Figurative language found in Jay Z’s on The Black Album : hip hop song.

(1)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FOUND IN JAY Z’S ON THE BLACK

ALBUM: HIP HOP SONG

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of SunanAmpel

Surabaya

Rullia Dwi Rahayu Reg. Number: A03213047

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMAINITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2017

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

ABSTRACT

Rahayu, R. D. 2017. Figurative Language Found In Jay Z’s On The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Key words: Figurative language, Songs, Jay Z, The Black Album.

This research focuses on analyzing the types of figurative language used by

Jay Z’s song on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. The researcher proposes two

statement of the problem. Those are what are the types of figurative language found

in Jay Z’s on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song and what are the messages found in

Jay Z’s on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. The researcher used Perrine theory of figurative language to analyze the type of figurative language that is used by Jay Z

on his song. The data are obtained through song ‘The Black Album’. To solve the

problem, the researcher uses qualitative content analysis approach because the data collected are in the form of words.

Finally, the researcher find out that there were eleven types of figurative language from 14 song they are simile, metaphor, personification, verbal irony, hyperbole, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox and symbol, but the researcher did not find understatement. The dominant type of figurative

language in the Jay Z’s songs is metaphor. The researcher found 134 types of figurative language in the whole data. there are 36 simile, 40 metaphor, 12 personification, 2 verbal irony, 10 hyperbole, 1 apostrophe, 9 synecdoche, 23 metonymy, 1 allegory, 2 paradox and 1 symbol.

(7)

INTISARI

Rahayu, R. D. 2017. Figurative Language Found In Jay Z’s On The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. Tesis. Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Seni dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Kata kunci: Bahasa figuratif, Lagu, Jay Z, The Black Album.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis jenis gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh lagu Jay Z pada The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. Peneliti mengajukan dua pernyataan masalah. Apa saja jenis gaya bahasa yang ditemukan di Jay Z's The Black Album: Hip Hop Song dan apa pesan yang ada di Jay Z's The Black Album: Hip Hop Song. Peneliti menggunakan teori dari Perrine untuk menganalisis jenis gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh Jay Z pada lagunya. Data tersebut didapat melalui lagu 'The Black Album'. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan analisis kualitatif konten analisis karena data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata.

Akhirnya, peneliti menemukan bahwa ada sebelas jenis gaya bahasa dari 14 lagu yaitu simile, metafora, personifikasi, ironi, hiperbola, apostrof, sinekdok, metonimi, alegori, paradoks dan simbol, namun peneliti tidak menemukan tipe understatement. Dominan tipe gaya bahasa dalam lagu Jay Z adalah metafora. Peneliti menemukan 134 jenis gaya bahasa dalam keseluruhan data. Ada 36 simile, 40 metafora, 12 personifikasi, 2 ironi, 10 hiperbola, 1 apostrof, 9 sinekdok, 23 metonimi, 1 alegori, 2 paradoks dan 1 simbol.

(8)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover ... i

Inside Title ... ii

Declaration page ... iii

Motto ... iv

Dedication page ... v

Thesis Advisor’s Approval ... vi

Thesis Examiner’s Approval ... vii

Acknowledgements ... viii

Table of Contents ... x

List of Appendices ... xiv

Abstract ... xv

Intisari ... xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... 7

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 7

1.4 Significance of theStudy ... 7

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 8

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Semantic ... 10

(9)

2.3 Types of Figurative Language ... 15

a. Simile ... 15

b. Metaphor ... 16

c. Personification ... 17

d. Apostrophe ... 18

e. Synecdoche ... 19

f. Metonymy ... 19

g. Symbol ... 20

h. Allegory ... 21

i. Paradox ... 21

j. Hyperbole ... 22

k. Understatement ... 23

l. Verbal Irony ... 24

2.4 Definition of message ... 24

2.5 Definition of song ... 27

2.6 Jay Z ... 28

2.7 The Black Album ... 29

2.8 Review of related studies ... 30

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 34

3.2 Research Instrument ... 35

3.3 Data and Source of the Data... 35

(10)

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 37

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Findings... 40

4.1.1 Types of figurative language ... 41

4.1.1.1 Simile ... 44

4.1.1.2 Metaphor ... 47

4.1.1.3 Personification ... 50

4.1.1.4 Synecdoche ... 52

4.1.1.5 Hyperbole ... 54

4.1.1.6 Apostrophe ... 57

4.1.1.7 Metonymy ... 58

4.1.1.8 Allegory ... 60

4.1.1.9 Paradox ... 61

4.1.1.10 Verbal Irony ... 62

4.1.1.11 Symbol ... 62

4.1.2 The Messages of Songs in Jay Z’s Song ... 63

4.1.2.1. Interlude ... 63

4.1.2.2 December 4th ... 64

4.1.2.3 What More Can I Say ... 64

4.1.2.4 Encore ... 65

4.1.2.5 Change Clothes ... 65

(11)

4.1.2.7 Threat ... 67

4.1.2.8 Moment Of Clarity ... 67

4.1.2.9 99 Problems ... 68

4.1.2.10 Public Service Announcement ... 69

4.1.2.11 Justify My Thug ... 69

4.1.2.12 Lucifer ... 70

4.1.2.13 Allure ... 70

4.1.2.14 My 1st Song... 71

4.2 Discussion ... 72

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESION 5.1 Conclusion ... 75

5.2 Suggestion ... 76

REFFERENCE ... 78

(12)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This part introduces the present study. It describes background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and definition of the key term.

1.1 Background of the study

Every human needs to have communication each other. Communication helps people to deliver information with someone else. In doing communication, some people deliver their utterances with direct meaning but the others may deliver their utterances by using the words that cannot be understood directly. Some people may deliver utterances to convey a certain meaning but the others interpret it with another meaning. People might become difficut to understand about what speaker says. Therefore, the message and the meaning of the utterances must be clear.

Meaning in utterance is significant to understand because every word, phrase and sentence without meaning is meaningless. Gaining meaning in utterance is an important thing in order to understand the speaker’s intention. Lyons (1984) stated that meanings are ideas or concepts, that can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the hearer by embodying them, as it were, in the form of one language or another. It is the idea that is delivered to convey what speakers says.

Meaning can be classified as either literal meaning or non-literal meaning (Sihombing et al., 2000). Holman and Harmon (1989) notes that literal meaning of

(13)

said that words or utterances which have literal meaning are easy to understood because they have the real meaning. Meanwhile, non-literal meaning is the opposite of literal meaning. As stated by Abcarican, R., et. al (1984), when the speaker speaks something which indicates the different meaning that is non-literal meaning. Non-literal meaning is called figurative language.

Figurative language is the type of language that uses words or expressions with meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. That is why we cannot interpret the meaning literally from the expressions. Figurative language has wide definition. Every linguist has different explanation about the definition of figurative language. Perrine (1987) said that figurative language is another way of saying something more than the ordinary way. It can be said that figure of speech can give different meaning to the object. Another definition of figurative language comes from Dyer (1982), who defined that figurative language as an artful deviation in the form taken by a statement. It is the language that creates feelings or image in the mind of readers. From the definition above, it can be concluded that figurative language is a type of language that aims to describe or tell something by using uncommon sentences, which is contain meaning that need to be interpreted.

Figurative language refers to the use of selecting certain word. It makes difficult to understand because we cannot find the meaning of figurative language in dictionary just like the other vocabulary words that we usually use in our daily conversation. To know the meaning of figurative language, we need to use our imagination to imagine what the words are said or what the words refer to.

