SMA MA Rangkuman Bahasa Inggris (1)

BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB 1

TENSES

Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb)
karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu
pada suatu konteks kalimat.

A. PRESENT TENSES
1.

Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/
Adverb (A)
(─) S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C

(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not + C
(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?

Keterangan:
• Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
• Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja.
• Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
• Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
• Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
• Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
• Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.

(─) I don’t go to school everyday.
(? ) Do you go to school everyday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is hungry.

(─) She is not hungry.
(? ) Is she hungry?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always,
never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday.
b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum.
Contoh: The world is round.
c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang
(factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of cofee.

2.

Present Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C

(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I am repairing your bicycle now.
(─) I am not repairing your bicycle now.
(? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?

Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now.
(─) She is not being very sad right now.
(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/perisiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:

The populaion of the world is rising very fast.

3. Present Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A
(? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A?

(─) I have not been meeing her since 1998.
(? ) Have you been waiing for two hours?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks.
(─) She has not been being here for ive minutes.
(? ) Has she been being here for two hours?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu
lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this
morning, since, the whole day.
Contoh: He has been wriing a leter for 1 hour.

B. FUTURE TENSES
1.

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have opened the door since 7 o’clock.
(─) I have not opened the door.
(? ) Have you opened the door?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been there since this morning.

(─) She has not been there ill now.
(? ) Has she been there since this morning?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan perisiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih
berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already,
just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, ill
now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 o’clock.

4.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + being + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + being + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have been waiing for two hours.

Simple Future Tense

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + C
(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will go to Jakarta next week.
(─) I will not go to Jakarta next week.
(? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow.
(─) I will not be there tomorrow.
(? ) Will you be there tomorrow?
Fungsi:

a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day
ater tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next
week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
b. Untuk menunjukkan perisiwa yang akan terjadi apabila
syarat perisiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will ind
many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.

2.

Future Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?

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Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will be coming there next week.
(─) I will not be coming there next week.
(? ) Will you be coming there next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be being in London next month.
(─) I will not be being in London next month.
(? ) Will you be being in London next month?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow
at ... o ‘clock, this ime tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be
visiing my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 o’clock.

3. Future Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A

(─) S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have inished this job by the end of this week.
(─) I will not have inished this job by the end of this week.
(? ) Will you have inished this job by the end of this week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been in Jogja by the ime you get there.
(─) I will not have been in Jogja by the ime you get there.
(? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan
di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the ime,
by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, ater/ before +
S + V1 ater/ before + S +V1.

Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this ime
next week.

4.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have been inishing this job by the end of this
week.
(─) I will not have been inishing this job by the end of this
week.
(? ) Will you have been inishing this job by the end of this
week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.
(─) I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
year.
(? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
year?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan perisiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan
masih akan berlanjut pada saat perisiwa lain terjadi di waktu
mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the ime, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
she arrives.

C. PAST TENSE
1.

Simple Past Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V2 + C/O/A
(─) S + did not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + C
(─) S + be (was,were) not + C
(? ) Was/were + S + C?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) John came here yesterday.
(─) John did not come here yesterday.
(? ) Did John come here yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was in the hospital yesterday.
(─) She was not in the hospital yesterday.
(? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan perisiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday,
in 1973, the day before yesterday.
Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?

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2.

Past Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + being + C
(─) S + be (was, were) not + being + C
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I was sleeping when she arrived.
(─) I was not sleeping when she arrived.
(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was being at home when her father died.
(─) She was not being at home when her father died.
(? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau perisiwa yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.
Contoh:
- John was reading a book when I came.
- John was being at home while I was reading.

3. Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal :
(+) S + had + been + C
(─) S + had not + been + C
(? ) Had + S + been + C?

yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... ,
when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/before + S + V2
Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.

4.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + C
(─) S + had not + been + being + C
(? ) Had + S + been + being + C?

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.
(─) I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.
(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you
moved to Italy?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been being famous before he won the singing
compeiion.
(─) He had not been being famous before he won the
singing compeiion.
(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing
compeiion?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada
saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga
ditandai oleh perisiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present
Perfect Tense.
Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/
before + S + V2
Contoh:
- Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.
- They had been being in the oice when their boss came.

