Karakterisasi Enzim Kitinase dari Bacillus sp. BK17, Isolat Potensial Pengendali Hayati Jamur Patogen Tanaman
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agrios, G. N. 1997. Plant pathology. Academic Press, New York
Asril, M. 2011. Kemampuan bakteri tanah dalam menghambat pertumbuhan
Ganoderma boninensis dan Fusarium oxysforum secara in vitro dan uji
penghambatan penyakit layu fusarium pada benih cabai merah. Skripsi. FMIPA
USU. Medan.
Bintang, M. 2010. Teknik penelitian biokimia. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Bollag, D. M., Edelstein, S. J. 1991. Protein methods. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Publication, Oxford.
Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method of microgram quantities of protein
utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 12: 248-254.
Bushan, B., Hoondal, G. S. 1999. Thermostable chitinase from Bacillus sp. BG-11.
World. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 15(3): 403-404.
Bushan, B. 2000. Chitinase from Bacillus sp. BG-11. The society for applied
microbiology. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88: 800-808.
Chernin, L. S., De, L. F. L., Sobolev, V., Haran, S., Vorgias, C. E., Oppenheim, A. B.,
Chet, I. 1997. Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and expression in
Escherichia coli of a chitinase gene from Enterobacter agglomerans. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 63(3): 834-839.
Dahiya, N., Tiwari, P. R., Hoondal, S. G. 2005. Chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4
: Its purification, characterization and reaction pattern. J. Electron. Biotech. 8:
134-145.
Downing, K. J., Thomson, J. A. 2000. Introduction of the Serratia marcescens chiA
gene into an endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens for biocontrol of
phytopathogenic fungi. J. Microbiol. 46: 363-369.
El-Katatny, M. H., Somitsch, W., Robra, K. H., El-Katatny, M. S., Gübitz, G. M.
β000. Production of chitinase and -1,3-glucanase by Trichoderma harzianum
Universitas Sumatera Utara
for control of phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Abst Food. Technol.
Biotechnol. 38:1-21.
El-Katatny, M. H., Gudelj, M., Robra, K. H., Elnaghy, M. A., Gübitz, G. M. 2001.
Characterization of chitinase and an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma
harzianum Rifai T24 involved in control of phytopatogen Sclerotium rolfsii.
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56:137-143.
Fravel, D. R., Connick, J. W. J., Lewis, J. A. 1998. Formulation of microorganisms to
control plant diseases. In Formulation of microbial biopesticide. Eds. Burges
HD. Kluwer Academic Press. Dordrecht. 187-202.
Fujii, T., Miyashita, K. 1993. Multiple domain structure in a chitinase gene (chiC) of
Streptomyces lividans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 677-686.
Gao, J. M. W., Bauer, K. R., Shockley, M. A., Pysz., Kelly, R. M. 2003. Growth of
hiperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus on chitin involves two family
18 chitinases. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 319-3128.
Gohel, V., Singh, A., Vimal, M., Ashwini, D., Chatpar, H. S. 2003. Bioprospecting and
antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganism. African. J. Biotech. 5: 54-72.
_______. 2006. Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganism.
Afri. J. Biotechnol. 5(2):54–72.
Gooday, G. W. 1990. Physicology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan. In
physicology of biodegradative microorganisms. Redledge C (Ed). Netherland.
KA Publishers.
Guo, S. H., Chen, J. K., Lee, W. C. 2004. Purification and characterization of
extracellular chitinase from Aeromonas schubertii. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol.
35: 550- 556.
Haliza, W., Suhartono, M. T. 2012. Karakteristik kitinase dari mikroba. Buletin
Teknologi Pascananen Pertanian. 8 (1): 7.
Harini, N., Indranila, T. H. 2006. Pemurnian ekstrak kasar enzim kinitase dari Vibrio
Cumpbelli dengan metode pengendapan bertingkat amonium Sulfat. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Tahunan III Hasil Penelitian Perikanan dan Kelautan.
Yogyakarta. pp. 267 – 276.