(14)

According to Perrine (1992), there are four reasons of why we use figurative language. Firstly, the use of figurative language in literary work can affords imaginative pleasure. It means that people in the world have different imagination when they making literary work. Secondly, figurative language is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract concrete, and making literary works more sensuous. It means that the author of the literary work can attract

reader’s imagination so the lyric can be looked more interesting. Thirdly, it is a way

of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and to conveying attitudes along with information. It means that figure of speech can appear his/her ideas, feeling and emotion into literary work. Fourthly, figurative language is a way of saying much in brief compass. It means that figures of speech need our skill to interpreting literary work to make good interpretations.

Figurative language can be used in variety of literary works, one of them is song. Hornby (1986) added that song is short poem or number of verses set to music and intended to be sung. It is a part of music that contain many beautiful words. It usually played with various instruments like guitar, piano, etc. Song can give pleasurable for the listener. It is the most general thing for human in daily life because song can improve various effect to the listener. The words in a song are called lyrics. Song lyric is a composition of creative and expressive word. Song lyrics become mirror of the fact or ideal reality of social life and the experience of the authors, and it is reproduce the imaginations of the authors (Asthiani, 2015). It means that when the author arranges the word, he/she should think the various words which can stimulate people to read, listen, and act upon them. That is why

(15)

they should be creative in making the words by finding the stimulating words but acceptable for many kinds of people too.

Talking about song, we know that song does not only contain set of lyrics but also message that gives various impression to the listeners. Message is an idea of speaker or writer that can be informed. In a song, message means information from the author to others that tells something good or bad in a lyric that is presented. By knowing and understanding the messages conveyed by the author, the listeners can get the content of the song.

In understanding a song, we often find some lyrics that are difficult to understand. They contain many types of figurative language and some terms that we never find in daily conversation. Based on the explanations above, it is important for us to know and to understand a whole of the lyrics by using figurative language and by finding a message that exists in the lyric itself. This research has done to analyze the types of figurative language and the messages on Jay Z song.

There are many famous singers, but Jay Z is chosen as the subject of the research because his song is very unique and interesting. Jay Z was born in New York City on December 4th_{, 1969. He is one of the financially succesful hip hop}

artist in America. He is an American rapper, entrepreneur and investor. Unfortunately, sometimes people usually get difficuty to know what the story tells

in the song, particularly in “ The Black Album” which consist of 14 songs.

The Black Album is eight studio album which was released on November 2003 by rapper Jay-Z. It was promoted as his final studio album, although Jay-Z subsequently announced a return to solo recording in 2006. In 2005, The Black

(16)

Album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Hip Hop Album. The researcher choose this album because this is one of the most popular and bestseller album. The concept of songs in this album mostly based on Jay Z previous experience. The content of the story of his song is very interesting, and also there are many unusual words or phrase that found. The songs of that album does not only contain of imaginative word, but also has message that influences various effect for the listeners. Unfortunately, they do not understand about it. They usually do not know the meaning precisely, especially the literal meaning based on their understanding of those song lyrics. So, in this research the researcher tries to understand deeper meaning from Jay Z song by using Perrine’s theory.

In literary work or non literary work, figurative language plays significant role because by knowing this figurative language we can develop more imaginative words. Figurative language is unique phenomenon to analyze. There have been several researches that analyze types of figurative language in different focuses. All those researcher use various objects of their research with figurative language theory, such as English Translation, novel, movie, fairy tales and so on. Anita (2012) observed kinds of figurative language used in English Translation text of Surah Maryam by Yusuf Ali. She identifies some figurative languages based on

Robert Frost’s theory, and then she also identifies the contextual meaning of those

expressions by using contextual theory and truth-conditioning theory. Saputri (2014) focused on identifying the types of figurative language and the contextual

meaning used in Rick Riordan’s novel. The result shows that there are 93 sentences

(17)

Rohman (2015) explored six types of figurative language which are used in Harry Potter movie. The writer found 20 utterances which contain of figurative language in Harry Potter movie. Ayuningsih (2015) examined the use of figurative language in Hans Christian Andersons fairy tales and concluded that there are seven types of figurative language which were used in Hans Christian Andersons fairy tales. They are simile, metaphor, paradox, hyperbole, personification, symbols and synecdoche. The findings of their research are about what types of figurative language used that occur in their subject on the research. The previous studies above is really important to the researcher because they help the reseacher to find the right book for this research.

This research is also similar to several other previous researches. It still talks about the theory of figurative language but this research analyze the type of figurative language in music genre hip hop song by Jay Z’s ‘The Black Album’. This research analyzes the types of figurative language by using Perrine theory. By this research, the researcher also aims at analyzing the messages contained in the lyrics itself.

1.2Statement of the problems

According to the background explained above, there are some problems that appeared in this research. The problems are :

1. What are the types of figurative language found in Jay Z’s on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song?

(18)

2. What are the messages found in Jay Z’s on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song ?

1.3Objectives of the study

Concerning with the problem above, this research is intended to achieve some objectives:

1. To find out what figurative languages are in Jay Z’s on The Black

Album: Hip Hop Song.

2. To find out what messages which are found in Jay Z’s on The Black Album: Hip Hop Song.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is expected to develop the study of English especially in figurative language to help more understanding of the meanings or messages in song lyric. For the readers, this study makes everyone knows more and understands about figurative language, because when we study about language especially song, we will find kinds of figurative language used in the word to be more interesting.

1.5Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research focuses on semantic study, especially in figurative language that is classified in twelve types based on Perrine’s theory: they are simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche,

(19)

metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, and verbal irony. The researcher limits the research only in fourteen songs of Jay Z and the figurative language that are found in the album

of Jay Z’s song lyrics “The Black Album.

1.6 Definition of key term

The researcher gives some the definition of key term to make clear and to avoid misunderstanding.

1. Figurative language is the type of language that cannot be taken literally or a way of saying something more than ordinary (Perrine, 1987). 2. Literal language is the type of language that uses words or sentences that

do not differ from their exactly meaning. (Chaysin, 2011).

3. Song is short poem or number of verses set to music and intended to be sung (Hornby: 1947).

4. Jay Z is one of the financially succesful hip hop artist in America. He is an American rapper, entrepreneur and investor. (Simon, 2010)

5. The Black Album is the eight studio album by American rapper Jay Z. This album was released on November 14, 2003 by Roc-A-Fella Records. It was advertised as his final album before retiring, which is also a recurring theme throughout the songs, although Jay Z resumed his recording career in 2006.In 2005, The Black Album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Hip Hop Album.

(20)

http://www.last.fm/music/Jay-Z/The+Black+Album/+wiki Retrieved on 26 March 2017.

(21)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consist of many important aspects concerning the theoritical framework those are definition of semantics, definition of figurative language, types of figurative language, messages and so on.

2.1 Semantics

Semantics is a study of meaning in language. It deals with all linguistic aspects such as words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Hornby (1972) defines, semantics is branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences. In simple definition, semantics is the study of linguistic units, words and sentences in paticular.

There were three disciplines were concerned with the systematic study of meaning, they are psychology, philosophy and linguistics (Kreidler, 1998). In the other word, Philosophy, Psychology, and linguistics all claim a deep interest in the subject. Psychologist in how humans learn, how they retain, recall or lost information. Philosophies of language were concerned with how we know or accept as true was related to other possible facts. And the last is about linguistic, linguistics want to understand how language works.