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(─) I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(─) He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh perisiwa lain

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BAB 2

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Condiional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang
digunakan sebagai syarat melipui: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condiion that (dengan
syarat), dan susunan inversi.

A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT
Condiional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat).
TIPE

TENSE

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

FAKTA

1

PRESENT

If + S + VI

S + will + VI

FUTURE

2

PAST

If + S + V2

S + would + VI

PRESENT

3

PAST PERFECT

If + S + had + V3

S + would have + V3

PAST

Keterangan:
1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang idak
mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk ipe 2 adalah present (idak
terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk ipe 3 adalah past
(idak terjadi di waktu lampau).
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past
Tense adalah ‘were’.
3. Letak If Clause idak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah
satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan.
Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat,
dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat
(If Clause).
Contoh:
1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible
that he will pass the exam)
2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesn’t
study, so he doesn’t pass the exam)
3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He
didn’t study, so he didn’t pass the exam)

Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai
RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhaikan!
PENGANDAIAN
V1
V2/were
Had V3
Kalimat Negaif (-)
Kalimat Posiif (+)

FAKTA
Possibility (will + V1)
V1/is, am, are
V2/was, were
Kalimat Posiif (+)
Kalimat Negaif(-)

FAKTA
He doesn’t study so he doesn’t pass the exam. (VI (-))
He didn’t study so he didn’t pass the exam. (V2 (-))
Keterangan:
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk posiif V2
(studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negaif VI (doesn’t
study).
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk posiif had V3
(had studied), maka fakta harus negaif V2 (didn’t study).

B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK
Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, ipe 2 diawali dengan
were, dan ipe 3 diawali dengan had.
Contoh:
Tipe
1
2
3

Tipe
1
2
3

Contoh:

Noninversi
If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her
house.
If the weather were ine now, we would go
swimming.
If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.

Inversi
Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to
her house.
Were the weather ine now, we would go
swimming.
Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.

PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+))
If he had studied he would have passed the exam.
(Had V3 (+))

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BAB 3

SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE

A. SUBJUNCTIVE

B. CAUSATIVE

Subjuncive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemukakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan
dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat
subjuncive menggunakan penanda pengandaian,
yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as
though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).

Causaive adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja
tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh
orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek
merasa idak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin
agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causaive yang umum
dikenal adalah have dan get.

1.

Present Subjunctive

1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia)

a.

a.

Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 +
Past (V2/were)
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were)
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though +
Subject 2 + Past (V2/were)
Contoh:
I wish I were a doctor.
(Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya
saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)).
2.

Past Subjunctive
a.

Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would
rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect
b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect
c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject
2 + Past Perfect
Contoh:
I wish I had typed a leter.
(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengeik sebuah
surat (Kenyataannya saya idak mengeik sebuah
surat (lampau)/I didn’t type a leter).
Keterangan:
Untuk to be Past Subjuncive harus selalu ‘were’
apapun subjeknya, idak boleh ‘was’
RUMUS PRAKTIS
PENGANDAIAN
FAKTA
Would/could V1
Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were
V1/is/am/are
Had V3
V2
Kalimat Negaif(-)
Kalimat Posiif (+)
Kalimat Posiif (+)
Kalimat Negaif(-)
Keterangan:
Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis
dengan rumus condiional.
Contoh: I wish she had come.
Means: She didn’t come.

Rumus:
S + has/have/had + obyek akif (manusia) + V1
Berari: S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I have John wash my car.
Berari: I ask John to wash my car.

b.

Rumus
S + get/got/goten + obyek akif (manusia) + to + V1
Berari: S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I get John to wash my car.
Berari: I ask John to wash my car.

2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)
Rumus:
S + has/have/had /get/got/goten + O pasif (benda)
+ V3
Berari: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to +
V1 + O
Contoh:
I have/get my car washed (by John).
Berari: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash
my car.
Keterangan:
Bila have diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang
mengikui adalah V1 .
Bila get diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang
mengikui adalah to V1 .
Bila have atau get diikui obyek pasif (benda),
verb yang mengikui adalah V3.

