Translation mapping of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne Duprau's city of ember into Indonesian and their equivalence in back translation - USD Repository

  

TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH

PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE

DUPRAU’S CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND

THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

YANI PURWANINGSIH

  

Student Number: 094214045

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

2013

  

TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH

PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE

DUPRAU’S CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND

THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

YANI PURWANINGSIH

  

Student Number: 094214045

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

2013

  “Being happy doesn't mean that everything is perfect. It means that you've decided to look beyond the

   imperfections.”

  “Language is the means of getting an idea from my brain into yours without surgery.” Mark Amidon

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I believe that this research report could never be accomplished without

help from others. It would be my pleasure to address my sincere appreciation to

all parties who were willing to give me their time and support during the writing

process of my undergraduate thesis.

  First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for the blessings upon

me. I got many learning points during the long writing process before finally I

came to this piece.

  I would like to address my special thanks for my advisor, Harris

Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum., who has guided me and helped me in finishing this

study. I thank him very much for the time he has spent on giving me his thoughts,

advice, and suggestion. I am also indebted a gratitude to my co-advisor,

Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for suggestion and willingness to do correction

on my undergraduate thesis. I am likewise grateful to my Main Examiner, Dr. Fr.

  

B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his observations and corrections during my thesis

defense. Without their help, it would never come into being. I also thank all the

lecturers in the English Letters Department for the time and energy they spent

teaching, and for the love, patience, and motivation given to me during my study.

  I owe a great deal to my beloved husband for the incomparable love,

support, and encouragement, and to my parents whose love, prayer, and patience

were always gave me strength. A million thanks also go to my only little sister,

  Ulil, who was doing her undergraduate thesis at the same time with me. I thank her for being my motivation to finish this thesis sooner.

  I must give many thanks also for students of English Letters 2009, especially my close friends Richard, Vicka, Putri, and Vincentia “Vince” with whom I share most good and bad times.

  Lastly, I extend a million thanks for all parties who have supported me

during my study in Sanata Dharma University whose names I cannot mention

here, but I inscribe them in my heart.

   Yani Purwaningsih

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiii

  a. Objective Data ............................................................................. 22

  4. Data Validity .................................................................................... 25

  3. Population and Sample ..................................................................... 24

  b. Survey ......................................................................................... 24

  a. Document Analysis ..................................................................... 23

  2. Data Collection ................................................................................. 23

  b. Affective Data ............................................................................. 22

  1. Types of Data ................................................................................... 21

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .............................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 5 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 8

A. Review of Related Studies ...................................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................. 13

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 20

A. Area of Research ................................................................................... 20 B. Object of the Study ............................................................................... 20 C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 21 D. Research Procedure ............................................................................... 21

  C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 18

  5. Theories of Back Translation ............................................................. 17

  4. Theories of Equivalence ..................................................................... 16

  3. Types of Preposition in Bahasa Indonesia ......................................... 15

  2. Prepositional Meanings ...................................................................... 14

  1. Prototype Theory ............................................................................... 13

  5. Data Analysis ................................................................................... 26

  

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 29

A. Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian ........................................................................................ 30

  1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above ......... 30

  2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond ......... 33

  3. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition over .......... 38 B.

The Translation’s Equivalence of Prepositions above, beyond and

over Seen through Back Translation Method ....................................... 48

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 59

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 62

Appendix 1: Data Collection

• – The Group of Data with Preposition above ...................................................... 62 Appendix 2: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ...................................................... 64 Appendix 3: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition over .......................................................... 66 Appendix 4: The Translation Mapping of Preposition above ................... 74 Appendix 5: The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ................. 75 Appendix 6: The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ..................... 76

  Appendix 7: The Data for the Survey ....................................................... 79 Appendix 8: The Form of the Survey ....................................................... 80 Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 1 (R1) ... 82 Appendix 10: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 2 (R2) ... 84 Appendix 11: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 3 (R3) ... 86 Appendix 12: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 4 (R4) ... 88 Appendix 13: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 5 (R5) ... 90 Appendix 14: The Result of Back Translation from Five Respondents ..... 92

  

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ................. 23

Table 2. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ................. 27

Table 3. The Example of the Meanings of Preposition above ............................ 27

