PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG

POKOK BAHASAN

  1. PENDAHULUAN

  2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI

  5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME

  4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI

  

7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

  6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME DASAR DASAR

  8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME

  9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME POKOK BAHASAN

  I. PENDAHULUAN

  II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

  III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

  IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

  

V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

  VI. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA

  VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME

  VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

  IX. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

POKOK BAHASAN

  A. ARCHAEA

  B. BACTERIA

  C. FUNGI

  D. ALGAE

  E. PROTOZOA

  F. VIRUS

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

C. FUNGI POKOK BAHASAN 1.

  1. PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN 2.

  2. DISTRIBUSI DISTRIBUSI 3.

  3. NILAI PENTING NILAI PENTING 4.

  4. STRUKTUR STRUKTUR 5.

  5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME 6.

  6. REPRODUKSI REPRODUKSI 7.

  7. KARAKTERISTIK PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI KARAKTERISTIK PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI 8.

  8. SLIME MOLDS SLIME MOLDS

DAN DAN

  WATER MOLDS WATER MOLDS

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENDAHULUAN

  organisms 

  C. FUNGI In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic group that contain organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contains some but not all descendants of the most recent common ancestor is called paraphyletic.

  group known as the eumycota (true fungi)

  group known as the eumycota (true fungi)

  Belong to the kingdom Fungi within the domain Eucarya; is a monophyletic

  Belong to the kingdom Fungi within the domain Eucarya; is a monophyletic

  Mycoses-diseases in animals caused by fungi 

  Mycoses-diseases in animals caused by fungi

  

  Fungi-eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with absorptive metabolism and no

  Mycotoxicology-the study of fungal toxins and their effects on various

  Mycotoxicology-the study of fungal toxins and their effects on various

  Mycology-the study of fungi 

  Mycology-the study of fungi

  Mycologists-scientists who study fungi 

  Mycologists-scientists who study fungi

  chlorophyll; reproduce sexually and asexually 

  chlorophyll; reproduce sexually and asexually

  Fungi-eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with absorptive metabolism and no

  organisms

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  

  Primarily terrestrial with a few freshwater and marine organisms

  Primarily terrestrial with a few freshwater and marine organisms 

  Many are pathogenic in plants or animals

  Many are pathogenic in plants or animals 

  Form beneficial associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae) or with algae or

  Form beneficial associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae) or with algae or

  cyanobacteria (lichens)

  cyanobacteria (lichens)

  C. FUNGI

2. DISTRIBUSI

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

3. NILAI PENTING

  immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine

  C. FUNGI

  eucaryotic organisms

  eucaryotic organisms

  Research-fundamental biological processes can be studied in these simple

  Research-fundamental biological processes can be studied in these simple

  immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine 

  

  Decomposers-break down organic material and return it to environment

  manufacture, antibiotic production, and the production of the

  Industrial fermentation-bread, wine, beer, cheese, tofu, soy sauce, steroid

  Industrial fermentation-bread, wine, beer, cheese, tofu, soy sauce, steroid

  humans 

  humans

  

Major cause of plant disease; also cause disease in animals, including

  Major cause of plant disease; also cause disease in animals, including

  

Decomposers-break down organic material and return it to environment



  manufacture, antibiotic production, and the production of the

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

4. STRUKTUR

  

• -body or vegetative structure of a fungus; fungal cell walls are

  THALLUS

  THALLUS

  C. FUNGI

• -body or vegetative structure of a fungus; fungal cell walls are
• -unicellular fungus with single nucleus; reproduces asexually by
>-unicellular fungus with single nucleus; reproduces asexually by

  of N-acetyl glucosamine residues

• -a fungus with long, branched, threadlike filaments
>-a fungus with long, branched, threadlike filaments

  DIMORPHISM

  usually composed of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting

  fungi

  fungi

  referred to as the YM shift; the reverse relationship exists in plant-associated

  referred to as the YM shift; the reverse relationship exists in plant-associated

  (within an animal host) to the mold (M) form (in the environment); this is

  (within an animal host) to the mold (M) form (in the environment); this is

  DIMORPHISM

  

  of N-acetyl glucosamine residues 

   MYCELIA MYCELIA -bundles or tangled masses of hyphae -bundles or tangled masses of hyphae

   HYPHAE HYPHAE -the filaments of a mold; may be -the filaments of a mold; may be coenocytic coenocytic (i.e., have no cross walls (i.e., have no cross walls within the hyphae) or within the hyphae) or septate septate (i.e., have cross walls) (i.e., have cross walls)