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BAB 4

TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND

A. TO INFINITIVE
Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No

Penggunaan

Contoh

1

Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk
menyatakan keharusan.

The students are to do the school assignment.

2

Sebagai subject.

To study hard makes us clever.

3

Menerangkan tujuan.
Rumus: alasan + to ininiive (tujuan)

He comes here to meet me
alasan
tujuan

4

Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku.

Doni asked me to go with him.

5

Menerangkan noun/kata benda.
Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to ininiive

I need a glass of milk to drink.

6

Menerangkan adjecive/kata sifat.
Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to ininiive

English is easy to learn.

7

Setelah Adjecive/kata sifat.

Dedi is too young to run the business.

8

Mengikui verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek I want to go.
kata kerja atau komplemen obyek.
I want you to go.
Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to ininiive
She expects me to study.
Verb tertentu yang diikui to ininiive:
Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope,
intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need,
propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like,
tell, teach, urge, dll.

B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No

Penggunaan

Contoh

1

Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O).

Swimming is my hobby.

2

Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)).

I like swimming.

3

Sebagai pelengkap (complement).

His job is working on the ield.

4

Mengikui preposisi / kata depan.
He is good at speaking English.
Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, ater,
before

5

Possessive pronoun + gerund.
I don’t mind her smoking here.
Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata gani kepunyaan):
my, his, her, their, your, our, John ‘s.

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Mengikui preposiional object
Preposisi to berikut ini diikui gerund:
to be used to: terbiasa
to be accustomed to: terbiasa
object to: keberatan
look forward to: menani/ ingin sekali
to take to: senang
confess to: mengakui

I am looking forward to hearing from you
soon.

7

Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun

swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang),
walking sick (tongkat untuk berjalan)
(bedakan dengan frase kata benda acive
pariciple)

8

Mengikui verb (kata kerja) tertentu:
He enjoys smoking.
(V tertentu + gerund)
I avoid answering my quesion.
Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikui gerund: avoid,
admit, appreciate, anicipate, coninue, consider, deny,
detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, inish, forgive, fancy,
imagine, keep, mind, postpone,pracice, prevent, quit,
risk, resist, suggest.

9

Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Can’t help/stand (idak It is no use waiing for her.
tahan), no use (idak ada gunanya)

10

Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the ilm. I think it is worth seeing.
kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.

11

Kata kerja yang bisa diikui Ving atau to V1
a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, coninue,
dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose,
start.
b. Ada perbedaan makna:
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving:
pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1:
pekerjaannya belum dilakukan

6

Catatan khusus:
Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to?
Jawabannya adalah:
1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.
2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga
sekarang.
Contoh:
I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah idak lagi)
I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang
masih dilakukan)

I forget giving her a leter.
(lupa telah memberi)
I forget to give her a leter.
(lupa belum memberi)
I stop smoking .
(berheni dari kebiasaan merokok)
I stop to smoke.
(berheni dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan
untuk merokok)

C. PERBEDAAN ‘GERUND’ DAN ‘ACTIVE PARTICIPLE’
1. Modiiers of Noun
a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang)
a swimming child (Pariciple/Anak yang sedang berenang)
a walking sick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan)
a walking girl (Pariciple/Gadis yang sedang berjalan)
Keterangan :
Kalau idak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata ‘untuk’, berari bukan ‘Gerund’ tetapi ‘Pariciple’

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2.

Sentence Pattern
Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund)
Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Pariciple)
Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund)
Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (pariciple)
Keterangan:
Kalau setelah bentuk ‘ing’, idak ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai ‘Subject’, sehingga
bentuk ‘ing’ tersebut berfungsi sebagai ‘subject’ dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat
tersebut sudah mempunyai ‘Subject’ dan berbentuk ‘Pariciple’.

BAB 5

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacammacam, yaitu: Ininiive (V1), To ininiive (To V1), Past
(V2), Past Pariciple (V3), dan Present Pariciple (V-ing).
Present pariciple (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan akif
sedangkan Past Pariciple (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif.