Harini, N., Martiningrum, C. T. 2006. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase hasil isolasi dari
kultur murni bakteri Vibrio fluvialis. J. Penelitian Pertanian. 14(1) : 41-51.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
________., Septiariningrum. 2006. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase hasil isolasi dari kultur
murni bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tahunan III
Hasil Penelitian Perikanan dan Kelautan. Yogyakarta.
Harper, H. A., Rodwel, V. W., Mayer, P. A. 1984. Review of physiological chemistry.
Lange Medical Publication. California.
Ilanes, A. 2008. Enzyme biocatalysis. Principle and aplication. Springer. Chille.
Imoto, I., Yagashita, K. 1971. A simple activity measurement of lysozyme. Agric. Biol.
Chem. 35: 1154-1156.
Kim, K. J., Yang, Y. J., Kim, J. G. 2003. Purification and characterization of chitinase
from Streptomyces sp. M-20. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36(2): 185-189.
Kobayashi, S., Kiyosada, T., Shoda, S. 1997. A novel method for síntesis of chitobiose
via enzymatic glycosylation using sugar oxazoline as glycosyl donor.
Tetrahedron Lett. 38: 2111-2112.
Kristanti, N. D. 2001. Pemurnian parsial dan karakterisasi lipase ekstraseluler dari
kapang R. oryzae TR 32. Tesis. FIP IPB. Bogor.
Kuk, J. H., Jung, W. J., Jo, G. H., Ahn, J. S., Kim, K. Y., Park, R. D. 2004. Selectif
preparation of N-acetyl-D-glukosamin and N,N`-deacetylchitobiose from chitin
using a crude enzym preparation from Aeromonas sp. Biotech. Lett. 27: 7-11.
Kupiec, B. C., Ilan, C. 1998. The molecular biology of chitin degradation. Current.
Opinion. Biotech. 9: 270-277.
Lawati, N. 2013. Pemurnian parsial dan karakterisasi enzim kitinase dari Beauveria
bassiana. Skripsi. FMIPA IPB. Bogor.
Lee, J. S., Joo, D. S., Cho, S. Y., Ha, J. H., Lee, E. H. 2000. Purification and
characterization of extracellular chitinase produced by marine bacterium,
Bacillus sp. LJ-25. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 10: 307-311.
Malinda, N. 2013. Penghambatan serangan Schlerotium rolfsii penyebab rebah
kecambah pada kedelai dengan bakteri kitinolitik. Skripsi. FMIPA USU.
Medan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Magenda, S., Kandou, F. E. F., Umboh, S. D. 2011. Karakteristik isolat jamur
Sclerotium rolfsii dari tanaman kacang tanah Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fakultas
MIPA. Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado
Manggadani, B. P. 2012. Optimasi produksi N-asetilglukosamin dari kitin
menggunakan kitinase hasil isolasi bakteri. Tesis. FMIPA UI. Jakarta.
McQuilken, M. P., Halmer, P., Rhodes, D. J. 1998. Application of microorganisms to
seeds. In formulation of microbial biopesticides: beneficial microorganisms,
nematodes and seed treatments. Burges HD (Ed). Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic
Press. pp. 255-285.
Muharni. 2009. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri kitinase dari sumber air panas danau
ranau Sumatera Selatan. J. Peneliti. Sains. 9:12-15.
Murao, S., Kawada, T., Itoh, H., Oyama, H., Shin, T. 1992. Purification and
characterization of a novel type of chitinase from Vibrio alginolyticus TK-22.
Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56(2) : 368-369.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A. 1985. Chitin in the polysaccharides. Aspinall GO (Ed). Orlando.
Academic Press, Inc. pp. 417-450.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Peter, M.G. 1997. Chitin handbook. European chitin society.
Atec. Grottamare. Italy. 165–174; 305–311.
Neuhaus, J. M. 1999. Plant Chitinases (PR-3, PR-4, PR-8, PR-11). In: Muthukrishnan,
S. (ed). Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Plants. London: CRC Pr. 77-105.
Noviendri, D., Fawzya, Y. N., Chasanah, E. 2008. Karakteristik dan sifat kinetika
enzim kitinase dari isolat bakteri T5a1 asal terasi. JPB Perikanan. 3(2).