Semantics is only focuses on the grammar and the vocabulary impart, it does not account for any implied meaning. It does not pay attention to the syntactical arrangement or pronounciation of linguistic object. As stated by Katz (1972), semantics is the study of linguistic meaning which concerned with what sentence

(22)

parts or with their pronunciation. On the other word, semantics limits its study to the nature of meaning only. From this definition, we have to understand what is

meant by meaning. Meanings are the ideas or concepts from the speakers’ mind to the heares’ mind, that are able to be transferred in the forms of one language or

another (Fromkin, 1983). It means, meaning is the main purpose the speaker which wants to conveys to the listener. By knowing the meaning people will understand about the purpose or the topic is talking.

The varieties of meaning happened because a speaker may use a word that different from what it denotes. Sometimes what is uttered by the speaker is different from the literal meaning, thus the listener might become misunderstanding about what speaker says. Hence, studying about meaning is needed because it will give influence for us to understand about speaker’s mean or how far some information can received by listeners.

From the definition above, semantics can be defined as part of linguistics study that concern to interpret the meaning of words or sentences. This study also tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as interpreted by speakers and listeners of language.

2.2 Figurative Language

Figurative language is the use of words or sentences that different from their ordinary meaning. It occurs when the speaker speaks something different from what the real meaning of the words or sentences. It can do this by giving a word

(23)

comparison interesting or by using words that have unusual constructions or sounds. It is characterized by figure of speech that compares, exaggerates, or shows the other sense of the first appearance meaning.

People may find many figurative language such as in daily conversation rarely, articles in magazine, advertisements, novels, songs, etc. Perrine (1974:49) defines figure of speech is the unusual way of uttering something which can be said that the speaker intentionally refers to another meaning from one thing. In other words, figurative language is a way of saying something from the uncommon way. By using this type of language, the speaker wants to add some special effect to their words.

Figurative language created by authors to provide aesthetics element in the stories. The authors also express their thoughts, feeling, and ideas use figurative language in order to make the reader may be interested. Brown Amanda (2006) said that in written and spoken language there are certain effective ways of saying things without saying them directly. That is called figures of speech or figurative language, they are used to emphasize, clarify, and embellish what is being said. Most figures of speech simply take what is well known and use it to depict what is less familiar.

The function of using figurative language is to create an interesting images. Wren (1981) states figurative language is a departure from the ordinary form of language or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a better effect. It means that figurative language is a language that can be substituted by the variations of ideas which successfully to imply a hidden meaning by giving an effect greatly

(24)

different from what it literally. Or the other words we can say that figurative language is the expressive use of language in which words are used to give a particular emphasis or to generate a special effect.

Figurative language is a kind of language that emphasize in language. Kennedy (1979) stated that figure of speech may be said whenever a writer or speaker, for the sake of emphasis or freshness, departs from the ordinary denotations of words. From the above quotation, figurative language is a way to reflect the characteristic of the film and the way the writer think. Figurative language used not in usual literal sense but imaginative way. Figures of speech are not devices to state what is demonstrably untrue. Indeed they often state truths, and they lend emphasis.

Figurative language is one which literally in compatible term, forces the readers to attend the connotation rather than to the denotation. Kreidler affirms (1998), the connotation is part of meaning, the effective or emotional associations is elicits, which clearly not be the same for all people who know and use the word. It is refers to the personal aspect of meaning, the emotional associations that the word arouses. The denotation identifies the central aspect of word meaning, which everybody generally agrees about. The words that have emotional meaning and denotation meaning are combination of sounds.

The Webster‘s New World College Dictionary (1996) explains that figurative speech is an expression (as metaphor or euphemism) that substitutes a variation of points of view by which things or notions which is referred to as if it is different in some ways (in identify, degree, shape) from what it actually is or seems

(25)

to be but so related to the expression successfully implies an intended meaning of effect either or greatly different from what is utterly said.

Figurative meaning and vocabulary have a close relationship. Figurative meaning and semantic also have a great relationship because without the knowledge of the meaning of the word, even connotative meaning, it is difficult to understand figurative meaning, sometimes people read the newspapers, the magazines or novel, overlooked non – literal expressions and read them literally. Of course, the meaning of the expression becomes odd or not understandable. Therefore, figurative language becomes essential in the learning of vocabularies. While, learning of vocabularies support the learning of semantics (Tarigan, 1995).

The use of figurative language on a certain language might be different from another. Gibbs and Turner (1997) added that figurative language is the type of language that helps convey exact meaning in an artistic manner. It may use colorful words imaginatively or even make up new word. In other words, using figurative language is very needed to make our sentences more beauty and artistic. It requires much imagination because the sentence has hidden meaning behind the literal meaning.

Figurative language uses "figures of speech" it is a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. In other words, language cannot be taken literally. Literal and figurative language is a distinction in traditional systems for analyzing language. Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning. Figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the component words. Figurative

(26)

language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve exaggerations. These modifications result in figures of speech.

Form the explanation above, the researcher concludes that figurative languages is a type of language that uses words or expressions different from the literal meaning. It is one of many techniques are uses to express the inner feelings of the people.

2.3 Types of Figurative Language

There are many kinds of figurative language. Each expert has their own definition in each type of figurative language. In this research, the researcher discusses the types of figurative language based on Perrine’s theory. Perrine (1987:61-109) separated figurative language into twelve kinds, they are: simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, and verbal irony.

1. Simile

Simile is a kind of figurative language that essentially not the same but thought to be similar in one or more respect is compared. Simile is also used to add clarify to the language or make it more careful. Kennedy (1979) affirms that simile is comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than or verb such as resembles. Generally, simile is defined as a type of figurative language that used to explain the resemblance of two objects (in shape, color, characteristic etc).

(27)

It can be said simile compares two unlike object that are regarded similar or almost similar. It expresses a similarity. The object which are compared have to be different type. Simile is usually using words like or as.

The example below is considered as simile: Your eyes like the star

In that sentence, it uses the comparative word that is like. In short, it compares the eyes with the star. It does not mean that your eyes like a star but it means that your eyes so beautiful.

2. Metaphor

The second type of figurative language is metaphor. Metaphor is a kind of figurative language that refers to something as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect. It may provide clarity or identity hidden similarities between two ideas. Perrine (1987:61) states that there is a similiraty between metaphor and simile. Both of them are comparison between two things that are essentially not the same. The only distinction between them is the use of connective words. In simile, the poet uses the connective word such as: like, as than, similar to, resemble or seems, while in metaphor the comparison is implied the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term.

Metaphors are abstract relations which appear to be more convincing and persuade the reader. Use of metaphor usually helps the reader to shape the understanding of an activity as an extra ordinary activity that is not actually happening. Writers use metaphors to communicate or transform complex ideas into what is perceived as real or familiar and concrete. Barnhart (1995) says,

(28)

metaphor is figure of speech in which a word or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a likeness. It is made more vivid by transferring to it the name or attributes of some other objects.

Metaphors often provide only one perspective of an issue by blocking or hiding other view points. In addition, meanings can be ambiguous with context depending on the purpose of the user. Generally metaphors are also used to describe some abstract concept in concrete form. It would help the reader to describe the idea and perceive an imaginary idea in writer‘s mind incompact form.

The example below is considered as metaphor: Luna is an angel

In the expression above, shows us an example of metaphor. It is comparing two nouns, Luna and angel. Possibly Luna is a kind person just like an angel. So, the expression above means Luna is a kind person.