Table 4. The Example of the Translation Mapping of Preposition above .......... 28

Table 5. The Example of the Result of Back Translation ................................... 28

Table 6. The Group of Data with Preposition above ........................................... 30

Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above ..................................................... 31

Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above .................................... 33

Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ......................................... 33

Table 10. The Meanings of Preposition beyond .................................................. 36

Table 11. The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ................................. 37

Table 12. The Group of Data with Preposition over ............................................. 38

Table 13. The Meanings of Preposition over ....................................................... 40

Table 14. The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ..................................... 47

Table 15. The Result of the Survey from Five Respondents ............................... 49

  

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over ................................................... 9

Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation .................................................. 25

Figure 3. The Diagram of Methodological Triangulation .................................... 26

Figure 4. The Pie Charts of Back Translation Equivalence ................................. 56

  

ABSTRACT

PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions

above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian

and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Department of English

Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  This study discusses the translation mapping of English prepositions above, beyond , and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and

their equivalents when they are translated back into English. The writer has an

expectation that the study will broaden reader s’ knowledge and understanding of

the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, that

further might strengthen their translation skills.

  There are two problems analyzed in this study. The first problem is how

the mapping of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It

is analyzed to see how the translations and the meanings of the English

prepositions above, beyond, and over are classified in Indonesian. The second

problem is how the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using reverse

translation method. In this study, the writer focused on the equivalence of

preposition’s meaning and expression in both English and Indonesian.

  The study focused on the translation mapping and translation equivalence

of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and vice

versa based on the existing theories on prepositions and some theories on

translation studies. The data used in this study were divided into two categories,

data in English as the first source text and Indonesian data as the target text. The

methodologies applied in this study were a combination of field and library

research. Field research was employed by giving a survey to certain respondents

to translate using the reverse translation method. The writer also conducted a

library research in order to get as much information as she needed for the study.

  Based on the study analysis, the following have been identified as the

answers to each problem. First, the mapping of English prepositions above,

beyond , and over into Indonesian has resulted in the same relationships and

expressions. Some theories on prepositions used in the study have been

determined to be applicable in both English and Indonesian. This indicates that

these two languages share similar characteristics and usages of prepositions. The

second result is respondents translated some Indonesian translations of those three

English prepositions back to English differently from its original text. Even

though some of them are translated differently and even untranslated, the

relationships, meanings and expressions they carry have remained the same. It has

also been proven that there are similar patterns or concepts prepositions have both

in English and Indonesian.

  

ABSTRAK

PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions

above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian

and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra

Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

  Studi ini membahas mengenai pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above,

beyond, dan over yang ditemukan di buku City of Ember karya Jeanne Duprau ke

dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan sejauh mana ekuivalensi preposisi ini ketika mereka

diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Penulis berharap studi ini dapat

menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman para pembaca maupun mahasiswa

mengenai preposisi above, beyond, dan over, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun

Bahasa Inggris, sehingga nantinya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan

mereka dalam menerjemah.

  Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama

adalah bagaimana pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang bertujuan

untuk mengetahui terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi tersebut dalam Bahasa

Indonesia. Masalah kedua yaitu seberapa ekuivalen terjemahan dari preposisi ini

ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Dalam studi ini, penulis

memfokuskan ekuivalensi pada arti yang dibawa oleh preposisi tersebut, baik di

Bahasa Indonesia maupun di Bahasa Inggris.

  Studi ini terfokus pada pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan

over dan ekuivalensinya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan juga sebaliknya berdasarkan

beberapa teori yang ada mengenai preposisi dan ilmu terjemahan. Data dibagi

menjadi dua kategori, data dalam Bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sumber dan data

dalam Bahasa Indonesia sebagai teks target. Metode yang digunakan adalah

perpaduan studi pustaka dan riset lapangan. Riset lapangan dilakukan dengan cara

melakukan survey terhadap beberapa responden untuk menerjemahkan

menggunakan metode back translation. Penulis juga melakukan studi pustaka

untuk mendapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya yang dibutuhkan dalam studi

ini.

  Berdasarkan hasil analisis studi ini, berikut adalah jawaban untuk tiap

permasalahan yang dibahas. Pertama, pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over

dalam Bahasa Indonesia menghasilkan adanya hubungan dan ekpresi yang sama.

