Chem ch 6.ppt 1233KB Jun 23 2011 10:23:56 AM
Chemistry Chapter 6
Bonding
Electronegativity
- an atom’s attraction for electrons when bound
to another atom
• covalent bond - pair of electrons shared
• formed when electronegativity difference is < 1.67
• form molecules
• Ex: H2O, NH3
• two types:
• polar covalent (when elements are different)
• nonpolar covalent (in diatomic elements)
O2, N2 - 100% covalent due to equal
electronegativity
• ionic bond - atoms bonded due to different charges
(electrons transferred)
• formed when electronegativity difference is > 1.67
• form ionic compounds
• Ex: NaCl, CaF2, LiBr
• ionic compounds
•
•
•
•
high melting point
soluble in water
conduct electricity when molten
crystallize well
Molecular Shapes
•group 1
•linear
•ex: NaCl
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 2
•linear
•ex: CaCl2
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
sp
Molecular Shapes
•group 13
•trigonal planar
•ex: AlCl3
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
120°
sp2
Molecular Shapes
•group 14
•tetrahedral
•ex: CH4
electron
dot
angle
109.5°
hybrid.
sp3
Molecular Shapes
•group 15
•pyramidal
•ex: NH3
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
vary
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 16
•bent
•ex: H2O
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
vary
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 17
•Linear
•ex: NaCl
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
no
Organic Chemistry
•Organic = carbon
•Organic Compounds:
•Alkanes
•Alkenes
•Alkynes
Alcohols
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Alkyl side chains
Organic Acids
Esters
Cyclic hydrocarbons
Alkanes: hydrocarbons with
single bonds (R)
1.methane
2.ethane
3.propane
4.butane
5.pentane
6. hexane
7. heptane
8. octane
9. nonane
10. decane
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
methane
propane
ethane
butane
Alkenes - hydrocarbons with
double bonds
1.
6. hexene
2.ethene
7. heptene
3.propene
8. octene
4.butene
9. nonene
5.pentene
10. decene
Ex: 2-butene
1-pentene
3-heptene
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alkynes - hydrocarbons with
double bonds
6. hexyne
1.
7. heptyne
2.ethyne
8. octyne
3.propyne
9. nonyne
4.butyne
10. decyne
5.pentyne
Ex: 1-butyne
2-pentyne
1-heptyne
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alcohols : R-OH
1.methanol
2.ethanol
3.propanol
4.butanol
5.pentanol
6. hexanol
7. heptanol
8. octanol
9. nonanol
10. decanol
Or methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, etc…
Ex: 2-butanol
1-pentanol
1-heptanol
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alkyl sidechains
Ex: methyl propane
methyl butane
2 - methyl pentane
3 - ethyl heptane
2, 3, 3 - trimethyl hexane
2,3-dimethyl octane
Halogenated hydrocarbons
(alkyl halides): R-X
Examples:
bromomethane
chloroethane
2 - fluoro pentane
1,2,3-tri chloro heptane
O
Organic acids: R - C - OH
Cyclic compounds
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/meta
Esters
alcohol + organic acid -----> ester + water
------yl
----oic
Ex: butyl ethanoate
methanol + ethanoic acid ----> methyl ethanoate
propanol + ethanoic acid --->
hyperphysics website
propyl ethanoate
6th Period
L to J Chemistry
10
8
6
Expected Correct
Average Correct
4
Correct
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10
L to J Chemistry
140
120
100
80
60
Correct
40
20
0
Total Correct
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10
7th Period
L to J Chemistry
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Correct
6
4
2
0
1
Average Correct
Expected Correct
3
4
5
6
7
Week
8
9
10
L to J Chemistry
140
120
100
80
60
Correct
40
20
0
Total Correct
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10
Bonding
Electronegativity
- an atom’s attraction for electrons when bound
to another atom
• covalent bond - pair of electrons shared
• formed when electronegativity difference is < 1.67
• form molecules
• Ex: H2O, NH3
• two types:
• polar covalent (when elements are different)
• nonpolar covalent (in diatomic elements)
O2, N2 - 100% covalent due to equal
electronegativity
• ionic bond - atoms bonded due to different charges
(electrons transferred)
• formed when electronegativity difference is > 1.67
• form ionic compounds
• Ex: NaCl, CaF2, LiBr
• ionic compounds
•
•
•
•
high melting point
soluble in water
conduct electricity when molten
crystallize well
Molecular Shapes
•group 1
•linear
•ex: NaCl
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 2
•linear
•ex: CaCl2
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
sp
Molecular Shapes
•group 13
•trigonal planar
•ex: AlCl3
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
120°
sp2
Molecular Shapes
•group 14
•tetrahedral
•ex: CH4
electron
dot
angle
109.5°
hybrid.
sp3
Molecular Shapes
•group 15
•pyramidal
•ex: NH3
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
vary
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 16
•bent
•ex: H2O
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
vary
no
Molecular Shapes
•group 17
•Linear
•ex: NaCl
electron
dot
angle
hybrid.
180°
no
Organic Chemistry
•Organic = carbon
•Organic Compounds:
•Alkanes
•Alkenes
•Alkynes
Alcohols
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Alkyl side chains
Organic Acids
Esters
Cyclic hydrocarbons
Alkanes: hydrocarbons with
single bonds (R)
1.methane
2.ethane
3.propane
4.butane
5.pentane
6. hexane
7. heptane
8. octane
9. nonane
10. decane
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
methane
propane
ethane
butane
Alkenes - hydrocarbons with
double bonds
1.
6. hexene
2.ethene
7. heptene
3.propene
8. octene
4.butene
9. nonene
5.pentene
10. decene
Ex: 2-butene
1-pentene
3-heptene
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alkynes - hydrocarbons with
double bonds
6. hexyne
1.
7. heptyne
2.ethyne
8. octyne
3.propyne
9. nonyne
4.butyne
10. decyne
5.pentyne
Ex: 1-butyne
2-pentyne
1-heptyne
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alcohols : R-OH
1.methanol
2.ethanol
3.propanol
4.butanol
5.pentanol
6. hexanol
7. heptanol
8. octanol
9. nonanol
10. decanol
Or methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, etc…
Ex: 2-butanol
1-pentanol
1-heptanol
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
Alkyl sidechains
Ex: methyl propane
methyl butane
2 - methyl pentane
3 - ethyl heptane
2, 3, 3 - trimethyl hexane
2,3-dimethyl octane
Halogenated hydrocarbons
(alkyl halides): R-X
Examples:
bromomethane
chloroethane
2 - fluoro pentane
1,2,3-tri chloro heptane
O
Organic acids: R - C - OH
Cyclic compounds
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/meta
Esters
alcohol + organic acid -----> ester + water
------yl
----oic
Ex: butyl ethanoate
methanol + ethanoic acid ----> methyl ethanoate
propanol + ethanoic acid --->
hyperphysics website
propyl ethanoate
6th Period
L to J Chemistry
10
8
6
Expected Correct
Average Correct
4
Correct
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10
L to J Chemistry
140
120
100
80
60
Correct
40
20
0
Total Correct
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10
7th Period
L to J Chemistry
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Correct
6
4
2
0
1
Average Correct
Expected Correct
3
4
5
6
7
Week
8
9
10
L to J Chemistry
140
120
100
80
60
Correct
40
20
0
Total Correct
1
2
3
4
5
6
Week
7
8
9
10