Nugroho, T. T., Ali, M., Ginting, C., wahyuningsih., Dahliaty, A., Devi, S., Sukmarisa,
Y. 2003. Isolasi dan karakterisasi sebagian kitinase Trichoderma viride TNJ63.
FMIPA. Universitas Riau. Pekanbaru. J Natur Indonesia. 5(2): 101-106.
Nugroho, A. J. 2006. Isolasi, seleksi aktinomycetes kitinolitik dan karakterisasi enzim
kitinase. Tesis. UGM. Yogyakarta.
Nuniek, H., Joko, T. R., Mudasir., Sabirin. 2009. Kitinase dan mikroorganisme
kitinolitik: Isolasi, karakterisasi, dan manfaatnya. Indo. J. Chem. 9 (1): 37-47.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ohishi, K., Yamagishi, M., Ohta, T., Suzuki, M., Izumida, H., Sano, H., Nishijima, M.,
Miwa, T. 1996. Purification and properties of two chitinase from Vibrio
alginolyticus H-8. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82(6) : 598-600.
Park, S. H., Lee, J., Lee, W. C. 2000. Purification and characterization of chitinase
from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. 98CJ11027. J. Microbiol. 38: 224- 229.
Patil, R. S., Ghormade, V., Despande, M. V. 2000. Chitinolytic
exploration. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol. 26: 473-483.
enzymes: an
Pleban, S., Chernin, L., Chet, I. 1997. Chitinolytic Activity of an endophytic strain of
Bacillus cereus. Appl. Microbiol. Lett. 25: 284-288.
Pujiyanto, S. 2001. Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri kitinolitik serta kloning shot gun
gen kitinase dari ekosistem air hitam, Kalimantan Tengah. Tesis. IPB. Bogor.
Purwani, E. Y., Toharisman, A., Chasanah, E., Laksmi, J. F., Welan, V., Suhartono, M.
T., Purwadaria, T., Hwang, J. K., Pyun, Y. R. 2002. Studi pendahuluan enzim
kitinase ekstraseluler yang dihasilakn oleh isolat bakteri asal Manado. J. Teknol.
Industri Pangan. 8(9).
Purwani, E. Y., Suhartono, M. T., Rukayuadi, Y., Hwang, J. K., Pyun, Y. R. 2004.
Characteristics of thermostable chitinase enzymes from the Indonesian Bacillus
sp. 13.26. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol. 35: 147-153.
Rahayu, S., Suhartati, F. M., Rimbawanto, E. K., Iriyanto, N. 2003. Isolasi dan
identifikasi bakteri kitinolitik asal rumen. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas
Jendral Soedirman. Purwokerto. Animal Production. 5(2).
Rehm, H. J., Reed, G., Puehler, A., Stadler, P. 1995. Biotechnology, enzymes, biomass,
food and fFeed. VCH Verlagsgesselschaff, mbH, Weinheim. 9.
Richards, A. G. 1951. The integument of arthropods. The chemical components and
their properties. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press.
Sakurada, M., Morgavi, D. P., Komatani, K., Tomita, T., Onodera, R. 1996.
Purification and characterization of cytosolic chitinase from Piromyces
communities OTS1. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. 137: 75-78.
Scopes, R. K. 1994. Protein purification principles and practice. 3ndEd. New York.
Springer-Verlag.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shaikh, S. A., Desphande, M. V. 1993. Chitinolytic enzymes: Their contribution to
basic and applied research. World. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 9: 468: 475.
Situmorang, S. H. 2003. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase termostabil isolat Bacillus
licheniformis MB-2 dari Tompaso, Sulawesi Utara menggunakan teknik
zimogram. Skripsi. IPB. Bogor.
Soeka, Y. S. 2009. Kondisi optimum produksi kitinase dari Actinomycetes dengan
karakterisasi pH dan suhu enzim. Khusus (Ed). Berk. Penel. Hayati. 3C: 57–61.