Beberapa teori tentang preposisi yang digunakan dalam studi ini dapat diterapkan

di kedua bahasa ini. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya karakteristik yang sama

antar keduanya. Hasil yang kedua adalah responden menerjemahkan balik

preposisi ini ke preposisi yang berbeda dari teks aslinya, bahkan ada beberapa

yang tidak diterjemahkan, namun sebagian besar tetap memiliki hubungan dan arti

yang sama dengan teks aslinya. Hal ini membuktikan adanya pola dan konsep

yang sama antara Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study English prepositions such as at, of, after, up, beyond, over, in, from, by,

  

behind, above, to, for, during, about, and on are function words that might not

have any obvious meaning associated when they stand alone, but in fact, they still

have their own dictionary meanings. According to Frank (1972: 171) in Modern

English: A Practical Reference Guide , the preposition has the function of

connecting a noun or pronoun to another word, usually a noun, verb, or adjective.

  

They function not only as connectors but also have a general grammatical

function to indicate certain relationships between words or phrases in sentences

such as temporal, tandem, backdrop, scalar, logical, quantity, and spatial

relationships. Basically, the meaning of prepositions always shows spatial relation

(cf. Brugman and Lakoff 1988, Cienki 1989, Herskovits 1982, 1986; Janda 1985;

Vandeloise 1994). In English, each relationship might have several expressions or

meanings. The spatial relationship, for example, includes the expressions of

dimension or shape, distance, movement or direction, location, and position.

  In Bahasa Indonesia, from the definition in Sarikata Bahasa Indonesia (2009), preposition or kata depan means a word that connects a noun Lengkap

with other words. According to Alwi et al. (1998: 288), Indonesian prepositions

are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the

  2

back constituent. This shows that prepositions are quite important for indicating

the relationships between elements they connect and the expressions or semantic

meanings of phrases or sentences even though their existence is often less

noticeable than other word categories. In the British National Corpus list of the 30

most commonly used words in English, 8 are prepositions (Leech, Rayson, &

Wilson, 2001: 120). Since they have various expressions, however, a common

problem, in this case for Indonesian students, lies in determining the correct

meanings, the proper usages, and the translation of these English prepositions. An

English preposition can often be translated into several different Indonesian

prepositions.

  Translation is one way for people to know the others’ ideas or meanings

from different countries in the world by changing the “foreign” language into the

“native” language. There are some rules and strategies in translating so that the

meanings and messages will be transferred properly. One way to assess whether a

translation is good or not is by judging its equivalence, where the meaning carried

in the Source Language (SL) should remain the same or similar after it is

translated into Target Language (TL). An equivalent effect is defined as a similar

effect on the Target Text (TT) receivers as the Source Text (ST) is considered to

have on Source Text receivers (Newmark, 1988: 48). One common obstacle in the

process of learning foreign languages, including translating, is derived from the

differences between both languages. People often apply their mother tongue

systems into the foreign languages systems they learn. They also unconsciously

adjust the foreign language systems into their native language systems. Brown

  3

(1987: 153-154) states that the principal barrier in second language acquisition is

the interference of the first language system on the second language system. Other

than their highly idiomatic nature and polysemy, translating prepositions into the

second or foreign language is often considered a difficult task for students. This is

due to the different ways that the two languages treat prepositions. Gethin and

Gunnemark (1996: 18) note in their book, The Art and Science of Learning

Languages , "Prepositions are famous for being used in their own special and

'different' way in each language, and cause great difficulties to students all over

the world."

  Following are some cases with the preposition over taken from Jeanne DuPrau’s fictional book, City of Ember, and the Indonesian edition.

