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3.3Data and Data Sources
The main source of data in this research is written text from
FourFourTwo.co.uk. That focus on the UEFA Champions League season
2017 news from semifinal stage start from 3 Mei until the championship
entering final round in 4 June or it taken in full one month. The data of
this research were metaphorical linguistics expressions. The data could be
in the form of linguistics expression (word, phrases, and sentences) which
found in FourFourTwo (UEFA Champions League 2017)
3.4Data Collection
The writer uses reading technique in collecting data of this research. Ratna (2010) says that “reading technique is scrutinizing and reading data then continued by noting”. In other word it namely as
reading, scruitnizing, and noting or baca, simak, catat (BSC) in Indonesia.
The data taken when UEFA Champions league is entering semifinal until
final round. Reading technique is used because in obtaining data used
reading stage, that is reading with observation. The next technique is a note technique that captures the data by recording as the results of scrutinize.
Since metaphor need special approach to help and determine
linguistics metaphor expression. The writter used procedures developed by
Pragglejaz group (2007) called MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure)
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meaning and the contextual meaning of linguistics expression. The basic
meaning is originated from dictionary while the contextual meaning is
revealed from the context that bounds the word under consideration. If the
basic and the contextual meaning are different, the word has the potential
to conceptualize metaphor.
According to Pragglejaz the procedures is as follow :
1. Read the entire text to establish a general understanding of the meaning.
2. Determine the lexical units in the text
3. For each lexical unit in the text, establish its meaning in context, that is,
how it applies to an entity, relation, or attribute in the situation (contextual
meaning). Consider the text what comes before and after the lexical unit.
4. Decide whether the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic meaning
but can be understood in comparison with it.
5. If yes, mark the lexical unit as metaphorical.
3.5Data Analysis
This study applied a qualitative approach to analyze the data.
According to Creswell (2009) is a tool to explore and understand a problem
of an individual or group. This method focuses on the explanation and
interpretation of metaphorical linguistics expression. This method was
selected because it did not attempt to generalize conceptual metaphors
found in FourFourTwo (UEFA Champions League 2017), but it described
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The procedures to analyze the data :
1. Examining the metaphorical linguistics expression from FourFourTwo
(UEFA Champions League 2017) which contains metaphor.
2. Interpreting metaphorical linguistic expression into conceptual metaphors.
3. The chosen data then classified based on the concept which are found in
the metaphorical linguistics expression.
4. The next step is finding the mapping to see the relation between source
domain and target domain in the concept, the meaning of the metaphor
more seen from this mapping
5. Identification of meaning in metaphorical expression use dictionary
Identification of meaning in metaphorical language use some dictionaries
to be the references; they are Merriam-webster.com and
Oxforddictionaries.com. Those references are to find the literal meaning
and compare with non-literal meaning from metaphorical language which
contained in the text speech.
6. The last is identifying the function of the metaphorical linguistic
expression used in FourFourTwo.
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The classification of metaphorical linguistics expressions which form
conceptual metaphor presented in the table as follow :
No. Date Metaphorical Linguistic Expression
Conceptual Metaphor
Meaning Function
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Chapter IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The research’s objetives are to find out what conceptual metaphor are used
by writers in FourFourTwo in UEFA Champions League season 2017, How does
meaning and function of each conceptual metaphors. And this chapter presented
the finding and discussion of all metaphorical linguistics expression data which
found in FourFourTwo based on two research objectives above.
4.1 Finding
The writer found 14 metaphorical linguistic expression data which
comtained metaphorical cases in UEFA Champion League news. The fourteen
data were structured into four conceptual metaphor based on Lakoff and Johnson
theory. There are FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR, ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS
HUNTING, GOAL IS GOALD, FOOTBALL COMPETITION IS JOURNEY.
The meaning and the function of metaphoricall expression also revealed. The
result showed in the following table.
Table 3. conceptual metaphor, metaphorical expression, meaning and function
from FourFourTwo in UEFA Champion League 2017 news.
No. Conceptual
Metaphor
Metaphorical Linguistic Expression
Meaning Function
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FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR
Champions League
Semi-finals will
feature a great battle
between the two clubs
which have dominated
European football.
somebody information
At full-time in
Calderon, the first leg
of semi-final clashes
has ended 3-0 to the
Real Madrid a violent confrontation aesthetic and information
Real Madrid were
installed as favourites
after their first-leg
success in Santiago
Bernabeu although
expectations outside
Bernaubeu have since
dimmed in the wake of Barcelona’s demolition of Paris
Saint Germain and Real Madrid’s
the invasion,
strong place
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impressive conquest
of Atletico Madrid at
their Calderon
fortress.