3. Personification

Personification is comparison between inanimate things and person. It is a kind of metaphor, an impied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always human being. (Perrine, 1987: 64).

Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals or ideas. This can really affect the way the reader imagines things. Personification is a depiction of objects or nonhuman (inanimate) whether tangible or abstract which are treated as if they were human. Toner and Elizabeth (2003), added in personification a thing or object which is not human

(29)

is given a human characteristic because of some similarity between the thing and a person. It is easy to remember because personification contains the word

“person” inside it.

From the opinions above it can be said that personification means giving inhuman thing human qualities. It is a kind of figure of speech that endows animals, ideas, abstraction and inanimate object with human form, and the representing of imaginary creatures of things as having human personalities.

The example below is considered as personification: My heart was asleep

In here, ‘asleep’ as used to express human’s personal qualities. In this

expression means a condition that someone has no feeling. 4. Apostrophe

Apostrophe defined as addressing someone absent or something non human as if it was a live and present and could reply to what is being said Perrine (1987:65). Apostrophe is also a form of personification in which nonhuman or in animate thing is directly addressed as if it were human or animate..

The example below is considered as apostrophe: Sweet Thames! Run soflty till I end my song.

The line above, the poet greets Thames River in London to flow gently until he finished his song.

(30)

5. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a part that used to designate the whole. This is kind of figurative language where a part of a particular object is employed throw light on the whole thing. Synecdoche is the use of the part for the whole (Perrine, 1987:67). It is a kind of figurative language which states one thing partly instead of its universe.

Actually synecdoche divided into two types:

- Pars pro toto (part for whole) means if there is noun mentioned in a part, it means the noun mentioned in a whole.

Example : ‘White house’ means The U.S government

- Totem pro parte (whole for part) means if there is noun mentioned in a whole, it means the noun meantioned in a part.

Example : ‘Our school get a cup of basketball champion’

6. Metonymy

Metonymy is the type of figurative language that uses a word that closely related with the things that the poet actually meant. As mentioned by Perrine (1987:67), metonymy is the use of something closely related to the thing essentially meant It can be considered that metonymy is the substitution of a word naming an object for another word closely associated with it. Djuanda and Prana (2006) also said that metonymy is a figure of speech that equates a word or name that has a relationship with another object which is the company’s brand or trade, or stating something to direct its name.

(31)

1. I enjoy Shakespeare immensely

2. The whole town turned out to welcome us

In the sentence above, the first sentence the word ‘Shakespeare’ means

the work of Shakespeare. The second sentence the word ‘Whole Town’ means

all the people living in the town. 7. Symbol

Symbol is what a word stands for itself and symbol usually stands for something in reality. It is something represented by a word in poetry. Symbol can be found by relating the word with something in real life. Perrine (1987:81) defined symbol is defined as something that means more than what it is. Symbol maybe best understood as an implied metaphor. Meanwhile, Diyanni (2004) added that symbol is any object or action that represents something beyond its literal self. An apple pie, for example, can represent an American Lifestyle. Natural symbols like light and darkness, fire and water can stand for contradictory things. The meaning of any symbol whether an object, an action, or a gesture, is controlled by its context. A symbol can be defined simply as any object or action that means more than itself.

The example below is considered as symbol: You cannot teach an old dog new trick.

In here, not only talking about dog itself, but about living creatures of any species and therefore speaking symbolically. An old dog can be understood as old man that in his aged he cannot think likes he was young.

(32)

Allegory is description that has another meaning and seeing a whole comparison. As mentioned by Perrine (1987:88), allegory is narrative or description that has meaning beneath the surface one. It can be said that the meaning beneath is different from its description. Djuanda and Prana (2006) argue that, this figure of speech used in a series of narrative as a whole. It is mean that almost all sentences in the speech was put on the comparison as a whole and unified. Some comparisons are linked to one another to form a unified whole.

The example below is considered as allegory:

He trew a pine cones at a jovial squirrel and he ran with chattering fear.

The above sentence is allegory because the meaning in the sentence is definitely different from its description.

9. Paradox

Paradox usually happens in a poem when there is a situation or statement contrary to the usual situation, yet this situation or statement is somehow true. Perrine (1987:101) said that paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless something true. It maybe either situation or statement.

Paradox is the statement seemingly self-contradiction or opposed to what is commonly held to be true but which nevertheless contains a truth. Nugiantoro (2010) stated that that paradox is the opinion or argument that contrary to popular opinion, it can be considered strange or extraordinary. It

(33)

also said the paradox a wrong proportion that one but it also is true. Often behind the surprising paradox, paradox hides the truth that can be maintained. In this figure of speech, there are two markers that have opposing meanings. Both markers appear, so do not be implicit. However, there was opposition within the meaning of the word only, whereas in the paradox that live is not often the opposition but rather to strengthen the meaning. The conclusion, paradox is a figure of speech that looks as if there is any conflict.

The example below is considered as paradox: And death shall be no more; eath thou salt die

For the poet, death will not exist again, because death will die, and the poet has slept and will wake up forever, then there will be no more death and the death has passed by.

10.Hyperbole/overstatement

Hyperbole derived from the Greek. It is from two words, they are hyper which mean over and baleen which mean throw. So, hyperbole can be defined as a figurative language, which exaggerates the number, size or quality of something in order to emphasize certain point in a statement. When using hyperbole, a writer draws attention to a particular idea by saying something which cannot possibly true.

An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Wren (2005) stated that in hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by overstatement. It can be concluded

(34)

that hyperbole is figure of speech that states something or situation excessively by using words contain greater meaning from the real taste or meaning.

Hyperbole is simply exaggeration out in the service the truth (Perrine, 1987:102). Hyperbole is a kind of figurative language which consist of an exaggerated statement which is not mean to be literary. Hyperbole is also known as overstatement.

The following expression is considered as hyperbole: Jane has not seen his mom for ages

In that expression, the phrase ‘for ages’ indicates as an exaggeration. The speaker wants to emphasize that Jane has never seen her mom for a long time.

11.Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech that uses the words in the opposite sense or to reduce reality to humble their selves for making polite. It always deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis. However, the interpretation of litotes can depend on context, including cultural context. In speech, it may also depend on intonation and emphasis. Perrine (1987:102) states understatement is saying less than one means that may exist in what are says or merely in how one say it. It is opposite of overstatement.

The example below is considered as understatement: Keep your bright swords, for the dew will must them.

(35)

Here, he is speaking a quarrel between men armed with swords, as though it were a promenade. The effect is to draw the readers into the heroic calm of writer.

12.Irony

Irony is a kind of figurative language in which real meaning is completely opposed to its surface meaning. It is a way of speaking or writing by saying something while the meaning is another. It usually occurs in sentences or expressions when they imply opposite meaning. Keraf (2009) states that irony is figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. In simple words, it is a difference between the appearance and the reality.

Irony has a meaning that extends beyond its use merely as a figure of speech. Mentioned by Diyyani (2004), irony almost arises from a contrast or discrepancy between what happens and what has been expected to happen.

The example below is considered as verbal irony: Your handwriting is very good so i can not read it

The expression above can be considered as verbal irony when the expression want to say that his handwriting is very bad.

2.4Message

Message is the content of the communication process. Communication is effective only when the message is understood and when it stimulates action or encourages the receiver to think in new ways. It is the information conveyed by words in speech or writing, and other signs and symbols. In Universe of english

(36)

blogspot (2011), message is a communication passed or sent by speech, in writing, by signals, etc. Usually short communication transmitted by words, signals, or other means from one person, or group to another.