  MOLD

  usually composed of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting

  budding or may aggregate to form colonies 

  budding or may aggregate to form colonies

  budding, or sexually by spore formation; daughter cells may separate after

  budding, or sexually by spore formation; daughter cells may separate after

  YEAST

  YEAST

  MOLD

• -a property of some fungi, which change from the yeast (Y) form
>-a property of some fungi, which change from the yeast (Y) form

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

  Most are

  C. FUNGI Product diffuses back

   fungi are found in the rumen of cattle

   fungi are found in the rumen of cattle

  OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC

  );

  );

  FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC

  FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC

   (some yeasts are

   (some yeasts are

  AEROBIC

  AEROBIC

  

  Most fungi are

   is the primary storage polysaccharide 

  Most fungi are

  SAPROPHYTES

  SAPROPHYTES

  , securing nutrients from dead organic material

  , securing nutrients from dead organic material

  (chemoorganoheterotrophs); fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes that promote

  (chemoorganoheterotrophs); fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes that promote

  external digestion;

  external digestion;

  products diffuse back into hyphae

  

products diffuse back into hyphae



  GLYCOGEN

  GLYCOGEN

   is the primary storage polysaccharide

  Most are

OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

6. REPRODUKSI

  

  

  occurs by several mechanisms

  occurs by several mechanisms 

  Transverse fission Transverse fission 

  Budding Budding 

  Direct spore production Direct spore production

  Hyphal fragmentation-component cells behave as ARTHROSPORES ARTHROSPORES or or CHLAMYDIOSPORES CHLAMYDIOSPORES (if enveloped in thick cell wall before separation) (if enveloped in thick cell wall before separation)

• Hyphal fragmentation-component cells behave as
• SPORANGIOSPORES SPORANGIOSPORES are produced in sporangium (sac) at the end of an aerial are produced in sporangium (sac) at the end of an aerial hypha (sporangiophore) hypha (sporangiophore)
• CONIDIOSPORES
• BLASTOSPORES

  CONIDIOSPORES are unenclosed spores produced at the tip or on the sides of are unenclosed spores produced at the tip or on the sides of aerial hypha aerial hypha

  BLASTOSPORES are produced when a vegetative cell buds off are produced when a vegetative cell buds off

  C. FUNGI

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

6. REPRODUKSI (lanjutan)

  

   Involves the union of compatible nuclei Involves the union of compatible nuclei

   Some fungi are self-fertilizing (male and female gametes produced on the same Some fungi are self-fertilizing (male and female gametes produced on the same mycelium ( mycelium ( homothallic homothallic ), while others require outcrossing between different but ), while others require outcrossing between different but sexually compatible mycelia ( sexually compatible mycelia (

heterothallic

heterothallic

  ) ) 

  Zygote formation proceeds by one of several mechanisms Zygote formation proceeds by one of several mechanisms 

  Fusion of gametes Fusion of gametes 

  Fusion of gamete-producing bodies (gametangia) Fusion of gamete-producing bodies (gametangia) 

  Fusion of hyphae Fusion of hyphae 

  Sometimes there is immediate fusion of nuclei and cytoplasm; however, more common Sometimes there is immediate fusion of nuclei and cytoplasm; however, more common is a delayed fusion of nuclei, resulting in the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei is a delayed fusion of nuclei, resulting in the formation of a cell with two haploid nuclei (dikaryotic stage) (dikaryotic stage) 

  Zygotes can develop into spores (zygospores, ascospores, or basidiospores); Zygotes can develop into spores (zygospores, ascospores, or basidiospores); spores are used for identification purposes and also aid fungal dissemination spores are used for identification purposes and also aid fungal dissemination

  C. FUNGI

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  C. FUNGI

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

  1) Division Zygomycota 2) Division Ascomycota

3) Division Basidiomycota

4) Division Deuteromycota

5) Division Chytridiomycota

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

   Most are saprophytes; a few are plant and animal parasites Most are saprophytes; a few are plant and animal parasites

   Coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls), with many haploid nuclei Coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls), with many haploid nuclei

   Asexual reproduction leads to the formation of sporangiospores Asexual reproduction leads to the formation of sporangiospores