A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1.

Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V-ing
S + P ...
Having + V3
Keterangan:
V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat
mengandung iga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test
(He passed the test because/as/for, since he
studied)
Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take
the gun (Ater I have opened the drawer, I take
the gun)
Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV
(While he is studying he watches the TV)

2.

Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada
Saat yang Sama
S + V + V-ing + Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball

3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja
S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing
Keterangan:
V-ing mengikui Verb panca indera seperi: see,
noice, observe, watch ,ind, smell, listen,
hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I
saw the boy trying to get on the roof.
Jika diikui V1, perisiwanya lengkap dari awal
hingga akhir. Jika diikui V-ing, perisiwanya tak
lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.
4.

Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam
Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative
Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V-ing
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: I meet the girl
Kalimat 2: She smiles
Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relaive pronoun)
2. I meet the girl smiling. (acive pariciple)

5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda)
Noun Phrase : V-ing + N
Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase)

B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1.

Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V3
+ S + P ...
Having + been + V3

Keterangan:

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V3 dan Having been V3 yang diletakkan di awal
kalimat mengandung iga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
• Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the
city has a cool climate.
(Because/as/since the city is surrounded by
mountain, the city has a cool climate).
• Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni
became a polite man.
(Ater Joni had been beaten by Joko, he
became a polite man.)
• Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie
(While he is studying he watches the movie)
2.

Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi
S + V panca indera + benda + being V3
Keterangan:
V3 mengikui verb panca indera jika obyeknya
adalah obyek pasif (benda).
Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof
being tried to get on.

BAB 6

3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan
Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V3
Keterangan:
Dalam kalimat V3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun
(kata benda) mengacu ari yang di-.
Contoh:
The book is good
The book is writen by Mr. Covey
Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. The book which is writen by Mr. Covey is
good
2. The book writen by Mr. Covey is good
(passive pariciple)
4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda)
V3 + N = yang di / ter
Contoh:
The ired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah)
Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam)
Writen story (cerita yang tertulis)

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

A. DIRECT SPEECH

Doni

Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kuipan asli
suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.
Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kuip
dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.

Indirect speech adalah kalimat idak langsung/
bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/
pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modiikasi
tertentu. Terdapat iga jenis Indirect Speech:
Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/
statement)
a. Direct : He says: ‘I go to school everyday.’
Indirect : He says that he goes to school
everyday.
b. Direct : Doni said: ‘I am doing my job here
now.’
Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job
there then.

told

that

he was doing his job there then

Catatan:
Kedua bentuk mempunyai ari yang sama.
Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimatnya idak ada perubahan tenses, yang berubah hanya kata gani (pronoun) dan kata
keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a)
Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya
ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan
adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)

B. INDIRECT SPEECH

1.

said

2.

Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request)
a. Posiive Imperaive
Direct : Doni said: ‘Close the door!’
Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.

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C. PERUBAHAN TENSES

Asked

Me

Told

Him

Advised

Her

Commanded

Joko

Ordered

The Girl

Doni

Close the
door

to

b. Negaive Imperaive
Direct : Doni said: ‘Don’t close the door!’
Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door.

Doni

Asked

Me

Told

Him

Commanded

Joko

Ordered

The boy

Not

To

Close the
door

3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question)
a. Tanpa kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: ‘Do you know Stephen
Covey?’
Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew
Stephen Covey.

wondered

If/
whether

wanted to know

I knew

Stephen
Covey

inquired

Catatan:
Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: ‘Yes, I do’
atau ‘No, I don’t’.
b.

Dengan kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?’
Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.