Based on Oxford advance Learner’s dictionary, message is a written or

spoken request, piece of information, etc. That is passed from one person to another indirectly, it is also an idea or statement from a writer or religious group, which is thought to be of political, moral or social important. In spoken, message is a piece of information that you give to a person when you cannot speak to them directly. While in written, it is the most important idea in a book, film or others.

Message may include verbal content and non verbal content. Verbal content refers to written or spoken words, sign language, e-mail, text messages, phone calls, etc. And non verbal content may include body movement and gestures, eye contact, artifacts and clothing, timing, etc. The verbal message is of course an important part of our communication, but the way we communicate nonverbally is equally, and sometimes more important.

Often our verbal and non-verbal messages are consistent, but they can sometimes be inconsistent. If someone’s words conflict with their tone of voice and/or non-verbal behaviours, we often mistrust the words and tend to believe the non-verbal clues instead. It’s not very convincing, for example, when someone tells

you they’re not angry at you, but they avoid eye contact, have an angry expression on their face, can barely force out the words, and slam their fist on the table while saying it.

(37)

Message is converted into a code (language) by a sender and transferred as a discourse (text) via a particular channel to a receiver. Although it is commonly the main stimulus to initiate an act of communication, humans more often than not interact without any clearly defined and/or preplanned message or purpose, esp. in casual meetings (e.g., congratulating, condoling, expressing gratitude). In many such stereotypical situations, certain aspects of contact (appearance, initial reactions, acceptance/rejection) rule over content and interlocutors, in order to liberate themselves from the strain of the situation, select from the stock of some ready-made prefabricated formulae, such as greetings, congratulations, condolences, apologies, thanks, etc..

Various types of message correlate with certain features of the structure of communicative events, codes, channels and textual properties. For example, messages with high information density (research articles, monographs, statutes) utilizing elaborate language are printed out (journals, statute books) and stored in libraries for future reference. In contrast, messages with relatively low information density (mundane conversations or casual narratives) invite the use of spoken verbal code along with some non-verbal codes (gestures).

Based on the statements of message above, it is considered that message is an idea of speaker or a writer it can be informed. In a song, message means a message or information from the author to others either directly or which can be heard in written form in a lyric that be present. By knowing and understading the messages by the author of a song we can know the intent of the content of the song.

(38)

2.5 Song

A song is an artistic form of expression based on sound, generally considered a single (and often stand alone) work of music with distinct and fixed pitches, pattern, and form. Quinn (2006) states song is a term for a type of lyric poem, not necessarily designed to be set to music. It means that song can be orally with music or without music.

The word of song are typically of a poetic, rhyming nature, although they may be religious verses or free prose. A song may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral works. Songs can be broadly divided into many different forms, depending on the criteria used. One division is between "art songs", "pop songs", and "folk songs". A song is a piece of music for accompanied or unaccompanied voice/voices or the act or art of singing.

As a part of literary work, song can entertain the listeners by its music and is performed by singing. Song of course consists of lyrics. Song lyric is an arrangement of beautiful, imaginative and meaningful word. It is usually used to

express the feeling based on either the writer’s or the other people’s experiences. It

also has a powerful emotion that gives impact in listeners’ mind. The impact of song usually makes the listeners feel the story in the song as theirself story and the messages of song give the inspiration for them. Song writer usually creates song related to the love story, social, education and the philosophy of life and even the history of life. The song writer often creates the song either she or he is in pink or

(39)

2.6 Jay Z

Jay Z was born on 4th December 1969, in Brooklyn New York City. He is an American rapper, entrepreneur and investor. When he was only 11 years old, his father abandoned the family and he was independently raised by his mother. The family lived in the drug infested ‘Marcy Projects’, where vionlence and gun-culture were also prevalent. It was in this short of a neighborhood that he was also raised. He studied at George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, Eli Whitney High School and Trenton Central High School. Here, he was classmates with future performers, Busta Rhymes and The Notorious B.I.G. His interest in music was sparked from very early on when he received a boom box for his birthday from his mother. he began free styling, scripting lyrics and tailed the music by many populer artist of the time.

He is not only one of the most sucessful rappers but also a sucessful

entrepreneur who owns an entertainment company named ‘Roc Nation’. As an entrepreneur, he owns the 40/40 Club, Def Jam Records, Roc Nation Sports, Roc-A-Fella and he is also a qualified NBA sports representative. Recently, Jay-Z was ranked as one of the most successful artists of the millennium and was also placed next to the likes of iconic rappers including 50 Cent, Nelly and Eminem. Most of his works reflect bits and pieces of his troubled, drug-ridden childhood. Despite coming from a very run-of-the-mill background, Jay-Z is a millionaire artist today and continues to mesmerize fans with his enchanting records. Work aside, he has

(40)

relationship with singer/actress Beyonce Knowles under wraps. He is currently married to her and the couple has a daughter. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Z)

2.7The Black Album

The Black Album is the eight studio album by American rapper Jay Z. This album was released on November 14, 2003 by Roc-A-Fella Records. It was advertised as his final album before retiring, which is also a recurring theme throughout the songs, although Jay Z resumed his recording career in 2006.

When The black album was released, it received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, it received an average score of 84, based on 19 reviews. In its first week, the album debuted at number one on the Billborad 200, and selling 463,000 copies in the United States. By July 2013, the album had 3,516,000 copies in the Us. In 2005, The Black Album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best

Rap Album. It was also ranked number 349 in Rolling Stone’s list of the 500

greatest albums of all time. Pitchfork ranked The Black Album at number 90 on its decade-end list of the top 200 albums from the 200s, while Slant Magazine ranked it seventh best on a similar list. In 2012, Complex named it one of the classic records of the previous decade.

(http://www.last.fm/music/Jay-Z/The+Black+Album/+wiki)

2.8 Review of related studies

(41)

figurative language theory, such as English Translation, novel, movie, and so on. Here, the researcher review them to make-sure that it can help the researcher in doing her research to guide her and also to avoid duplicating or copying similar previous research about the topic since the research conducted by the researcher must be original.

First is from Anita (2012). She observed kinds of figurative language used in English Translation text of Surah Maryam by Yusuf Ali. She identifies some

figurative languages based on Robert Frost’s theory, and then she also identifies the contextual meaning of those expressions using contextual theory and truth-conditioning theory. The result of her reseach shows that there are eighteen kinds of figurative languages found in English translation text of Surah Maryam and the dominant type of figurative language is symbol.

The second is from Yuri and Rosa (2013). Both of them focused their study in analyzing the types of figurative language in internet advertisements and were classified into male and female products. The findings of this study showed that the use of figurative language in the internet advertisement gives big influence in promoting the product.

The third is Saputri (2014). Her research focuses on identifying the types of

figurative language and the contextual meaning used in Rick Riordan’s novel. The

method used in this research is documentation method. Meanwhile to analyze the types of figurative language she used theory proposed by Leech. In the result of her research shows that there are 93 sentences that have figurative language and the dominant type of figurative language is simile. She also explain that the author of

(42)

this novel uses simile to explain circumstances, to describe the characters, to express emotion of the characters, and to make his writing more vivid and entertaining.