Soeka, Y. S., Sulistiani. 2011. Seleksi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi bakteri penghasil
kitinase yang diisolasi dari gunung Bromo Jawa Timur. Puslit Biologi-LIPI.
Jakarta. Indo. J. Natur. 13(2): 155-161.
Spindler, K. D. 1997. Chitinase and chitosanase assays. In : Muzarelli, R. A. A., and
Peter, M. G. Chitin handbook (Ed). Alda Tecnograf. pp. 229-235.
Suhartono, M. T. 1989. Enzim dan bioteknologi. Bogor: IPB PAU Bioteknologi.
Suhartono, M. T., Suwanto. A., Widjaja, H. 1992. Struktur dan biokimiawi protein.
Bogor: IPB.
Suryanto, D., Munir, E. 2006. Potensi isolat bakteri kitinolitik lokal untuk pengendalian
hayati jamur. Prosiding seminar hasil-hasil penelitian. Medan: FMIPA USU.
pp. 15-25.
Suryanto, D. 2008. Potensi pemanfaatan isolat kitinolitik lokal untuk pengedalian
hayati jamur. Prosiding Seminar Hasil-hasil Penelitian. Medan: FMIPA USU.
Suryanto, D., Nurtjahja, K., Asnita, N., Sihombing, S., Maimunah, S. 2012. Inhibition
of fungal growth isolated from three economic plants of North Sumatra by
chitinolytic bacterial isolates. Bull. Environt. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 1 (6): 35-41.
Syukrina, F. E. 2010. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase dari isolat bakteri kitinolitik asal air
laut Kabupaten Padang Pariaman untuk pengolahan bahan pakan ternak unggas.
Tesis. FP UNAND. Padang.
Tjandra, D. 1999. Isolasi dan pemilihan bakteri asidofilik penghasil enzim kitinase dari
Indonesia. Skripsi. FATETA IPB. Bogor.
Toharisman, A. 2004. Purification and characterization of thermostable chitinase from
Bacillus licheniformis Mb-2. School of Graduate Program. Bogor. Bogor
Agricultural University.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Toharisman, A., Suhartono, M. T., Spindler-Barth., Hwang., Pyun, Y. R. 2005.
Purification and characterization of thermostable chitinase from Bacillus
litcheniformis Mb-2. J. Microb. World. Biotech. 21 : 733-738.
Tronsmo, A., Harman, G. E. 1993. Detection and quantification of N-acetyl- -DGlucosaminidase, chitobiosidase, and endochitinase in solutions and on gels.
Anal. Biochem. 208: 74-79.
Tsujibo, H., Yoshida, Y., Miyamoto, K., Hasegawa, T., Inamori, Y. 1992. Purification
and properties of two types of chitinase produced by alkalophilic Actinomycete.
Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56: 1304-1305.
Ueda, M., Fujiwara, A., Kawaguchi, T., Arai, M. 1995. Purification and some
properties of six chitinases from Aeromonas sp. 10S-24. Biosci. Biotec. and
Biochem. 59: 2162-2164.
Wang, S. L., Chiou, S. H., Chang, W. T. 1997. Production of chitinase from selfish
waste by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187. Proc Nat Sci. Council ROC. 21: 7178.
Whitaker, J. R. 1994. Principle of enzymology for the food science. Second (Ed). New
York: Marcel Decker.
Widhyastuti, N. 2010. Purifikasi N-asetil-D-glukosamin hasil sintesa secara enzimatis
untuk bahan obat dan pangan fungsional. Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI: Jakarta.
Wu, M. L., Chuang, Y. C., Chen, J. P., Chen, C. S., Chang, M. C. 2001. Identification
and characterization of the three chitin-binding domains within the multidomain
chitinase Chi92 from Aeromonas hydrophila JP101. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
67: 5100-5106.