AS Monaco fell in
battle in St. Louis
Stadium fight against somebody information 2. ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS
HUNTING
The St. Luois Stadium
is proving to be a
happy hunting
ground for
Mandzukic – it was
his decisive game that
defeated Monaco in
their home.
a place uesd
or suitable
for hunting
aesthetic
Higuain, however,
showed his predatory
instincts four minutes
later when he stabbed
home Bernardo Silva’s mishit shot.
an animal instinct that naturally preys on other aesthetic
Gonzalo Higuain is
proving again he is the
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Fantastic Mr. Fox
In-The-Box 3.
GOAL IS GOLD
Juventus coach
Maximiliano Allegri
surely seems to set
duo strikers, Gonzalo
Higuain and Paulo
Dybala, who packed
four goalsin a match
against AS Monaco.
store
something
information
It is a big opportunity
for us. We try to pan
manygoals to the goal
of AS Monaco says
the Juventus coach.
got
something in
quite big
amount
expression
AS Monaco also
panned full pointsin
a match at St. Louis
Stadium got something in quite big amount expression
“We have a golden
opportunityagainst
Monaco”. Said Maximilliano Allegri
colour expression
and
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Juventus hasn’t been ready yet, but they are
on the right way
walking
along a road
on the right
of way
expression
Real Madrid obtains
the ticket to Cardiff
acquire the
final place
information
“We will be mentally
stronger after coming
through this”.
the long
journey of
football team
expression
4.2 Explanation
4.2.1 FOOTBALL MATCH IS A WAR
There are four data represent the concept FOOTBALL IS WAR. The
conceptual metaphor FOOTBALL IS WAR is derived from the mapping process
based on the metaphorical linguistic expression found in UEFA Champions
League news from FourFourTwo.
Data 1.
Metaphorical Linguistic Expressions :
1. The 2017 UEFA Champions League Semi-finals will feature a great battle
between the two clubs which have dominated European football.
2. At full-time in Calderon, the first leg of semi-final clashes has ended 3-0
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3. Real Madrid were installed as favourites after their first-leg success in
Santiago Bernabeu although expectations outside Bernaubeu have since dimmed in the wake of Barcelona’s demolition of Paris Saint Germain and Real Madrid’s impressive conquest of Atletico Madrid at their Calderon fortress.
4. AS Monaco fell in battle in St. Louis II Stadium
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (1)
The 2017 UEFA Champions League Semi-finals will feature a great battle
between the two clubs which have dominated European football.
Explanation :
The first metaphorical linguistic expression in data one was taken from
Pre-match first leg semi-final UEFA champions league Real Madrid vs Atletico
Madrid news on May, 02 2017. This is the fourth season in succession that these
city rivals face off in the Champions League knockout phase. The fact that both of
this club was dominated wheter in their domestic competition or European
competition, make this duel as a great battle.
The metaphorical expression battle is not literally a real battle of war
against enemies using weapon or one-one fight with somebody. It means a match of Champions League, the news writer used word “battle” because he/she remember both concepts between “war” and Champions League match” has same characteristics, such as both of them has an opponent, their purpose is to defeat
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This metaphor has the function of aesthetic and information. The
information function is to inform the readers that this match will features two club
which have dominated european football. The aesthetic function is to enrich the
language that may attract the readers.
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (2)
At full-time in Calderon, the first leg of semi-final clashes has ended 3-0 to the Real Madrid.
Explanation :
The second metaphorical linguistic expression was taken from semi-final
UEFA Champion league Atletico Madrid vs Real Madrid news on May, 11 2 017.
In this report was telling the result of first leg semi-final that the match was won
by Real Madrid with score 3-0.
The metaphorical expression clashes here does not literary mean a violent
confrontation, but based on the context, clashes means in reference to football
teams play a match that used chiefly in journalism.
This metaphor has function of aesthetic and information. The information
function is to inform the readers that the result from the match was won by Real
Madrid with score 3-0. The aesthetic function is to enrich the language that used
by the news writer that may attract the reader.