The fourth is Rohman (2015). In his research, he explored six types of figurative language which are used in Harry Potter movie. In his research, he also used Kennedy theory to classify the types of figurative expressions. Rohman classified 10 figurative expressions in three categories, comparative, contradictory, and relation. The result of his research showed that there were 20 utterances contains figurative language in Harry Potter movie and the most figurative languages used is Simile, so Simile is the dominant figurative language of the utterances used by the selected characters.

Then, the last previous research also has done by Ayuningsih (2015). She proposes two research problem, those are the kinds of figurative language and the reason of figurative language in Hans Christian Andersons fairy tales. In her

research, she used Perrine’s theory to found and classification the types of figurative language that appeared in the Hans Christian Andersons fairy tales. She concluded that there were seven types of figurative language which were used in Hans Christian Andersons fairy tales. They are simile, metaphor, paradox, hyperbole, personification, symbols and synecdoche. She counted the data and found the most often used figure of speech in her research is hyperbole.

In conducting this research, a review from a journal about figurative language is also needed to give more overview about it. The only journal reviewed

(43)

Representation of their Affective Domain through Figurative Language in a

Web-Based Learning Environment” from journal Stefaniamanca (Distance Education) (Melbourne: May 2007). This journal explains the study that investigates how the participants of an online learning course employ figurative language to express their emotions and feelings during the learning experience. It purposes to analyze the distribution of figurative language across the course to understand if the figurative language elicits the creation of new figurative language, and to classify recurring types of conceptual categories. The result shows that figurative language use increases in coincidence with crucial, social event; it does not necessarily encourage the production of further figurative language; and it allows participants to represent their affective domain and to conceptualize the learning environment in an original

manner. Stefaniamanca’s journal analyzes the affective domain of figurative in a

website, while in the present study only the meaning of figurative language is analyzed.

However, in practice, the research of their research has differences with my study because in addition to the source data and different data. In the current

research the researcher used types of figurative language related to Jay Z’s hip hop songs especially ‘The Black’ Album. It is because this research used Jay Z’s hip

hop Songs On The Black Album as the data source, this album contained many types of figurative language thus the researcher uses it as a restriction to categorize figurative language terms based on Perrine’s theory (1987:61-109).

(44)

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consist of research design, research instrument, data and data source, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In conducting this research, the researcher used qualitative content analysis because the data of this research were taken from the utterances that produced by Jay Z in his song lyric which are contained of figurative language. Krippendorff (1980) mentioned that content analysis as a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from data to their content. The content itself refers to words, meanings, pictures, symbols, themes or any message which can be analyzed. Meanwhile, the text is anything from written or spoken that serves as a medium for communication. Hence, content analysis is the proper research technique because this research aims to examined the types of figurative language in the lyric by understanding, interpreting and describing the content to gain the data finding of the research.

Content analysis is qualitative research technique which widely used. According to Moloeng (2010), qualitative method is a research procedure that obtains descriptive data in written or spoken form from the people and their behavior which is being observed. According to him, the aim is a holistic picture and depth of understanding rather than a numerical data analysis. This research is

(45)

purposed to understanding of a phenomenon or other certain problem by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variables.

In addition, this research also used descriptive research design in analyzing the data. This approach used to described the types of figurative language which

found in the lyrics of Jay Z’s songs with the second purposed of the research that wants to analyzed the messages in the lyrics of Jay Z’s Songs. The data of this research were not in the form of number but description and explanation about Jay

Z song’s lyrics.

3.2 Research Instrument

The main research instrument of this research is the researcher herself. The researcher who as the participant collected and analyzed the data, in order to produce the valid result. The researcher collected and analyzed the data by finding the types of figurative language and the messages in the Jay Z’s Songs. Therefore, the researcher can be as the main instrument of her research.

3.3Data and Data Source

The data source of this research was taken from the eight studio album of

Jay Z’s song “The Black Album” which was released on November 2003. Then, the data of this research were taken from the utterances that produced by Jay Z in his song lyric which are contained of figurative language. In this research, the data was taken from sources in website. It was downloaded by the researcher herself from http://jayzweb.yaia.com/lyricstheblackalbum.html accessed on February 20, 2017.

(46)

3.4Techniques of Data collection

In collecting the data, the researcher conducted some steps:

1. Searching the song lyric of Jay Z. The lyric for the song was taken from http://jayzweb.yaia.com/lyricstheblackalbum.html accessed on February 20, 2017.

2. Downloading song lyrics of Jay Z and saving 14 songs of Jay Z’s The Black Album in her laptop.

3. Reading and get understanding in the content of the lyrics.

4. Collecting data by finding the types of figurative language and the messages from 14 songs in the Jay Z’s Songs On The Black Album. The researcher highlighted the lyrics that include the types of figurative language in order to mark the lyrics. The function of this step is to make easy in classifying the data into the twelve types of figurative language. Some example of the figurative language are shown below.

(47)

: Simile : Synecdoche :Paradox

: Metaphor : Metonymy :Hyperbole

: Personification : Symbol :Understatement

: Apostrophe : Allegory :Verbal Irony

What More Can I Say

3.5 Data analysis

After collecting the data from data source,the researcher did some steps to analyze the data. In doing analysis the researcher uses procedures as follow:

1. The researcher identified words, phrases and sentences of Jay Z’s song lyrics that contained the types of figurative language.

2. The researcher analyzed the types of figurative language used theory of figurative language by Perrine. (the data will be classified into

(48)

twelve types of figurative language. Those are simile, methapor, personification, apostrophe, synechdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole, understatement, and verbal irony). Then, the researcher gave explanation of the data about the messages which contained in the song.

3. After finding the types of figurative language and the messages in the Jay Z’s songs lyrics, then the researcher classified the data in each the categorized based on the types of figurative language. The data is firstly classified in the table based on the existence of the data. Example for the table :

Table of Categorize

No Type of figurative language Data

Simile Encore (2)

Dirt of your Shoulder (3) Threat (5)

Methapor ... ...

Personification ... ...

Apostrophe ... ...

(49)

From the table above, the researcher was able to know what types of figurative language which are used by each title of song lyrics. There are 14 songs as well. Hence, the researcher can see what the types of figurative

language which are often used by Jay Z’s in his song lyrics.

4. The researcher made a conclusion and suggestion. The conclusion were obtained from the results of the data and the suggestions were made for further study.

(50)

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consist of research design, research instrument, data and data source, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

(51)

purposed to understanding of a phenomenon or other certain problem by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variables.

In addition, this research also used descriptive research design in analyzing the data. This approach used to described the types of figurative language which

Z song’s lyrics.

3.2 Research Instrument

3.3Data and Data Source

The data source of this research was taken from the eight studio album of

(52)

3.4Techniques of Data collection

In collecting the data, the researcher conducted some steps:

1. Searching the song lyric of Jay Z. The lyric for the song was taken from http://jayzweb.yaia.com/lyricstheblackalbum.html accessed on February 20, 2017.

2. Downloading song lyrics of Jay Z and saving 14 songs of Jay Z’s The Black Album in her laptop.

3. Reading and get understanding in the content of the lyrics.

(53)

: Simile : Synecdoche :Paradox

: Metaphor : Metonymy :Hyperbole

: Personification : Symbol :Understatement

: Apostrophe : Allegory :Verbal Irony

What More Can I Say

3.5 Data analysis

After collecting the data from data source,the researcher did some steps to analyze the data. In doing analysis the researcher uses procedures as follow:

1. The researcher identified words, phrases and sentences of Jay Z’s song lyrics that contained the types of figurative language.