Zhang , M., Melouk, H. A., Chenault, K., El Rassi, Z. 2001. Determination of cellular
carbohydrates in peanut fungal pathogens and baker’s Yeast by capillary
electrophoresis and electrochromatography. J. Agric Food. Chem. 49:52655269.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Agrios, G. N. 1997. Plant pathology. Academic Press, New York
Asril, M. 2011. Kemampuan bakteri tanah dalam menghambat pertumbuhan
Ganoderma boninensis dan Fusarium oxysforum secara in vitro dan uji
penghambatan penyakit layu fusarium pada benih cabai merah. Skripsi. FMIPA
USU. Medan.
Bintang, M. 2010. Teknik penelitian biokimia. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Bollag, D. M., Edelstein, S. J. 1991. Protein methods. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Publication, Oxford.
Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method of microgram quantities of protein
utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 12: 248-254.
Bushan, B., Hoondal, G. S. 1999. Thermostable chitinase from Bacillus sp. BG-11.
World. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 15(3): 403-404.
Bushan, B. 2000. Chitinase from Bacillus sp. BG-11. The society for applied
microbiology. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88: 800-808.
Chernin, L. S., De, L. F. L., Sobolev, V., Haran, S., Vorgias, C. E., Oppenheim, A. B.,
Chet, I. 1997. Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and expression in
Escherichia coli of a chitinase gene from Enterobacter agglomerans. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 63(3): 834-839.
Dahiya, N., Tiwari, P. R., Hoondal, S. G. 2005. Chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4
: Its purification, characterization and reaction pattern. J. Electron. Biotech. 8:
134-145.
Downing, K. J., Thomson, J. A. 2000. Introduction of the Serratia marcescens chiA
gene into an endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens for biocontrol of
phytopathogenic fungi. J. Microbiol. 46: 363-369.
El-Katatny, M. H., Somitsch, W., Robra, K. H., El-Katatny, M. S., Gübitz, G. M.
β000. Production of chitinase and -1,3-glucanase by Trichoderma harzianum
Universitas Sumatera Utara
for control of phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Abst Food. Technol.
Biotechnol. 38:1-21.
El-Katatny, M. H., Gudelj, M., Robra, K. H., Elnaghy, M. A., Gübitz, G. M. 2001.
Characterization of chitinase and an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma
harzianum Rifai T24 involved in control of phytopatogen Sclerotium rolfsii.
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56:137-143.
Fravel, D. R., Connick, J. W. J., Lewis, J. A. 1998. Formulation of microorganisms to
control plant diseases. In Formulation of microbial biopesticide. Eds. Burges
HD. Kluwer Academic Press. Dordrecht. 187-202.
Fujii, T., Miyashita, K. 1993. Multiple domain structure in a chitinase gene (chiC) of
Streptomyces lividans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 677-686.
Gao, J. M. W., Bauer, K. R., Shockley, M. A., Pysz., Kelly, R. M. 2003. Growth of
hiperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus on chitin involves two family
18 chitinases. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 319-3128.
Gohel, V., Singh, A., Vimal, M., Ashwini, D., Chatpar, H. S. 2003. Bioprospecting and
antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganism. African. J. Biotech. 5: 54-72.
_______. 2006. Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganism.
Afri. J. Biotechnol. 5(2):54–72.
Gooday, G. W. 1990. Physicology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan. In
physicology of biodegradative microorganisms. Redledge C (Ed). Netherland.
KA Publishers.
Guo, S. H., Chen, J. K., Lee, W. C. 2004. Purification and characterization of
extracellular chitinase from Aeromonas schubertii. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol.
35: 550- 556.
Haliza, W., Suhartono, M. T. 2012. Karakteristik kitinase dari mikroba. Buletin
Teknologi Pascananen Pertanian. 8 (1): 7.
Harini, N., Indranila, T. H. 2006. Pemurnian ekstrak kasar enzim kinitase dari Vibrio
Cumpbelli dengan metode pengendapan bertingkat amonium Sulfat. Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Tahunan III Hasil Penelitian Perikanan dan Kelautan.
Yogyakarta. pp. 267 – 276.