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (3)
Real Madrid were installed as favourites after their first-leg success in Vicente Calderon although expectations outside Bernaubeu have since dimmed in the wake of Barcelona’s demolition of Paris Saint Germain and
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Real Madrid’s impressive conquest of Atletico Madrid at their Calderon
fortress.
Explanation :
The third metaphorical linguistic expression was taken from semi-final
UEFA Champion league Atletico Madrid vs Real Madrid news on May, 02 2017.
In this time reported that Real Madrid is the favourites in the second leg duel
againts Atletico Madrid because no team has ever overturned a 3-0 first leg away
defeat in the Champions League knockout stages. In other side Barcelona managed the biggest ever comeback in this season’s round of 16 by eliminating Paris SG 6-5 on aggregate after a 4-0 first leg defeat.
There are two metaphorical expressions in this data, conquestand fortress
are the characteristic of war terminology which is the a war usualy is about
confilct between two side who one side is conquer or defeat the other teritory and
take place in a battlefield, just as football are organized in team who defeated
each other by scoring goal and play in stadium. This metaphorical expression has
an aesthetic function that creates an artistic effect, because this metaphor is
indicated war terminology.
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (4)
AS Monaco fell in battle in St. Louis II Stadium
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The last metaphorical linguistic expression was taken from Juventus vs AS
Monaco second league news on May, 09 2017. In this time is telling the result
from duel between AS Monaco vs Juventus that Monaco was defeat in their home
St Louis II Stadium.
The meaning of metaphorical expression in battle is indicated St. Louis II
stadium as a battlefield for match between AS Monaco vs Juventus, whereas AS
Monaco was lose. This metaphor has function of information. The information
function is to inform the readers that the result from the match AS Monaco was
lose in their home stadium St. Louis II.
Conclusion for data 1.
The four metaphorical linguistic expressions above were structured into
conceptual metaphor FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR. According to Lakoff (1980)
conceptual metaphor is constructed from one conceptual structure to another. In
other words, in a conceptual metaphor, one concept is understood and expressed
in terms of another structure.
Football match and War are two things that have different conceptual
domain. Therefore, there is a cross domain conceptual mapping between these
two. The target domain FOOTBALL MATCH is conceived in source domain
WAR.
Football match is concerned with sports competition that occurs in the
arena. The participants in war consist of armies of soldiers mustering both
aggression and ability to handle their weapons and ammunition, just as football
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basis of skilful treatment of the ball using various parts of their body. For soldiers
the aim is to hit, kill, defeat, and conquest the enemy in order to win the war and
achieve the supremacy, just as the objective of football players is to trick the
opponents, score goals and beat them, thereby winning the game and the title of
the competition.
To illustrate this conceptual connection, lets take a closer look at the essence of
this similarity, as shown in mapping.
Table 4. mapping of FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR
Source domain : WAR Target domain : FOOTBALL
MATCH
Conflict, battle, fortrees sports, competition, arena, stadium
army, soldier football player, coach
aggression, ability challenge, skill
hit, kill, defeat, conquest trick, score, beat
weapon, ammunition body part, ball
win/loss, supremacy win/loss, title
In here we tried to understand the football match in term of war. Where
the conceptual domain football match is understood in the term of war. The
football match corresponds to a battle, clash or war. Further a football match is
played on a battlefield to call the stadium. A stadium, in turn, is sometimes
referred to as a fortress that should to be conquered by the visiting side. The
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conceptualize football match in terms of war. This yields the conceptual metaphor
of FOOTBALL MATCH IS WAR.
4.2.2 ATTEMPTING TO SCORES IS HUNTING
There are three data represent the concept ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS
HUNTING. The conceptual metaphor ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS HUNTING
is derived from the mapping process based on the metaphorical linguistic
expression found in UEFA Champions League news from FourFourTwo.
Data 2
Metaphorical Linguistic expressions :
5. The St. Louis II Stadion is proving to be a happy hunting ground for
Mandzukic – it was his decisive game that defeated Monaco in their home.
6. Higuain, however, showed his predatory instincts four minutes later when
he stabbed home Bernardo Silva’s mishit shot.
7. Gonzalo Higuain is proving again he is the Fantastic Mr. Fox In-The-Box
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (5)
The St. Louis II Stadion is proving to be a happy hunting ground for Higuain. it was his decisive game that defeated Monaco in their home.