2. The researcher analyzed the types of figurative language used theory of figurative language by Perrine. (the data will be classified into

(54)

Table of Categorize

No Type of figurative language Data

Simile Encore (2)

Dirt of your Shoulder (3) Threat (5)

Methapor ... ...

Personification ... ...

Apostrophe ... ...

(55)

language which are often used by Jay Z’s in his song lyrics.

4. The researcher made a conclusion and suggestion. The conclusion were obtained from the results of the data and the suggestions were made for further study.

(56)

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of finding and discussion. The finding includes data description and result of analysis. The analysis has a purpose to answer the research problem. Then the discussion has a purpose to discuss the result of data analysis.

4.1 Finding

In this chapter, the researcher going to analyzed the types of figurative language that found in The Black Album of Jay Z’s song’s lyrics. As explained in chapter II, figurative language is a type of language that uses words or expressions different from the literal meaning. It is one of many techniques are uses to express the inner feelings of the people. The researcher also follows the step which has been arranged in the methodology chapter III.

After collecting the data from the source, the researcher classifies the data based on Perrine (1992) theory on the types of figurative language used in Jay Z’s songs in The Black Album. After that, the reseacher classifies the data which contain some figurative language used in the album, with the second purposes the researcher also explains the message used in the song.

After identifying data in figurative language, the researcher puts the data into the table of categorize so the researcher can count the number of figurative language that are mostly used by Jay Z The Black Album.

The figurative language that found in The Black Album of Jay Z’s song’s lyrics as follow:

(57)

4.1.1 Types of figurative language

In this table are kinds of figurative language and percentage that contained

in the songs from the Jay Z’s songs in The Black Album which will be analyzed in

the next part.

Table of Categorize

No Type of figurative language Data

Simile What More Can I Say (2)

Encore (3)

Change Clothes (2)

Dirt off Your Shoulder (4) Threat (8)

Moment of Clarity (2) 99 Problem (1)

Public Service Announcement (2) Lucifer (4)

Allure (3) My 1st Song (5)

Methapor December 4th (1)

What More Can I Say (5) Encore (4)

Change Clothes (1)

Dirt off Your Shoulder (1) Threat (3)

Moment of Clarity (6) 99 Problem (3)

Public Service Announcement (1) Justify My Thug (7)

Lucifer (3) Allure (3) My 1st Song (2)

(58)

Personification December 4th (4)

What More Can I Say (2) Encore (1)

Change Clothes (1) Moment of Clarity (2) Lucifer (2)

Apostrophe Change Clothes (1)

Synecdoche December 4th (2)

What More Can I Say (1) Change Clothes (1)

Dirt off Your Shoulder (1) Moment of Clarity (2)

Public Service Announcement (1)

Metonymy What More Can I Say (4)

Encore (4)

Change Clothes (3)

Dirt off Your Shoulder (2) Threat (3)

Moment of Clarity (2) 99 Problem (1)

Justify My Thug (1) Allure (2)

My 1st Song (1)

Hyperbole What More Can I Say (2)

Encore (1)

Change Clothes (1) Threat (1)

Moment of Clarity (1)

Public Service Announcement (2) Justify My Thug (1)

Lucifer (1) My 1st Song (1)

(59)

Allegory Interlude (1)

Verbal Irony What More Can I Say (1)

Dirt off Your Shoulder (1)

Symbol What More Can I Say (1)

Paradox Public Service Announcement (2)

From the table of categorize above the researcher finds eleven type of

figurative language in Jay Z’s album, they are simile, metaphor, personification,

irony, hyperbole, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox and symbol. The type of figurative language that has the highest frequency is metaphor. The researcher does not find figures of speech mentioned by Perrine (1992), that is Understatement. After identifying and putting the data into the table of frequency in figurative language, the researcher classifies the data based on Perrine (1992).

There are 134 sentences that used figurative language found in in the Jay Z’s songs. The researcher only took eight sentences for each type of figurative language as the data representative to be described in this section. For paradox, symbol and verbal irony the researcher only gave one sentence for each type as the data representative. These figurative languages were listed and classified based on Perrine‘s theory about the types of figurative language.

(60)

Simile is a kind of figurative language that essentially not the same but thought to be similar in one or more respect is compared. It can be said simile compares two unlike object that are regarded similar or almost similar. It expresses a similarity. The object which are compared have to be different type. Simile is usually using words like or as. The data of simile is analyzed below:

Data 1. Golfer above par like I putted{Encore, Verse 3, Line 12}

The singer wrote this lyric by using type of simile. In this lyric, there is a word “like” that symbolizes simile type and there is a comparison between “golfer” and “putted”. A par is the minimum number of hits you have to make in a golf hole to not go negative. A putt is a golf shot you make from inside the green, which is usually really easy, just like it was easy for Hova to become the best in the game. The meaning of this sentence is really easy for Jay z became one of the greatest ever.

Data 2. Gotta keep it peace like a buddhist

I ain't a New Jack nobody 'gon Wesley Snipe me {Change Clothes, Verse 1, Line 11}

The researcher finds the comparison word shown in ‘like’ sentence. The word like it was show that this sentence is simile. The author comparing peace and buddhist. Peace and buddhist is two different things that have differences. The line plays on the pronunciation of the word peace: Buddhist monks put peace as one of the most important things to achieve in life, but piece is also a word for a firearm. This means that in order to keep the peace on the block, Jay needs to bring a gun with him to settle any argument before it gets out of hand.

(61)

{Dirt of Your shoulder, Verse 2, Line 3}

The lyric “Tryin to stretch out the coca, like a wrestler,” is composed by using type of simile because in this utterance there is a word “like” that symbolizes simile types which compare between coca and wrestler. The lyric talk about Jay’s trying to “stretch out” (dilute) the cocaine to sell more of it. Weight is slang for drugs, and wrestlers frequently cut weight in order to make a lower weight class. Wrestlers stretch people (chiropractors do, too). Also, a wrestler’s fluctuation in weight leads to stretch marks, which cocoa butter is used to remove.

Data 4. And I, nigga I'll kill ya, I'll chop ya up

Put ya inside the mattress like drug money nigga

{Threat, Intro, Line 5}

This lyrics is considered as simile because there is comparison between ‘the mattress’ and ‘drug money’. It indicates that this lyrics includes on simile in figurative language. Putting body parts in a mattress is a way of hiding the evidence… Putting drug money in a mattress is also a way for dealers to keep their money away from police during or raid or it can be used once the dealer gets out of

prison so he isn’t broke… the meaning of this lyris is keeping money in a mattress

is good way to be discrete because huge deposits in a bank may raise suspicion on where the money is coming from.

Data 5. The whole hood'll want ya, you startin to look like bread {Threat, Verse 1, Line22}

This lyric is composed by using type of simile. In this lyrics, the word look is being compared with bread. The meaning of look is to direct our eyes in order to see. The meaning of bread is aa staple food prepared from a dough of flour and

(62)

people, objects or other people will start to look like food items. Since bread can also mean money, the singer’s suggesting that the whole hood, starving for money, will start to see a vision of the targeted person turning into giant stacks of bills.

Data 6.I wanna rhyme like Common Sense {Moment of Clarity, Verse 2, Line 15}

The lyric ‘I wanna rhyme like Common Sense’ composed by using type of simile. The word ‘i’ is being compared with ‘Common sense’. Common sense is socially conscious rappers, and also a great technical MCs. Here, jay z comparing a great technician and a great songwriter. He deeply respect the craft, and acknowledges that he has decreased the quality of his lyricism over the years in attempt to reach out to a broader audience, and hence earn more money.