  

1. ST: She passed a line of customers waiting to get into the vegetable market,

their shopping bags draped over their arms. (DuPrau, 2003: 18) TT: Dia melewati antrean pelanggan yang ingin masuk ke toko sayuran,

dengan keranjang belanja menggantung di lengan mereka. (DuPrau, 2009: 21)

  2. ST: “I can leapfrog over the trash can!” (DuPrau, 2003: 19)

TT: “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” (DuPrau, 2009: 21)

3. ST: Lina lived in Quillium Square, over the yarn shop run by her grandmother.

  (DuPrau, 2003: 21) TT: Lina tinggal di Alun-Alun Quillium, di atas toko benang yang dikelola oleh neneknya. (DuPrau, 2009: 24) The three examples above use the English preposition over that is

translated into Indonesian differently in each case. The first over is translated into

the simple Indonesian preposition di, the second over is translated into the

  4 Indonesian verb melewati, and the last over is translated into the complex Indonesian preposition di atas.

  Due to the w riter’s curiosity, this study is conducted to classify the translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of

Ember into Indonesian based on the existing theories about both English and

Indonesian prepositions. Since prepositions are used in all kinds of texts, the work

City of Ember was selected as the source of the data in part due to its vivid and

clear, precise composition in English. The book is targeted mainly at children and

teenagers, so the complexity of writing (the reading level) is lower than in adult

fiction, which should simplify comparison of SL with TL and assessment of the

TL.

  The mapping process in this study is limited to the scope of semantic category, meaning it uses only those prepositions’ lexical or dictionary meanings

and focuses on finding their meanings when they are in the form of prepositional

phrase only. Further, this study will also look at how English native speakers who

are foreign learners of Indonesian back-translate those Indonesian prepositions as

a result of mapping into their own language and will also evaluate whether their

translations are equivalent to the original source text. In conceptualizing their

equivalence, the writer refers to the existing theories about English prepositions.

  The theoretical benefits of this study are that it provides the meanings’

classification of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. By knowing

the problems and finding solutions, it will also develop the field of translation

studies itself. In practice, this study will broaden people’s, especially students’,

  5

knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in

English and Indonesian, which might further strengthen their translation skills.

  

The writer also expects that the results of this study can be useful for other

researchers to make further analysis dealing with fields of translation from other

points of view.

  B. Problem Formulation Based on the above background, the problems of this study are formulated as follows:

  1. How are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember mapped in Indonesian translation?

  

2. How is the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in

Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember seen using the back translation method? C. Objectives of the Study

  In accordance with the problems formulated above, this study has the

following objectives. The first objective is to see how the English prepositions

above, beyond , and over are translated into Indonesian and how their meanings

are classified based on existing theories about prepositions. The second objective

of this study is to review the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using

the back translation method.

  6

D. Definition of Terms

  There are some terms that the writer wants to define in order to avoid

misinterpretation and misunderstanding or differences in understanding certain

terms in this study.

  Translation Mapping. Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan, in The

Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic , stated that the

conceptual mappings in the translation of English prepositions into Arabic fall

into three categories that allow the identification of the semantic mapping of the

English preposition in and its correspondence Arabic prepositions that later can be

invoked to characterize the meaning of the English preposition in. (2009: 604-

605) Derived from the definition above, the term translation mapping in this

study refers to the classification of the translations of prepositions above, beyond,

and over into Indonesian and their relationships as well as the meanings they

express in certain contexts that are analyzed based on certain existing theories

about both Indonesian and English prepositions.

  Prepositional Phrase. Mark Lester in Grammar in the Classroom stated

that Prepositional Phrase is a group of related words beginning with a preposition

and ending with a noun, noun phrase or pronoun that functions as the object of the

preposition. It usually functions as an adjective, if it modifies a noun, or an adverb

when it modifies an adjective or an adverb. (1990: 105-108)

  7 Translation. According to Eugene Nida and Charles Taber in their book

  The Theory and Practice of Translation , “translation consists of reproducing in

the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the language message, first

in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”

  Equivalence. From the definition of transla tion above, “the term

equivalence is clearly the main point. In other words, the main problem of

translation is to find target language equivalent. Thus equivalence is variously

regarded as a necessary condition for translation”. (Baker, 1992: 5-6).

  Equivalent effect is defined as similar effect on the Target Text receivers

as the Source Text is considered to have on Source Text receivers (Newmark,

1988: 48).

  Back Translation. According to Harkness and Glusberg, in their study

of Questionnaires in Translation, back translation is considered a translation

assessment tool/procedure instead of a translation method. It involves the

translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the original/source

language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess

translation work (Werner and Campbell, 1970). They also suggest back translation

can be used for translator assessment.