Harini, N., Martiningrum, C. T. 2006. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase hasil isolasi dari
kultur murni bakteri Vibrio fluvialis. J. Penelitian Pertanian. 14(1) : 41-51.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
________., Septiariningrum. 2006. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase hasil isolasi dari kultur
murni bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tahunan III
Hasil Penelitian Perikanan dan Kelautan. Yogyakarta.
Harper, H. A., Rodwel, V. W., Mayer, P. A. 1984. Review of physiological chemistry.
Lange Medical Publication. California.
Ilanes, A. 2008. Enzyme biocatalysis. Principle and aplication. Springer. Chille.
Imoto, I., Yagashita, K. 1971. A simple activity measurement of lysozyme. Agric. Biol.
Chem. 35: 1154-1156.
Kim, K. J., Yang, Y. J., Kim, J. G. 2003. Purification and characterization of chitinase
from Streptomyces sp. M-20. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36(2): 185-189.
Kobayashi, S., Kiyosada, T., Shoda, S. 1997. A novel method for síntesis of chitobiose
via enzymatic glycosylation using sugar oxazoline as glycosyl donor.
Tetrahedron Lett. 38: 2111-2112.
Kristanti, N. D. 2001. Pemurnian parsial dan karakterisasi lipase ekstraseluler dari
kapang R. oryzae TR 32. Tesis. FIP IPB. Bogor.
Kuk, J. H., Jung, W. J., Jo, G. H., Ahn, J. S., Kim, K. Y., Park, R. D. 2004. Selectif
preparation of N-acetyl-D-glukosamin and N,N`-deacetylchitobiose from chitin
using a crude enzym preparation from Aeromonas sp. Biotech. Lett. 27: 7-11.
Kupiec, B. C., Ilan, C. 1998. The molecular biology of chitin degradation. Current.
Opinion. Biotech. 9: 270-277.
Lawati, N. 2013. Pemurnian parsial dan karakterisasi enzim kitinase dari Beauveria
bassiana. Skripsi. FMIPA IPB. Bogor.
Lee, J. S., Joo, D. S., Cho, S. Y., Ha, J. H., Lee, E. H. 2000. Purification and
characterization of extracellular chitinase produced by marine bacterium,
Bacillus sp. LJ-25. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 10: 307-311.
Malinda, N. 2013. Penghambatan serangan Schlerotium rolfsii penyebab rebah
kecambah pada kedelai dengan bakteri kitinolitik. Skripsi. FMIPA USU.
Medan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Magenda, S., Kandou, F. E. F., Umboh, S. D. 2011. Karakteristik isolat jamur
Sclerotium rolfsii dari tanaman kacang tanah Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fakultas
MIPA. Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado
Manggadani, B. P. 2012. Optimasi produksi N-asetilglukosamin dari kitin
menggunakan kitinase hasil isolasi bakteri. Tesis. FMIPA UI. Jakarta.
McQuilken, M. P., Halmer, P., Rhodes, D. J. 1998. Application of microorganisms to
seeds. In formulation of microbial biopesticides: beneficial microorganisms,
nematodes and seed treatments. Burges HD (Ed). Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic
Press. pp. 255-285.
Muharni. 2009. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri kitinase dari sumber air panas danau
ranau Sumatera Selatan. J. Peneliti. Sains. 9:12-15.
Murao, S., Kawada, T., Itoh, H., Oyama, H., Shin, T. 1992. Purification and
characterization of a novel type of chitinase from Vibrio alginolyticus TK-22.
Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56(2) : 368-369.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A. 1985. Chitin in the polysaccharides. Aspinall GO (Ed). Orlando.
Academic Press, Inc. pp. 417-450.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Peter, M.G. 1997. Chitin handbook. European chitin society.
Atec. Grottamare. Italy. 165–174; 305–311.
Neuhaus, J. M. 1999. Plant Chitinases (PR-3, PR-4, PR-8, PR-11). In: Muthukrishnan,
S. (ed). Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Plants. London: CRC Pr. 77-105.
Noviendri, D., Fawzya, Y. N., Chasanah, E. 2008. Karakteristik dan sifat kinetika
enzim kitinase dari isolat bakteri T5a1 asal terasi. JPB Perikanan. 3(2).