   Sexual reproduction leads to the formation of Sexual reproduction leads to the formation of ZYGOSPORES ZYGOSPORES ; these are tough, ; these are tough, thick-walled zygotes that can remain dormant when the environment is too harsh

thick-walled zygotes that can remain dormant when the environment is too harsh

for growth for growth

   Representative member: Representative member:

  Rhizopus stolonifer Rhizopus stolonifer

   (commonly known as bread mold, (commonly known as bread mold, but also grows on fruits and vegetables) but also grows on fruits and vegetables) 

  Normally reproduces asexually Normally reproduces asexually 

  Reproduces sexually by fusion of gametangia if food is scarce or environment is Reproduces sexually by fusion of gametangia if food is scarce or environment is unfavorable unfavorable 

  Zygospores (diploid) are produced and remain dormant until conditions are favorable Zygospores (diploid) are produced and remain dormant until conditions are favorable 

  Meiosis often occurs at time of germination Meiosis often occurs at time of germination 

  

Zygomycetes are used in the production of foods, anesthetics, coloring agents,

Zygomycetes are used in the production of foods, anesthetics, coloring agents,

and other useful products

  C. FUNGI

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

  ASCOSPORES

  C. FUNGI

  Thousands of asci may be packed together in a cup-shaped ascocarp

  Thousands of asci may be packed together in a cup-shaped ascocarp

  when reproducing sexually 

  when reproducing sexually

  ) are formed

  ) are formed

  ASCUS

  ASCUS

  

(haploid spores located in a sac called an

   (haploid spores located in a sac called an

  ASCOSPORES

  

  Members of this division cause food spoilage, a number of plant diseases

  bread mold Neurospora crassa

  Members of this division cause food spoilage, a number of plant diseases

  (e.g., powdery mildew, chestnut blight, ergot,and Dutch elm disease)

  (e.g., powdery mildew, chestnut blight, ergot,and Dutch elm disease) 

  Include many types of YEAST, edible morels, and truffles, as well as the pink

  Include many types of YEAST, edible morels, and truffles, as well as the pink

  bread mold

  Neurospora crassa 

   when reproducing asexually

  Mycelia are septate

  Mycelia are septate 

  Produce

  Produce

  CONIDIOSPORES

  CONIDIOSPORES

   when reproducing asexually 

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

   are held in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps 

  C. FUNGI

  some are plant pathogens

  some are plant pathogens

  food (some are poisonous); one is the causative agent of cryptococcosis; and

  food (some are poisonous); one is the causative agent of cryptococcosis; and

  Usefulness-many basidomycetes are decomposers; some mushrooms serve as

  Usefulness-many basidomycetes are decomposers; some mushrooms serve as

  

  Includes smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools,

  BASIDIOSPORES

  BASIDIOSPORES

  develop 

  develop

  Basidia are produced at the tips of the hyphae, in which the basidiospores will

  Basidia are produced at the tips of the hyphae, in which the basidiospores will

  mushrooms, and bird's nest fungi 

  mushrooms, and bird's nest fungi

  Includes smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools,

   are held in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

  Most are terrestrial; a few are freshwater or marine organisms; most are

  C. FUNGI

  Some produce substances that are highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals (e.g., Some produce substances that are highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals (e.g., aflatoxin and trichothecenes) aflatoxin and trichothecenes)

  Some are used industrially to produce antibiotics, cheese, soy sauce, and other Some are used industrially to produce antibiotics, cheese, soy sauce, and other products products 

  Some are human parasites (e.g., causing ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis) Some are human parasites (e.g., causing ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis) 

  Human impact 

  Human impact

  saprophytes or plant parasites; some are parasitic on other fungi 

  saprophytes or plant parasites; some are parasitic on other fungi

  Most are terrestrial; a few are freshwater or marine organisms; most are

  

  This is a classical division grouping together fungi that

  the Deuteromycota as a separate division

  Deuteromycota among their closest relatives in the Eumycota and eliminates

  Deuteromycota among their closest relatives in the Eumycota and eliminates

  been observed; more recently molecular systematics places the

  been observed; more recently molecular systematics places the

   or fungi for which a sexual reproductive phase has not

   or fungi for which a sexual reproductive phase has not

  reproductive phase

  reproductive phase

  lack a sexual

  lack a sexual

  This is a classical division grouping together fungi that

  the Deuteromycota as a separate division 

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

7. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

  Reproduce asexually or sexually

  C. FUNGI

  Some saprophytic; others are parasites of algae, other true fungi, and plants

  Some saprophytic; others are parasites of algae, other true fungi, and plants

  Reproduce asexually or sexually 

  