Data 7.In Los Angeles... Like an evangelist {Lucifer, Verse 1, Line 17-18}

The lyric ‘In Los Angeles likes an evangelist’ implies the type of simile. the

word ‘Los Angeles’ iscompared with ‘an evangelist’. It means like an evangelist,

he will introduce you to your maker, as they do to people who aren’t familiar with Christianity.

Data 8. Woo! It's like the blues - we gon' ride out on this one Ta-tah, be-hah {My 1st Song, Outro, Line 1}

This sentence is considered as simile. The singer was supposed to ride off into the sunset after this song, the last track on what was supposed to be his retirement album. So he lets the beat continue playing to do some shout-outs. The singer means he feels the beat is little bluesy, or he’s just feeling a little sad about this being the

(1)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter the researcher presents the conclusion and suggestion as the last part in this research. The conclusion of the research is based on the analysis and discussion explained in previous chapter. The suggestion is to give information to the next researcher who is interested in doing research about figurative language.

5.1 Conclusion

As stated in the introduction, this research analyzed the types of figurative language and the messages as used in The Black Album by Jay Z. The researcher used quaitative content analysis as the approach in her research. After getting findings from analysis in chapter IV, the researcher made the following conclusions.

The types of figurative language based on Perrine theory. Perrine (1992) defines figure of speech is the unusual way of uttering something which can be said that the speaker intentionally refers to another meaning from one thing. In other words, figurative language is a way of saying something from the uncommon way. By using this type of language, the speaker wants to add some special effect to their words. Perrine (1987) separated figurative language into twelve kinds, they are: simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, and verbal irony.

After analyzing the data, the researcher found eleven types of figurative language from 14 song they are simile, metaphor, personification, verbal irony,

(2)

hyperbole, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox and symbol, but the researcher did not find understatement. The dominant type of figurative

language in the Jay Z’s songs is metaphor. The researcher found 134 types of

figurative language in the whole data, they are 36 simile, 40 metaphor, 12 personification, 2 verbal irony, 10 hyperbole, 1 apostrophe, 9 synecdoche, 23 metonymy, 1 allegory, 2 paradox and 1 symbol.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the results, the suggestions are addressed to readers, students and lecturers of linguistics, and further researchers. For readers, they can use the findings of this study to understand more about figurative language and its context in the daily coversation especially in song. For students and lecturers of linguistics, it would be beneficial to take figurative language as the subject of their study and have more examples about figurative language. Thus, understanding the structure and grammar of English lesson will make student get more knowledge about English language.

Over all, the researcher of this research hopes that the reader will continue to discuss figurative language more detail clarification. Because, there are many types about figurative language that have not been discussed in previous researcher. It can be briefly stated that figurative language is one of the interesting phenomena that is very important to discuss. It is due to the reason that we often find the use of figurative language everyday through spoken and written language and it is cannot be clearly understand without knowing the context. Based on the conclusion above,

(3)

analyzing figurative language. It is recommended to analyze another object such as in non-literary work. It will be more interesting to analyze by using another theory on figurative language, such as uses the theory of figurative language by Knikerboker and Reninger (1963). To get deeper analysis the researcher should be more carefully in the context of the object to get the proper messages of our interpreteation.

(4)

REFERENCE

Abcarican, R., et. al. (1984). Literature the Human Experience. New York : Martin’s.

Anita, S. (2012). Figurative Language Used In Yusuf Ali’s English Translation Of Surah Maryam, Thesis. STAIN Tulungagung, Tulungagung.

Ashtiani, F. T. (2015). A Comparative Study of the Figures of Speech between Top 50 English and Persian Pop Song Lyrics, Australian International Academic Centre. Australia, Vol. 6 No. 5

Ayuningsih, D. (2015). Figurative Language Used By Hans Christian Andersons In The Little Match Seller In The Ugly Duckling Fairy Tales. Thesis. UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.

Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. New York: Collins Reference.

Creswell, J.W. (2003). Reseach Design: Qualittive, Quatitative, and MixedMethod Approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publication.

Chaysin, P. (2011). Analyzing The Use Of Figures Of Speech In Print Advertising Of Food Product From A Food Magazine. Thesis. Thammasat University Bangkok, Thailand.

Dyer, M. G. (1995). Toward the Acquisition of Language and the Evolution of Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Diyanni, R. (2004). Literature: Approach to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill

Djuanda, D., Iswara, P.D., (2006). Apresiasi Sastra Indonesia. Bandung: UPI Press. Holman, C, Hugh and Harmon William. (1986). A Handbook to Literature: fifth edition, United States of America: Macmillan Publishing Company, a division of Macmillan, Inc.

Hornby, A. S. (1986). Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press.

Hornby, AS, et al, (1972). Oxford advance learner’s of current English 3rd ed. Oxford: oxford university Press.

Katz, Jerrold J. (1972). Semantic Theory. New York: Harper & Row.

(5)

Kennedy, X. J. (1979). Literature: an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Second Edition. Boston: Little Brown and Company.

Keraf, G. (1994). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Kreidler, C. W. (1998). Introducing English Semantics. Roudledge.

Krippendorff, K. (1980). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its methodology. London: Sage.

Leech, Geoffrey. (1969). A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. New York: Longman Inc.

Lyons, John. (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Moleong, L. J. (2009). Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja

Rosdakarya.

Mahmood, Rashid. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Figurative Languagein

Pakistani English Newspapers‘, International Journal of Linguistics, Vol.

6, 2014, p.214

Nurgiantoro, Burhan. (2010). Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.

Oxford. (2008). Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. Perrine, L. (1987). Sound and Sense; An introduction to Poetry. New York:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Perrine, L. (1992) Structure, sound and sense. Harcout: Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Perrine, L. (1974). Literature: Sound and Sense. (6th Edition). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Potter, H. (1967). Figurative Language in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Tarigan, Henry Guntur. (1995). Pengajaran Semantik. Bandung: Angkasa.

Hornby, A. S. (2000). Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press.

Risdianto, F. (2010). The Use of Conceptual Metaphor in Gola Gong’s Novel Bila Waktu Bicara. UN published Journal. STAIN Salatiga.

(6)

Rohman, N. A. (2015). An Analysis of Figurative Languages Used in Harry Potter Fifth Movie “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Thesis. UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.

Saputri, E. E. W. (2014). An Analysis Of Figurative Languages Used In Rick Riordan’s Novel Entitled “The Heroes Of Olympics, Book Three: The Mark Of Athena” Thesis. Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang.

Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.

Siswantoro. (2002). Apresiasi Puisi-puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.

Sihombing et al., (2000). An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning in Beyonce’s Selected Song Lyrics

Stefaniamanca. “Learners‟ Representation of their Affective Domain through Figurative Language in a Web-Based Learning Environment” from journal Stefaniamanca (Distance Education) (Melbourne: May 2007). Wellek, Rene & Austin Warren. (1956). Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt,

Brace&World, Inc,

Yuri, R. A, and Rosa, R. N. (2013). An Analysis Of Types Of Figurative Language Used In Internet Advertisements. Thesis. FBS Universitas Negeri Padang. http://jayzweb.yaia.com/lyricstheblackalbum.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Z

http://www.last.fm/music/Jay-Z/The+Black+Album/+wiki http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/

Figurative language found in Jay Z’s on The Black Album : hip hop song.