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The first metaphorical linguistic expression in data two was taken from first
leg semi-final UEFA champions league AS Monaco vs Juventus news on May, 09 2017. In this time is telling that Juventus’s striker Mario Mandzuki has a good game againts AS Monaco, even it was Monaco’s home.
The metaphorical expression hunting ground shows is quite same as the
literal hunting ground who is in this metaphorical word hunting ground, is
considered as the place used for hunting, it could be a forest or jungle. Therefore,
based on the sentence context hunting ground which is used by hunter for hunting
iscompare as a football stadium. This metaphorical expression has the function of
aesthetic to create an artistic effect expression, that a football stadium is called as
a hunting ground.
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (6)
Higuain, however, showed his predatory instincts four minutes later when he stabbed home Bernardo Silva’s mishit shot.
Explanation :
The sixth metaphorical linguistic expression was taken from first leg semi-
final UEFA champions league AS Monaco vs Juventus news on May, 08 2017. It
has relation with the previous news that Higuain has scored two goals in the first
leg semifinal to helps juventus seal the win with his predatory instincts.
The metaphorical expression predatory instinct is literary used as an
animal behavior. Animals have this amazing and wondrous predatory instinct
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means predatory instinct is an inner drive, a passion, a motivating force that
inspires football player to realise their full potential. Futher usualy a football
player who have predatory instinct is striker who have job to score a goal. This
metaphorical expression has function of aesthetic to create an artistic language
that may attract the reader.
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (7)
Gonzalo Higuain is proving again he is the Fantastic Mr. Fox In-The-Box.
Explanation :
The last metaphorical linguistic expression in data two was taken from
first leg semi-final UEFA champions league AS Monaco vs Juventus news on
May, 08 2017. For once again it is telling about Juventus’s striker Gonzalo
Higuain that the news writer called Higuain as Mr. Fox in the box.
The metaphorical expressionMr. Fox in the boxis used by news writer to
call juventus’s striker Gonzalo Higuan because Higuan has same characteristic with fox as an animal that fast, easy to deceive an enemy and energetic. In other
word in-the-box is to call penalty box beacause the suitable place for striker to
score a goal is in the penalty box. This metaphorical expression has function of
aesthetic to create an artistic language that may attract the reader.
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In data two, there are three metaphorical expressions that construct
conceptual metaphor ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS HUNTING. There are
Hunting ground, predatory instincts, and Mr. Fox in the box.
In here we try to understand those metaphorical expressions into the
source domain of HUNTING. The Hunting concept does not structure the whole
of a soccer match, but focuses mostly on attempts to score as the target domain.
Under this mapping of concept, the stadium is conceived of as a hunting ground,
while the players in the attacking line, i.e., strikers, are conceptualized as hunters,
who go for the kill or go hunting. Thus attempting to score is compared to stalking
a prey by hunters. Interestingly, the source domain HUNTING can refer to two
sets of hunters: human beings and predatory animals. For example, a fox in the
box. When strikers are conceptualized as human hunters, they can also exhibit
predatory instincts.
From the explanation above, the writer could draw a set of mapping which
can be describe the conceptual connection between “Attempting to score” and
“Hunting”.
Table 5. mapping of ATTEMPTING TO SCORE IS HUNTING
Source domain : HUNTING Target domain : ATTEMPTING TO
SCORE
hunter player, striker
hunting ground stadium
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These result in the mapping of attempting to scores is hunting, which
activates the source domain of hunting and the target domain of attempting to
scores. That is the way the conceptual metaphor of ATTEMPTING TO SCORES
IS HUNTING.
4.2.3 GOAL IS GOLD
Data 3
Metaphorical linguistic expressions :
8. Juventus coach Maximiliano Allegri surely seems to set duo strikers,
Gonzalo Higuain and Paulo Dybala, who packed four goals in a match
against AS Monaco.
9. It is a big opportunity for us. We try to pan many goals to the goal of AS
Monaco says the Juventus coach.
10.AS Monaco also panned full points in a match at St. Louis Stadium.
11. “We have a golden opportunity against Monaco”. Said Maximilliano
Allegri
Metaphorical Linguistics expression (8)
Juventus coach Maximiliano Allegri surely seems to set duo strikers, Gonzalo Higuain and Paulo Dybala, who packed four goals in a match against AS Monaco.