Nugroho, T. T., Ali, M., Ginting, C., wahyuningsih., Dahliaty, A., Devi, S., Sukmarisa,
Y. 2003. Isolasi dan karakterisasi sebagian kitinase Trichoderma viride TNJ63.
FMIPA. Universitas Riau. Pekanbaru. J Natur Indonesia. 5(2): 101-106.
Nugroho, A. J. 2006. Isolasi, seleksi aktinomycetes kitinolitik dan karakterisasi enzim
kitinase. Tesis. UGM. Yogyakarta.
Nuniek, H., Joko, T. R., Mudasir., Sabirin. 2009. Kitinase dan mikroorganisme
kitinolitik: Isolasi, karakterisasi, dan manfaatnya. Indo. J. Chem. 9 (1): 37-47.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ohishi, K., Yamagishi, M., Ohta, T., Suzuki, M., Izumida, H., Sano, H., Nishijima, M.,
Miwa, T. 1996. Purification and properties of two chitinase from Vibrio
alginolyticus H-8. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82(6) : 598-600.
Park, S. H., Lee, J., Lee, W. C. 2000. Purification and characterization of chitinase
from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. 98CJ11027. J. Microbiol. 38: 224- 229.
Patil, R. S., Ghormade, V., Despande, M. V. 2000. Chitinolytic
exploration. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol. 26: 473-483.
enzymes: an
Pleban, S., Chernin, L., Chet, I. 1997. Chitinolytic Activity of an endophytic strain of
Bacillus cereus. Appl. Microbiol. Lett. 25: 284-288.
Pujiyanto, S. 2001. Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri kitinolitik serta kloning shot gun
gen kitinase dari ekosistem air hitam, Kalimantan Tengah. Tesis. IPB. Bogor.
Purwani, E. Y., Toharisman, A., Chasanah, E., Laksmi, J. F., Welan, V., Suhartono, M.
T., Purwadaria, T., Hwang, J. K., Pyun, Y. R. 2002. Studi pendahuluan enzim
kitinase ekstraseluler yang dihasilakn oleh isolat bakteri asal Manado. J. Teknol.
Industri Pangan. 8(9).
Purwani, E. Y., Suhartono, M. T., Rukayuadi, Y., Hwang, J. K., Pyun, Y. R. 2004.
Characteristics of thermostable chitinase enzymes from the Indonesian Bacillus
sp. 13.26. Enzyme. Microbiol. Technol. 35: 147-153.
Rahayu, S., Suhartati, F. M., Rimbawanto, E. K., Iriyanto, N. 2003. Isolasi dan
identifikasi bakteri kitinolitik asal rumen. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas
Jendral Soedirman. Purwokerto. Animal Production. 5(2).
Rehm, H. J., Reed, G., Puehler, A., Stadler, P. 1995. Biotechnology, enzymes, biomass,
food and fFeed. VCH Verlagsgesselschaff, mbH, Weinheim. 9.
Richards, A. G. 1951. The integument of arthropods. The chemical components and
their properties. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press.
Sakurada, M., Morgavi, D. P., Komatani, K., Tomita, T., Onodera, R. 1996.
Purification and characterization of cytosolic chitinase from Piromyces
communities OTS1. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. 137: 75-78.
Scopes, R. K. 1994. Protein purification principles and practice. 3ndEd. New York.
Springer-Verlag.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shaikh, S. A., Desphande, M. V. 1993. Chitinolytic enzymes: Their contribution to
basic and applied research. World. J. Microbiol. Biotech. 9: 468: 475.
Situmorang, S. H. 2003. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase termostabil isolat Bacillus
licheniformis MB-2 dari Tompaso, Sulawesi Utara menggunakan teknik
zimogram. Skripsi. IPB. Bogor.
Soeka, Y. S. 2009. Kondisi optimum produksi kitinase dari Actinomycetes dengan
karakterisasi pH dan suhu enzim. Khusus (Ed). Berk. Penel. Hayati. 3C: 57–61.