Present Perfect
Coninuous Tense

Past Perfect Coninuous
Tense

Simple Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Coninuous
Tense
Past Future Tense

Past Coninuous Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Coninuous Tense

Past Future Coninuous
Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Coninuous
Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Tense

Past Perfect Future Tense

Past Future Coninuous
Tense

Past Perfect Future
Coninuous Tense

Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
Keterangan
Tempat
(Adverb of
Place)
Demonstraive
Adjecive

Me
Her

who

Stephen
Covey

is

Stephen
Covey

is

Joko
Doni

Direct

The Girl
wanted
to know

who
about

Stephen Covey

inquired

about

Stephen Covey

Keterangan
Waktu
(Adverb of
Time)

Indirect

I
We
My
Our

She/He
They
Her/His
Their

Here

There

This

That

These

Those

Now
Today

Then
That day
The next day
The day ater
The following day
The day before
____ before

Tomorrow

Him
Asked

Indirect
Simple Past Tense
Past Coninuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense

Perubahan
pada

asked
Doni

Direct
Simple Present Tense
Present Coninuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense

Yesterday
________ ago
The day before
yesterday
Last ____
Next ____

Catatan:
Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who,
whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when,
how)

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Two days before
The____ before
The ____ ater
The following ____

BAB 7

DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk
yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent
clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai
dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri).

POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause +
Quesion word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary

Dependent clause
Keterangan:
Quesion word/kata tanya: what, when, whom,
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb.
That
If atau whether (Yes/No Quesion)
Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai
verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan
Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid
hope
agree
sorry
ask
feel
promise
show
guess
know

expect
to be
teach
believe
decide
learn
say
suppose
hear
remember

explain
learn
be worried
tell
hope
think
see
understand
imagine
wonder

3.

Diawali ‘if/whether’
I don’t know if/whether she can come on ime.
I don’t know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
if/ whether she can come on ime = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (idak dapat berdiri
sendiri)
Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependentindependent Clause
1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk
Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense
untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense
apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come
with me tonight.
2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense
maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus
dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped
that Joni would come with me tonight.
3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus
selalu dalam bentuk airmaive/pernyataan.
4. Untuk bentuk negaif dan interrogaif, yang
berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja.
Contoh:
Kalimat posiif: You hope that Joni will come
with me tonight.
Kalimat negaif: You do not hope that Joni will
come with me tonight.
Kalimat interrogaif: Do you hope that Joni will
come with me tonight?

Contoh:
1. Diawali kata tanya
I don’t know where he comes from.
I don’t know = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
where he comes from = anak kalimat/
dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali ‘that’
You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
that Joni will come with me tonight = anak
kalimat/dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri
sendiri)

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BAB 8

PASSIVE VOICE

A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF
Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3
Pola Coninuous: S + to be + being + V3
Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3
Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3

4. Pola Future

Akif
Pasif

B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI
KALIMAT PASIF
1.

Pola Dasar
Akif

S + V+O

S + to be V3 + by ____

Pasif
Contoh:

Akif: John bites Mary.
Pasif: Mary is biten by John.
2.

Pola Continuous
Akif

S + to be Ving + O

S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O

S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Akif: John will bite Mary.
Pasif: Mary will be biten by John.
Keterangan:
Untuk mengubah kalimat akif menjadi kalimat pasif
adalah sebagai berikut.
a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat
akif.
b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek
kalimat akif.
c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek
kalimat akif.
d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat akif berubah
menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.

C. PASIF UNIK
Pasif

S + to be being V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Akif: John is biing Mary.
Pasif: Mary is being biten by John.
3. Pola Perfect

Akif
Pasif

S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O

need
S + want +
require

Ving

need
atau S + want + tobe V
3
require

Contoh:
‘The room needs cleaning’ atau
‘The room needs to be cleaned.’

S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Akif: John has biten Mary.
Pasif: Mary has been biten by John.

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BAB 9

CONJUNCTION

Conjuncion adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau
kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi
menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam
penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks
kalimat dan ari dari conjuncion-nya. Macam-macam
kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinaive conjuncion
dan subordinaive conjuncion.

B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang idak
setara.
1.

Keterangan Sebab
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because,
because of, due to, on account of the fact that,
owing to the fact that... = karena.
Contoh:
a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick.
kalimat
b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.
noun

2.

Keterangan Pertentangan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even
though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/
walaupun.
Contoh: He is happy although he has no money
at all.

A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1.

2.