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First metaphorical linguistic expression in data three was taken from
Pre-macth Final UEFA champions league Juventus vs Real Madrid news on May, 02 2017. In this time, Juventus’s coach Maximiliano Allegri pretty confident to set up Gonzalo Higuan and Paulo Dybala as the starter, because in the previous macth
against AS Monaco this duo striker scores four goals.
In the phrase packed four goals. The verb pack it could be a mapping
concept of packing or a mapping concept of something covered. In the phrase
packed seven goals, the second concept of something covered is not compatible
because it does not fit the system in the brain. We try to understand the context
and then changes the concept into other concept of something valuable or
important, that is activated because something valuable or important is usually
packed.
It can be seen in the following inferences :
1. Something valuable or important is packed
2. The package usualy is neat and nice
3. To pack neatly and nicely needs skills.
This inferences activates the target domain of goal and the source domain
of gold because for human being one of the valuable things is gold and everyone
would come to an agreement that gold is important or valuable. From the analysis
it can be drawn the metaphorical inferencens.
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3. To scores goals needs skills and team work.
Addition, the phrase packed four goals, which was scored by Gonzalo
Higuan and Paulo Dybala, indicates that the players have good skill and have
good team work. This metaphorical expression has function of information, that
the function is to inform the reader about the condition before the match that Juventus’s coach Maximiliano Allegri surely will set duo striker Gonzalo Higuain and Paulo Dybala as starter player.
Metaphorical linguistic expression (9) and (10)
(9) It is a big opportunity for us. We try to pan many goals to the goal of ( AS Monaco says the Juventus coach.
(10)AS Monaco also panned full points in a match at St. Louis Stadium.
Explanation :
Metaphorical linguistic expression number nine and ten was taken from
Pre-macth AS Monaco vs Juventus first leg news on May, 08 2017. In this time,
reported that Juventus wants to make as many as possible goals against AS
Monaco. It was said that it is big opportunity for Juventus because as the away
team, away goal is important and give benefit for Juventus when Juventus play the
second leg. In other side AS Monaco does not want to lose easily, they also will
try to win the macth.
In the metaphorical linguistics expression (9) and (10). The phrase to pan
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say that metaphors are not only part of our every-day language but also of our
mind.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1CONCLUSION
Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon which shows the usages of
figurative language, but metaphor also shows the concept of thinking and used
widely pervasive in everyday life. Therefore, the word choice of writer news is
not random, but it has a certain structure basd on everyday experiences,
background knowledge and culture.
Metaphor that are found in factual report such as sport news and in this
research was focused on FourFourTwo football online news magazine, shows that
the used of metaphori is very flexible. There are four concepts in UEFA
Champion League news are revealed through the analysis of conceptual metaphor
using mapping process. They are FOOTBAL MATCH IS WAR, ATTEMPTING
TO SCORES IS HUNTING, GOALS ARE GOLD, FOOTBALL
COMPETITION IS A JOURNEY. The meaning of metaphor also revealed from
the mapping process which shows the relation betwenn source domain and target
domain to get an easier understanding in interpreting metaphor. The function of
metaphor also revealed by using leech theory, but only 3of 5 functions used in the
text.
From the mapping process of the concepts in UEFA Champion League news.
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facilitates the news writer in FourFourTwo when explaining the football match
condition, so that the reader can imagine and understand the news easily.
5.2SUGGESTION
Metaphor is not only a matter of meaning, but it is also related to the
concept that grounded from cognition. This relation to cognition is pervasive in
daily experiences based on the culture until sometime metaphor has been used
unconsciosly. So we have to focus when finding the right metaphorical expression
to consider it as metaphor. Dictionary will help us to recognize which are
metaphor contained in text, because some words are remaining as literal langage.
As foreign lerner of English we cannot guess the meaning of words by ourselve,
we need dictionary to guide us in interpreting non-literal meaning such as
metaphor.
This research used UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE news from
FourFourTwo which is the starting point of the study. Futher analysis will be very
possible using another data to get deeper and broader analysis. There are a number
of conceptual metaphor analyses in factual report or literary work that has been
analyzed, but there is stil limited analysis which use song lyric or song title as the
data source.
In the sport new, theory of conceptual metaphor used to convey the concept
of metaphor that leads to understand the meaning of metaphor. Meanwhile, in
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talking about. Therefore, this suggestion may give another opportunity to analyze
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