Soeka, Y. S., Sulistiani. 2011. Seleksi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi bakteri penghasil
kitinase yang diisolasi dari gunung Bromo Jawa Timur. Puslit Biologi-LIPI.
Jakarta. Indo. J. Natur. 13(2): 155-161.
Spindler, K. D. 1997. Chitinase and chitosanase assays. In : Muzarelli, R. A. A., and
Peter, M. G. Chitin handbook (Ed). Alda Tecnograf. pp. 229-235.
Suhartono, M. T. 1989. Enzim dan bioteknologi. Bogor: IPB PAU Bioteknologi.
Suhartono, M. T., Suwanto. A., Widjaja, H. 1992. Struktur dan biokimiawi protein.
Bogor: IPB.
Suryanto, D., Munir, E. 2006. Potensi isolat bakteri kitinolitik lokal untuk pengendalian
hayati jamur. Prosiding seminar hasil-hasil penelitian. Medan: FMIPA USU.
pp. 15-25.
Suryanto, D. 2008. Potensi pemanfaatan isolat kitinolitik lokal untuk pengedalian
hayati jamur. Prosiding Seminar Hasil-hasil Penelitian. Medan: FMIPA USU.
Suryanto, D., Nurtjahja, K., Asnita, N., Sihombing, S., Maimunah, S. 2012. Inhibition
of fungal growth isolated from three economic plants of North Sumatra by
chitinolytic bacterial isolates. Bull. Environt. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 1 (6): 35-41.
Syukrina, F. E. 2010. Karakterisasi enzim kitinase dari isolat bakteri kitinolitik asal air
laut Kabupaten Padang Pariaman untuk pengolahan bahan pakan ternak unggas.
Tesis. FP UNAND. Padang.
Tjandra, D. 1999. Isolasi dan pemilihan bakteri asidofilik penghasil enzim kitinase dari
Indonesia. Skripsi. FATETA IPB. Bogor.
Toharisman, A. 2004. Purification and characterization of thermostable chitinase from
Bacillus licheniformis Mb-2. School of Graduate Program. Bogor. Bogor
Agricultural University.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Toharisman, A., Suhartono, M. T., Spindler-Barth., Hwang., Pyun, Y. R. 2005.
Purification and characterization of thermostable chitinase from Bacillus
litcheniformis Mb-2. J. Microb. World. Biotech. 21 : 733-738.
Tronsmo, A., Harman, G. E. 1993. Detection and quantification of N-acetyl- -DGlucosaminidase, chitobiosidase, and endochitinase in solutions and on gels.
Anal. Biochem. 208: 74-79.
Tsujibo, H., Yoshida, Y., Miyamoto, K., Hasegawa, T., Inamori, Y. 1992. Purification
and properties of two types of chitinase produced by alkalophilic Actinomycete.
Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56: 1304-1305.
Ueda, M., Fujiwara, A., Kawaguchi, T., Arai, M. 1995. Purification and some
properties of six chitinases from Aeromonas sp. 10S-24. Biosci. Biotec. and
Biochem. 59: 2162-2164.
Wang, S. L., Chiou, S. H., Chang, W. T. 1997. Production of chitinase from selfish
waste by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187. Proc Nat Sci. Council ROC. 21: 7178.
Whitaker, J. R. 1994. Principle of enzymology for the food science. Second (Ed). New
York: Marcel Decker.
Widhyastuti, N. 2010. Purifikasi N-asetil-D-glukosamin hasil sintesa secara enzimatis
untuk bahan obat dan pangan fungsional. Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI: Jakarta.
Wu, M. L., Chuang, Y. C., Chen, J. P., Chen, C. S., Chang, M. C. 2001. Identification
and characterization of the three chitin-binding domains within the multidomain
chitinase Chi92 from Aeromonas hydrophila JP101. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
67: 5100-5106.
Zhang , M., Melouk, H. A., Chenault, K., El Rassi, Z. 2001. Determination of cellular
carbohydrates in peanut fungal pathogens and baker’s Yeast by capillary
electrophoresis and electrochromatography. J. Agric Food. Chem. 49:52655269.
Universitas Sumatera Utara