  According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide , back translation is a way to check translation to Cross-Language Equivalence

quality by having someone else who is truly bilingual in the source and target

languages to take the translation and to write out the meaning he/she gets from it

back into the source language (1984: 490)

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of

  

related studies previously by other writers. It explains the topic of the studies and

which parts are relevant or even different to the topic of this study. The second

part is a review of related theories that are relevant to the present study. It consists

of the theories used in analyzing the matters discussed and how they suit this

study. The last part is the theoretical framework. It deals with the contribution of

the theories in solving the problems of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

  

1. Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by

Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2001) The first related study is Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy

  

Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2001: 746),

provides sophisticated visual representations and creates a “semantic network” both textually and visually for the preposition “over” as follows:

  

Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over

(Tyler and Evans, 2001: 746)

Based on the diagrams of the prototypes of the preposition over

illustrated in figure 1 above, the spatial relationship is established by at least

entities, one is the center of attention and likely to be movable, and the other is the

background and referenced to the first. Langacker (1987) stated that these two

entities are the object that is located, termed the trajector (TR), and the object that

serves as a reference point, the landmark (LM). The expressions these two entities

carry including covering, examining, repetition, trajectory, on-the other-side of,

completion, and over and above

  Essentially, this paper provides several criteria for ordering and ranking

linguistic evidence and thereby improves the reliability of judgments and

  

conclusions. To the extent practical, the present study will attempt to integrate

some of the findings and methodology exhibited in this paper, particularly

including a mix of different formats which aid both in performing analysis and

presenting the results intelligibly to readers. It is also relevant to the present study

in the way it expands the information about the prepositions over and provides the

map of the meanings that preposition has. In this study, however, the object is

only English preposition over, while the objects of the current study are English

prepositions above, beyond, and over. If Tyler and Evans focus on the polysemy

networks of preposition over, the present study discusses and analyzes further

how the prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated and mapped into

Indonesian.

  

2. The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic by Imran

Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan (2009) The research discusses the translation classification of the English

preposition in in Arabic. The writer classifies it into three semantic mapping

categories based on the four domains or relationships it has (spatial, temporal,

area, and state). The writer follows certain theories in mapping the four domains

of the source language and then finds the usage of them in the target language.

The three semantic mapping categories are Same Domain Mapping (SDM), Zero

Domain Mapping (ZDM), and Different Domain Mapping (DDM). The data the

writer uses are derived from 75 Iraqi students aged 15-17 years old who are

attending an Iraqi secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

  In the conclusion, the writer points out that cross-linguistically,

prepositions are a part of English and Arabic language constituents that exert

influence on both languages. Therefore, using translation as a method might draw

attention to the manipulation of language and to the fact that translation to Arabic

may be mapped differently.

  In this research, the method of the study the writer used is similar to the

current study. It also has relevancy in the context of translating foreign

prepositions into native prepositions and in the way it involves some respondents

as one part of the methods the writer uses in conducting the study. While the

object of this research is the preposition in and the research mentions that the

differences in both languages that sometimes lead to errors in translation, the

writer of the current study will only translate the English prepositions above,

beyond, and over, map, and analyze them based on certain theories. The final

mapping result of this study is also different from the current study. This study

maps the translation of the preposition in based on the relationships it has, while

the present study maps the translation of the prepositions above, beyond, and over

based on their meanings in certain contexts.

3. Back Translation as Means of Giving Translators a Voice by Uldis Ozolins (2009)

  This study presents an overview of various aspects and challenges faced

in back translation (“blind” translation of the target language text back into the

source language to compare the target translation‟s fidelity with the original

source), both from a theoretical perspective and based on a specific medical

translation project that involved forward and back translation of detailed medical

  

surveys. The author presents common objections to the common methodology and

practice of back translation and attempts to demonstrate positive aspects that had

not been addressed in previous studies.

  Aside from issues specific to the medical field, the author lists several

aspects that are simultaneously benefits and complications of back translation,

namely inevitable shifts in meaning due to differing grammatical and conceptual

frameworks in different languages. Specifically mentioned are differences related

to tense, number, gender, “scales of intensity” (differing gradations with regard to

severity, probability, etc.), fundamental differences in phrasing (e.g., placement of

noun modifiers), and cases where idiomatic usage in either language requires the