Correlative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan
dengan konjungsi lain.
a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... .
Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.
b. Either... or... = baik... atau... .
Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = idak... maupun... .
Contoh: He has neither food nor water.
d. Not only... but also... = idak hanya... tetapi
juga... .
Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
Conjunctive Adverb
Conjuncive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang
berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.
a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun
Contoh: She doesn’t earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu
Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.
c. Thus = dengan demikian
Contoh: The girl is very beauiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.
d. Besides, in addiion = di samping itu
Contoh: She is clever; in addiion, she is rich.
e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula
Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.

3. Keterangan Syarat
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya),
unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on
condiion that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama),
otherwise (jika idak).
Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4.

Keterangan Waktu
Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (keika),
since (sejak), ater (setelah), before (sebelum),
as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean ime
(sementara itu), ill/unil (sampai).
Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.

5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga),
so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat...
sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).
Contoh: They studied hard in order that they
passed the exam.
6.

Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara
Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolaholah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...),
than (daripada).
Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a
daze.

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BAB 10

MODALS

Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.

A. MODAL PRESENT
Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1
Modal

Fungsi

Will (to be going to)
= akan

Shall
= akan

Must (has/have to)
= harus, pasi
May
= mungkin, boleh
Ought to
= seharusnya
Can
= dapat, mampu

Contoh

menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang

He will arrive tomorrow

menyatakan permintaan sopan

Will you open the door, please?

menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang

We shall leave here next month.

menyatakan persetujuan

Shall I open the door?

menyatakan keputusan yang harus
dilaksanakan

You shall open the door now!

keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan)

You must study hard.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must
speak English well.

kemungkinan sekarang (present)

He is absent. He may be sick.

ijin

May I go now?

menyatakan keharusan

You ought to pracice a lot before the
compeiion.

kemampuan

I can sing.

menyatakan kebolehan/ijin

Can I borrow your car?

B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1
Modal past

Keterangan

Fungsi

Contoh

Would
= akan

bentuk past
dari will

menyatakan permintaan sopan

Would you like to open the door,
please?

Should
= akan

bentuk past
dari will

menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya
dikerjakan/idak dikerjakan

The man should not swim in that
dangerous beach.

Must (had to)
= harus, pasi

bentuk past
dari will/has
to/have to

keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan)

You must/had to study in biology
class yesterday.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10
years. He must speak English well.

Might
= mungkin,
boleh

bentuk past
dari may

menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan

Joni might do the exam well.

menyatakan kemungkinan besar

Ariel was absent yesterday. He
might be sick.

menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan

Could you open the door please?

menyatakan kebolehan/ijin

You could open the window.

Could
bentuk past
= dapat, mampu dari can

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C. MODAL PERFECT
Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3
Modal past

Fungsi

Contoh

Must have + V3

kesimpulan lampau

Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.

Might have + V3

kemungkinan lampau

Anto was absent. He might have been sick.

keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada
waktu lampau

Contoh: Anto didn’t pass. He should have studied.
Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t study.

kesimpulan sekarang (present)

He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak
English well.

kemampuan yang tak digunakan di
waktu lampau

Anto could have done the homework himself.
Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t do the homework
himself.

Should have + V3

Could have + V3

BAB 11

CONCORD AND AGREEMENT

Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement)
antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga
persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya
(word agreement).
Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/
auxiliary tunggal.
Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
jamak.
Contoh:
He comes there;
T
T

They come there.
J
J

Contoh:
The minister together with the wives and
children atends the meeing.
The ministers together with the wives and
children atend the meeing.
3.

Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh:
The number of students does the exam.

4.

Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A
number of students do the exam.

5.

Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody,
someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no
body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal
maka kata gani jamak.
Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikui oleh verb
tunggal tetapi kata ganinya jamak.
Contoh:
Everyone likes her. They are happy.
Nobody knows their faults.

6.

Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither
of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Each of students studies hard.

7.

Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu,
uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal
Contoh:
One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat.
Two hours is not enough to do the test.

8.

Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperi shoes,
trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak.
Contoh: His glasses are nice.

ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD
1.

2.

Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka
verb yang mengikui bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal
bergantung noun di depan preposisi.
Contoh:
Diferent interpretaions on the same event by
various newspapers make readers confused
and angry.
A period of eight hours is not enough to inish
this assignment.
Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as
well as, a long with bisa diikui verb jamak maupun
tunggal, tergantung noun depan.