  Terrestrial and aquatic fungi that reproduce asexually by forming motile

  a true mycelium

  Microscopic in size; may consist of single cells, a small multinucleate mass, or

  Microscopic in size; may consist of single cells, a small multinucleate mass, or

  ZOOSPORES 

  ZOOSPORES

  Terrestrial and aquatic fungi that reproduce asexually by forming motile

  a true mycelium 

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  C. FUNGI

8. SLIME MOLDS DAN WATER MOLDS

  

  Resemble fungi in appearance and life-style, but their cellular organization,

  Resemble fungi in appearance and life-style, but their cellular organization,

  reproduction, and life cycles are more closely related to protists

  reproduction, and life cycles are more closely related to protists 

DIVISION MYXOMYCOTA

• - PLASMODIAL (ACELLULAR) SLIME MOLDS

  DIVISION MYXOMYCOTA

• - PLASMODIAL (ACELLULAR) SLIME MOLDS

   Zygote feeds, grows and carries out multiple nuclear divisions, giving rise to a Zygote feeds, grows and carries out multiple nuclear divisions, giving rise to a plasmodium plasmodium

   Myxamoeba and swarm cells are initially haploid, but eventually fuse to form a Myxamoeba and swarm cells are initially haploid, but eventually fuse to form a diploid zygote diploid zygote

   Spores germinate to produce myxamoeba or flagellated swarm cells Spores germinate to produce myxamoeba or flagellated swarm cells

   The multinucleated protoplasm (plasmodium) moves by amoeboid movement as it The multinucleated protoplasm (plasmodium) moves by amoeboid movement as it phagocytizes organic matter phagocytizes organic matter

   Form ornate fruiting bodies when food and/or moisture are in short supply; fruiting Form ornate fruiting bodies when food and/or moisture are in short supply; fruiting bodies form spores with cellulose cell walls that are resistant to environmental bodies form spores with cellulose cell walls that are resistant to environmental extremes extremes

• - CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
> - CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

  Released spores will later germinate to form haploid amoebae to begin the cycle Released spores will later germinate to form haploid amoebae to begin the cycle again again 

  

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

C. FUNGI

  X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  8. SLIME MOLDS DAN WATER MOLDS (lanjutan)

   Produce a relatively large egg cell that is fertilized by a small sperm cell or an even Produce a relatively large egg cell that is fertilized by a small sperm cell or an even smaller antheridium; zygote germinates forming asexual, flagellated zoospores smaller antheridium; zygote germinates forming asexual, flagellated zoospores

   Resemble fungi, but cell walls are composed of cellulose, not chitin Resemble fungi, but cell walls are composed of cellulose, not chitin

  DIVISION OOMYCOTA

  DIVISION OOMYCOTA

  

Form sorocarps that mature to sporangia; sporangia produce spores



  

Form sorocarps that mature to sporangia; sporangia produce spores

   Become sedentary and differentiate into prestalk and prespore cells Become sedentary and differentiate into prestalk and prespore cells

   When food is scarce, myxamoeba form pseudoplasmodia by aggregating and When food is scarce, myxamoeba form pseudoplasmodia by aggregating and secreting a slimy sheath around themselves secreting a slimy sheath around themselves

   During the vegetative stage, amoeboid cells called myxamoeba feed phagocytically During the vegetative stage, amoeboid cells called myxamoeba feed phagocytically on bacteria and yeasts on bacteria and yeasts

  DIVISION ACRASIOMYCOTA

  DIVISION ACRASIOMYCOTA

  

• - OOMYCETES (WATER MOLDS)
> - OOMYCETES (WATER MOLDS)

  Dd_cul_1s.mov

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  C. FUNGI

1 This wall is rigid

  2

  3

  Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches Reproduction Reproduction

  Zygomycota Zygomycota Reproduction Reproduction

  Ascomycota Ascomycota Reproduction Reproduction

  Basidiomycota Basidiomycota

  

lime molds

S

  

A slime mold (Physarum polycephalum), showing a

creeping mass of yellowish protoplasm called a plasmodium. Photo courtesy of Dr. George Zabka, Palomar College.

  SENSOR

The slime fungus (Fuligo septica) at the San Diego Wild Animal Park: A.

  

Yellowish (bile-colored) plasmodial stage growing on wood chips. B. One day

later, the plasmodium has developed into a thick, spore-bearing mass called an

aethalium.