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9.

Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap
abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her
hobby.

10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, ilm + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak
berikut ini diikui verb tunggal: billiards, dominos,
cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an
interesing game.
12. Kata benda kolekif berikut bisa diikui verb
tunggal maupun jamak: team, staf, family, jury,
village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya.
Dianggap jamak bila diiikberatkan pada anggotaanggotanya.
Contoh:
The staf is slim. It is composed of ive
members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya)
The staf are strong. They are always ready
to join the compeiion. (mengacu pada
anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang)
13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata gani) dengan
antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang
mendahului kata gani).
Contoh:
John loves his daughter very much. (his: John)
Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their:
Stephen and Sandra).
14. Bila kata ‘either’ diikui oleh ‘or’ dan ‘neither’ diikui
oleh ‘nor’, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya
mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada
kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ tunggal atau jamak.
Kalaupun kata ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ berdiri sendiri verb/
auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah
‘or’ atau’nor’.
Contoh:
Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today.
Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach
today.
Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class
today.
Either Novi or his classmates are going to the
beach today.

15. Kata hubung ‘and’ menghubungkan pemakaian
jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya
gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa,
noun dengan noun, adjecive dengan adjecive,
frase dengan frase, dst.
Contoh:
Debby enjoys playing on the beach and
swimming in the ocean.
I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard
worker.
16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak
dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap
singular.
Contoh:
The meat has a lot of fat.
The news of Sapi’s marriage is surprising
many boys.
17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus
dianggap singular: mathemaics, physics,
mechanics, staisics, poliics, economics, opics,
phoneics + verb tunggal
Contoh:
Economics is a social science.
Poliics has become a favourite subject.
18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu
kepada kata yang ditekankan.
Contoh:
No motorcycle is expensive.
No motorcycles are expensive.

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BAB 12

WORDS ORDER
-

Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar
dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris.

O = Ordinaive
Contoh: one, two, three, second, irst, dsb.
Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan
akhiran -er, -est
E = Epithet/Adjecive = kata sifat
Contoh: nice, fantasic, strong, beauiful, small
C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat
Contoh: American man
C
H = Head = kata benda utama
Pada kata: The three beauiful American women,
head-nya adalah women.
Kadang epithet/adjecive pada noun phrase lebih
dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:

Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda)
Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H

-

Contoh: The three beauiful American women
D O
E
C
H

-

Keterangan:
D = Determiner
Contoh:
a. Aricles
b. Possessive
c. Demonstraive
d. Quanitaives

 a, an, the
 my, your, our, her, his, its
 this, that, these, those
 some, many, a lot of,
much, litle, any, few,

Di
Keterangan:
- Di
=
- Si
=
- A
=
- T
=
- Sha
=
- C
=
- M
=
- PA
=

Si

A

Epithet
Sha

T

descripive enumerator
:
size = ukuran
:
age = umur
:
temperature = suhu
:
shape = bentuk
:
colour = warna
:
Material = bahan
:
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjecive:

C

M

PA

beauiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesing,etc.
big, small, thick, short, etc.
young, old, new, etc.
cold, cool, warm, hot, etc.
square, round, triangle, etc.
red, black, white, etc.
plasic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.
bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.

Rumus Lengkap:
D

O

Di

Si

A

Epithet
T

Sha

C

M

PA

C

H

Contoh:
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D

O

The

most intelligent

2.

Di

Si

A

handsome

tall

young

Epithet
T Sha
-

-

C

M

black

-

PA
welltrained

C
French

H
Actor

The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.
D

O

The

two

Di
clever

Si
fat

A
old

Epithet
T
Sha
-

C
white

M
-

PA
bored

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C

H

English

teachers

BAB 13
1.
2.

DERIVATION

Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat
bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek,
predikat, obyek, dan keterangan.
Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan
yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan
penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik
kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata
keterangan.

Akhiran

A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)
1.

2.

Fungsi Kata Benda
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga
obyek.
a. Letak Sebelum Verb
Contoh:
John is a patriot.
Educaion is very important for the future.
b. Letak Setelah Verb
Contoh:
We need Educaion.
We love John.

b.

Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your,
this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one,
two, dsb.
Contoh:
Their English is sill bad.
We must carry out our development.
Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang
berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan
akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

–ion, -ion

collecion, correcion, confusio

-ment

agreement, appointment

-ance, -ence

atendance, diference

-ness

carelessness, clearness, dsb.

-er, -or, -ist, -ent

actor, typist, applicant, dsb.

-t

complaint, joint, git, dsb

-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb.

-al

arrival, approval, proposal, dsb.

-age

carriage, package, marriage, dsb.

-ity

creaivity, ability, dsb.

-y, -ery, -ary

delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb.

-hood

brotherhood, childhood, dsb.

-ship

leadership, relaionship, dsb.

B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)
1.

Fungsi Kata Kerja
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat.
a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb
Contoh: He studied.
b. Letak setelah kata Don’t, Let’s, dan Please
pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Don’t, Let’s,
Please + Verb
Contoh: Don’t go!, Let’s go!, Please help me!
c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was,
were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus:
Auxiliaries + Verb
Contoh: I am swimming.
They have writen a novel.

2.

Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja

Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda
a.

Contoh

a.

Menggunakan awalan: enContoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst.
b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

-ze, -ize

apologize, standardize, dst.

-en

lengthen frighten hasten
threaten, dst.

-d

succeed, ofend, applaud, dst.

-fy, -ify

classify, solidity, beauify, dst.

-ve

prove, believe, relieve, dst.

-s yang dibaca /z/
(dari noun yang
berakhiran desis s)

use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/,
dst.

-ed atau -ing

cleaned, asked, asking, dst.

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C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ)
1.

2.

Fungsi Kata Sifat
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat.
a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am,
are, was, were) + adjecive
Contoh: She is beauiful; They are happy
b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking
verb + adjecive
Macam-macam linking verb:
seem, appear, look (nampak)
get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... )
sound (terdengar)
stay, remain, keep (tetap)
feel (terasa)
Contoh: He looks calm  adj
c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan
kata benda. Rumus: Adjecive + noun
Contoh: Beauiful girl.
Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat
a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most.
Contoh:
He is very handsome.
The ball is so expensive.
b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran

Contoh

- ive

imaginaive, creaive, acive.

-ous

dangerous, suspicious.

-ful

beauiful, powerful.

-less

jobless, homeless, powerless.

-y

wealthy, hairy, sadly.

-ly

monthly, friendly, daily.

Akhiran

Contoh

-able

reasonable, adaptable, quesionable.

-ing

saisfying, interesing, disappoining.

-ish

Reddish, childish.

-al

astronomical, economical, accidental.

-ic

basic, sympatheic.

-ed

bored, saisied.

D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)
Fungsi Kata Keterangan
Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja.
a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv
Contoh: He walks carefully.
b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan.
Rumus: S + Adv + V
Contoh: He carefully ran away.
c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V
Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early.
d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv
Contoh: He studies Mathemaics carefully.
Catatan:
Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang
hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai
macam posisi.

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BAB 14

ELLIPTIC SENTENCES

Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan
bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.

A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ‘and’.
Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu posiif dan negaif.
1.

Positif
Untuk kalimat posiif digunakan kata hubung ‘so’
dan ‘too’.
Polanya:
a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – S2 + auxiliary + too
S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – so + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
Anton is handsome and Joko is too.
Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary:
S1 + V1 – and – S2 + do/does + too
S1 + V1 – and – so + did + S2
Contoh:
I like Madonna. He likes Madonna.
I like Madonna and he does too.
I like Madonna and so does he.
He came there. She came there.
He came there and she did too.
He came there and so did she.
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu:
1. auxiliary - Past  did, was, were
2. auxiliary - Present  is, am, are, do, does

2.

Negatif
Untuk kalimat negaif digunakan kata hubung
‘either’ dan ‘neither’.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – S 2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – neither + auxiliary + S2

B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN