Isolasi, pengklonan dan analisis ekspresi gen penyandi heat shock proteins (HSPs) dari ulat sutera Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) C301

105

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abdel-Banat, B.M.A. and Koga, D. 2016. Alternative splicing of the primary
transcript generates heterogeneity within the products of the gene for
Bombyx mori chitinase. J. Biol. Chem. 277(34) : 30524-30534.
Adamo, S.A. and Lovett, M.M.E. 2011. Some like it hot: the effects of climate
change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the
cricket Gryllus texensis. J. Exp. Biol. 214 : 1997-2004.
Advani, N.K., Kenkel, C.D., Davies, S.W., Parmesan, C. Singer, M.C. and Matz,
M.V. 2016. Variation in heat shock protein expression at the latitudinal
range limits of a widely-distributed species, the glanville fritillary butterfly
(Melitaea cinxia). Physiol. Entomol. 3(2) : 324-329.
Anand, A.A.P., Vennison, S.J., Sankar, S.G., Prabhu, D.I.G., Vasan, P.T.,
Raghuraman, T., Geoffrey, C.J. and Vendan, S.E. 2009. Isolation and
characterization of bacteria from the gut of Bombyx mori that degrade
cellulose, xylan, pectin and starch and their impact on digestion. J. Insect.
Sci. 10(107) : 1-20.
Andreeva N.V., Zatsepina, O.G., Garbuz, D.G., Evegen’ev, M.B. and Belyavsky,
A.V. 2016. Recombinant Hsp70 and mild heat shock stimulate growth of

aged mesenchymal stem cells. Short communication. Cell stress and
chaperones. pp 1-7.
Atmosoedarjo, S., Kartasubrata, J., Kaomini, M., Saleh, W., Moerdoko, W.,
Pramoedibyo dan Ranoeprawiro, S. 2000. Sutera alam Indonesia. Yayasan
Sarana Wana Jaya. Jakarta.
Azuma, M., Nagae, T., Maruyama, M., and Kataoka, N. 2012. Two waterspecific aquaporins at the apical and basal plasma membranes of insect
epithelia: molecular basis for water recycling through the cryptonephric
rectal complex of lepidopteran larvae. J. Insect. Physiol. 58 : 523-533.
Badyaev, A.V. 2005, Maternal inheritance and rapid evolution of sexual size
dimorphism : Passive effects or active strategies? Supp. Am. Nat. 166 : 1730.
Bahari, A and Chow, K.S. 2011. Real time RT-PCR as a tool for quantitative
hevea gene expression studies. J. Rubb. Res. 14(1) : 51-64.
Benchamin, K.V., Jolly, M.S. and Benjamin, D.A.I. 1983. Study on the reciprocal crosses of multivoltine×bivoltine with special reference to the use of
bivoltine hybrid as a parent. National seminar on silk research and
development. Bangalore. India.
Bensaude, O., Pinto, M., Dubois, M.F., Van Trung, N. and Morange, M. 1990.
Protein denaturation during heat shock and related stress. In: Schlesinger,
M.J., Santoro, M.G., Garaci, E. (Eds.), Stress proteins: Induction and
function. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. pp. 89-99.
Bergant, K. and Trdan, S. 2006. How reliable are thermal constants for insect

development when estimated from laboratory experiments? Entomol. Exp.
App.120 : 251-256.
Bhargava, S.K., Majumdar, M.K. and Datta, R.K. 1995. Combining ability of
seven silk technological characters in mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Bolletino di zoologia 62(4) : 359-362.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

106

Bhattacharjee, S. 2008. Triadimefon pretreatment protects newly assembled
membrane system and causes up-regulation of stress proteins in salinity
stressed Amaranthus lividus L. during early germination. J. Environ. Biol.
29(1) : 1-7.
Bierkens, J.G.E.A. 2000. Applications and pitfalls of stress-proteins in biomonitoring. Toxicology 153 : 61-72.
Borgohain, A. 2015. Silk and its biosynthesis in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Areview. J. Acad. Indust. Res.(JAIR). 3(1) : 626-628.
Boutet, I., Tanguy, A., Auffret, M., Mujdzic, N. and Moraga, D. 2003. Expression of Hsp70 in experimentally metal-exposed European flat oysters
Ostrea edulis. J. Shellfish Res. 22 : 763-766.
BPS. 2015. Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta. Indonesia.

Brancalhão, R.M.C., Torquato, E.F.B. and Fernandez, M.A. 2009. Cytopathology
of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) silk gland caused by multiple
nucleopolyhedrovirus. Gen. Mol. Res. 8(1) : 162-172.
Brasla, A. dan Matei A. 1989. Study on the variability of the main quantitative
traits in some silkworm races. Archiva Zootechnica (1) : 63-70.
Brasla, A. dan Matei, A. 1997. Materi pelatihan pembibitan ulat sutera II. PPUS
Candiroto, Jawa Tengah.
Brooks, G. 1998. Biotechnology in Healthcare: An Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical Press. London.
Brusca, R.C. and Brusca, G.J. 2003. Taxonomy of Invertebrates. Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Brugge, J.F., Orman, S. S., Coleman, J.R., Chan, J.C.K. and Phillips, D.P. 1981.
Binaural interactions in cortical area AI of cats reared with unilateral atresia
of the external ear canal. Hearing Res. 20(3) : 243-249.
Buckingham, L. and Flaws, M. L. 2007. Molecular diagnostics: Fundamentals,
methods, & clinical applications. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia. USA
Budisantoso, H. 2001. Perbandingan mutu bibit ulat sutera lokal dengan produksi
perhutani. Jurnal Penelitian kehutanan (8)1. Balai Penelitian Kehutanan
Ujung Pandang.
Bustin, S. A. 2000. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J. Mol. Endoc. 25 : 169193.

Chandrakanth, N., Ponnuvel, K.M., Moorthy, S.M., Sasibhushan, S. and
Sivaprasad, V. 2015. Analysis of transcripts of heat shock protein genes in
silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Eur. J. Entomol.
112(4) : 676-687.
Chapman, R.F. 1998. The Insect Structure and Function. 4th edn. Amer. Elsev,
New York.
Chen, A.C., Mayer, R.T. and DeLoach, J.R. 1982. Purification and characterization of chitinase from the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans. Arch. Biochem.
Biophys. 216(1) : 314-321.
Chen, S., Fleischer, S.J., Saunders, M.C. and Thomas, M.B. 2015. The Influence
of diurnal temperature variation on degree-day accumulation and insect life
history. Plos One 4 : 1-15.
Chomczynski, P. and Sacchi, N. 2015. Genomics and proteomics isolation,
purification and separation nucleic acid based molecular biology Nat.
Pro. 1 : 581-585.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

107

Chu, F., Qiu, J-F., Tao, H., Li, X., Shu, M-Y., Liu, H-J., Sima, Y and Xu, S.

2016. Impact of cyclical changes in temperature on circadian clock genes
expression in Bombyx BmN cells. Arc. Ins. Bioch. Physiol. 91(3) : 175186.
Couret, J., Dotson, E. and Benedict, M.Q. 2014. Temperature, larval diet, and
density effects on development rate and survival of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:
Culicidae). PLoS One 9(2) : 1-9.
Craig, E.A. and Jacobsen, K. 1984. Mutations of the heat- inducible 70 kilodalton
genes of yeast confer temperature-sensitive growth. Cell 38 : 841-849.
Damos, P. and Savopoulou-Soultani, M. 2012. Temperature-driven models for
insect development and vital thermal requirements. Hindawi Publishing
Corporation Psyche pp 1-13.
Delkash-Roudsari, S., Zibaee, A. and Mozhdehi, M. R. A. 2014. Digestive aamylase of Bacterocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae): Biochemical
characterization and effect of proteinaceous inhibitor. J. King Saud. Univ.
Sci. 26 : 53-58.
Denlinger, D.L., Lee, R.E., Yocum, G.D. and Kukal, O. 1992. Role of chilling in
the acquisition of cold tolerance and the capacitation to express stress
proteins in diapausing pharate larvae of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar.
Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 21 : 271-80.
Departemen Kehutanan 2012. Budidaya ulat sutera. Proyek padat karya sektor
kehutanan. Pusat penyuluhan kehutanan dan perkebunan. Jakarta.
Departemen Kehutanan. 2011. Petunjuk praktis pengujian dan klasifikasi mutu

kokon. Departemen Kehutanan Direktorat Jenderal dan Perhutanan Sosial.
Jakarta.
Dewantari, M. 1998. Kelenturan fenotipik sifat-sifat produksi pada itik lokal dan
silangannya sebagai respon terhadap ransum dengan kadar aflatoksin yang
berbeda. Tesis Magister Sains Program Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian
Bogor. Bogor.
Dhadiallla, T.S., Carlson, G.R. and Le, D.P. 1997. New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone actifity. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 43 : 545-69.
Dheda, K., Huggett, J.F., Bustin, S.A., Johnson, M.A., Rook, G. and Zumla, A.
2004. Validation of housekeeping genes for normalizing RNA expression
in real-time PCR. Bio. Tech. 37 : 112-119.
Dingley, F. and Smith, J.M. 1968. Temperature acclimatization in the absence of
protein synthesis of Drosophila subobscura. J. Insect Physiol. 14 : 118594.
Dixon, A. F. G., Honek, A., Keil, P., Kotela, M. A. A., Sizling, A. L. and Jarosik,
V. 2009. Relationship between the minimum and maximum temperature
thresholds for development in insects. Func. Ecol. 23 : 257-264.
Dominguez, R. and Holmes, K. C. 2011. Actin structure and function. Ann. Rev.
Biophys. 40 : 169-86.
Dourado, L.A., Ribeiro, L.F.C., Brancalhão, R.M.C., Tavares, J., Borges, A.R.
and Fernandez, M.A. 2011. Silkworm salivary glands are not susceptible to
Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Gen. and Mol. Res. 10(1) : 335339.

Doyle, K. 1996. The Source of discovery: Protocols and applications guide,
PROMEGA. Madison. Wis. USA.
Duryadi, D. 1993. Protokol isolasi dan purifikasi DNA. Laboratorium Biologi

Universitas Sumatera Utara

108

Molekuler PAU.
Evegenev, M.B., Sheinker, V.S. and Levin, A.V. 1987. Molecular mechanisms of
adaptation to hyperthermia in higher organisms. Synthesis of heat shock
proteins in cell cultures and larvae of certain silkworm species. Mol. Biol.
21 : 484-494.
Feder, M.E., Cartano, N.V., Milos, L., Krebs, R.A. and Lindquist, S.L. 1996.
Effect of engineering Hsp70 copy number on Hsp70 expression and
tolerance of ecologically relevant heat shock in larvae and pupae of
Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol 199 : 1845-1855.
Feder, M.E. and Hofmann, G.E. 1999. Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology.
Ann. Rev. Physiol. 61 : 243-282.
Feder, M.E. 1996. Ecological and evolutionary physiology of stress proteins and

the stress response: the Drosophila melanogaster model. In Animals and
Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation to Temperature
Eds. IA. Johnston and A.F. Bennett, Cambridge University Press. pp.79102.
Fink, A.L. 1999. Chaperone-mediated protein folding. Physiol. Rev. 79 : 425449.
Fittinghoff, C.M and Riddiford, L.M. 1990. Heat sensitivity and protein
synthesis during heat shock in the tobacco horn worm, Manduca Sexta. J.
Comp. Physiol. 160 : 349-356.
Gao, K., Deng, X.Y., Shang, M.K., Qian, H.y. and Guo, X.J. 2016. Molecular
cloning and characterization of biphenyl hydrolase-like (BPHL) protein
gene from silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 19(3) : 611617.
Gao, Y.J., Xiao, C.F., Chen, S., Wang, R.B., He, H.Z., Tanguay, R.M.and Wu,
T.C., 2004. In vitro study on role of Hsp70 expression in DNA damage of
human embryonic lung cells exposed to benzo[α]pyrene. Biomed. Environ.
Sci. 17 : 144-152.
Garrido, C, S., Gurbuxani, L., Ravagnan and Kroemer, G. 2001. Heat shock proteins: Endogenous modulators of apoptotic cell death. Bichem. Biophysiol.
Res. Comm. 286: 433-442.
Gilbert, L.I. and Frieden, E. 1991. Metamorphosis: A problem in developmental
biology. Plenum Press, New York.
Gilchrist, G.W. and Huey, R.B. 1999. The direct response of Drosophila
melanogaster to selection on knock-down temperature. Heredity. 83 : 1529.

Gimba, E.R.P., Chemale, G., Farias, S.S. and Zaha, A. 2000. Cloning and characterization of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestode) EgactI and EgactII actin
gene promoters and their functional analysis in the NIH3T3 mouse cell
line. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 33(11) : 1283-1292.
Gowda, B.N. and Reddy, N.M. 2007. Influence of different environmental conditions on cocoon parameters and their effects on reeling performance of
bivoltine hybrids of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Inter. J. Industr. Entomol.
14(1) : 15-21.
Gulrajani, M.L. 1988. Degumming of silk; in silk dyeing printing and finishing,
M.L. Gulrajani (ed), Department of Textile Technology Indian Institute of
Technology, New Delhi. pp.63-95.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

109

Guntoro, 1994. Budidaya ulat sutera. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Gustafson, T.A. and Kedes, L. 1989. Identification of multiple proteins that interact with functional regions of the human cardiac a-actin promoter. Mol.
Cell. Biol. 9 : 3269-3283.
Harbi, J., Nurrochmat, D. R. dan Kusharto, C. M. 2015. Pengembangan usaha
persuteraan alam kabupaten Wajo, Sulawesi Selatan. Risalah Kebijakan
Pertanian dan Lingkungan. 2(2) : 129-136.

Hassen, W., Gollia, E.E., Baudrimont, I., Mobiob, A.T., Ladjimi, M.M., Creppy,
E.E. and Bacha, H. 2005. Cytotoxicity and Hsp70 induction in HepG2 cells
in response to zearalenone and cytoprotection by sub-lethal heat shock.
Toxicology 207 : 293-301.
Hazel, J. R. 1995. Thermal adaptation in biological membranes: is homeoviscous
adaptation the explanation? Ann. Rev. Physiol. 57 : 19-42.
Heinrich, B. 1981. A brief historical survey, in insect ThermoRegulation, B.
Heinrich, Ed. JohnWiley. New York. USA pp. 7-17.
Henson, H. 1937. The structure and post-embryonic development of Vanessa
urticae (Lepidoptera). Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 74 : 321-360.
Herman, I.M. 1993. Actin isoforms. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 5: 4855.
Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N. 2002. In: Biochem. Adapt. Oxford University Press. New York.
Hong, S.W. and Vierling, E. 2000. Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana defective in
acquisition of tolerance to high temperature stress. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 97
: 4392-4397.
Howrelia, J.H., Patnaik, B.B., Selvanaya gam, M and Rajakumar, S. 2011. Imfact
of temperature an heat shock proteins expression Bombyx mori cross-breed
and effect commercial trait. J. Environ. Biol. 32(1) : 99-103.
Hsieh, F.K., Yu, S.J., Su, S.Y. and Peng, S.J. 1995. Studies on the thermotolerance of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. China. J .Entomol. 15 : 91-101.
Huey, R.B. and Bennet, A.F. 1990. Physiological adjustments to fluctuating

thermal environments: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. In
Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine, ed. R.I. Morimoto, A. Tissieres &
C. Georgopoulus. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press. pp.37-59.
Hussain, M., Naeem, M., Khan, S.A., Bhatti, M.F. and Munawar, M. 2011. Studies on the influence of temperature and humidity on biological traits of
silkworm (Bombyx mori L. Bombycidae). Afr. J. Biotech. 10(57) : 1236812375.
Ishikawa, S., Hirao, S., Tuneo and Arai, N. 1969. Chemosensory basis of
hostplant selection in the silkworm. Issue Entomol. Exp. et Appl. 12 (5) :
544-554.
Ito, K., Shimura, K., Katsuma, S., Tsuda, Y., Kobayashi, J., Tabunoki, H.,
Yokoyama, T., Shimada, T. and Kadono-Okuda, K. 2016. Gene expression
and localization analysis of Bombyx moribidensovirus and its putative
receptor in B. mori midgut. J. Inv. Patho. 136 : 50-56.
Jain, M., Nijhawan, A., Tyagi, A.K. and Khurana, J.P. 2006. Validation of
housekeeping genes as internal control for studying gene expression in rice
by quantitative real-time PCR. Biochem. Biophysiol. Res. Com. 345 : 646651.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

110

Jakaria, S. 2004. Evaluation of phenotypic plasticty on silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Under Hight Temperature. Zuriat 15(2) : 170.
Jakaria, S., Mansjoer, S., Saefuddin, A. dan Koamini, M. 2001. Analisis
interaksi genotipe-lingkungan pada beberapa sifat kualitatif ulat sutera
(Bombyx mori L.). Met. Pet. 24(2) : 1-6.
Jaworski, T and Hilszczanski, J. 2013. The effect of temperature and humidity
changes on insects development and their impact on forest ecosystems in
the context of expected climate change. Forest. Res. Popul. 74(4) : 345355.
Jingade, A.H., Vijayan, K., Somasundaram, P., Srinivasababu, G.K., and
Kamble, C.K. 2011. A review of the implications of heterozygosity and
inbreeding on germplasm biodiversity and its conservation in the silkworm,
Bombyx mori. J. Insect. Sci. 11 : 8 available online: insectscience. org/11.8.
Johnston, R.N. and Kucey, B.L. 1988. Competitive inhibition of hsp70 gene
expression causes thermosensitivity. Science 242 : 1552-1554
Joplin, K.H., Yocum, G.D. and Denlinger, D.L. 1990. Cold shock elicits expression of heat shock proteins in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. J.
Insect. Physiol. 36 : 825-834.
Joy, O. dan Gopinathan, K.P. 1995. Heat shock response in mulberry silkworm
races with different thermotolerances. J. Biosci. 20 : 499-513
Kamili, A. and Masoodi M.A. 2000. Silk and its biosynthesis. Principle of
Temperate Sericulture. pp. 86-104.
Kappe, G., Franck E., Verschuure P., Boelens, W.C., Leunissen, J.A. and De
Jong, W.W. 2003. The human genome encodes 10 alpha-crystallin-related
small heat shock proteins: HspB1-10. Cell. Stress. Chap. 8 : 53-61.
Karunanidhi S, Barclay, J.W., Robertson, R.M., Brown, I.R. and Atwood, H.L.
1999. Neuro protection at Drosophilla synapsis conferred by prior heat
shock. J. Neu. Sci. 19 : 4360-4369.
Kataoka, H., Nagasawa, H., Isogai, A., Ishizaki, H. and Suzuki, A. 1991. Prothoracicotropic hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: amino acid
sequence and dimeric Structure. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55(1) : 73-86.
Kaur R., Kaur, N. and Gupta, A. K. 2014. Structural features, substrate specificity, kinetic properties of insect α-amylase and specificity of plant αamylase inhibitors. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 116 : 83-93.
Khaliq, A., Javed, M., Sohail, M. and Sagheer, M. 2014. Environmental effects
on insects and their population dynamics. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2 (2) : 17.
Khan, M.M. 2014. Effects of temperature and R.H. % on commercial characters
of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) cocoons in Anantapuramu district of AP.
India. Res. J. Agric. Forest. Sci. 2(11) : 1-3.
Khonifah. 1990. Pengaruh jenis daun murbei terhadap produktivitas dan kualitas
benang sutera. Fakultas Kehutanan. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Kim, M.J., Wan, X., Kim, K.G., Hwang, J.S. and Kim, J. 2010. Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the mitogenome of endangered Eumenis
autonoe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Afric. J. Biotech. 9 : 735-754.
King, A.M. and MaCrae, T.H. 2015. Insect heat shock proteins during stress and
diapause. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 60 : 59-75
Klowden, M.J. 2007. Physiological systems in insects. Second Edition. Academic
Press, Elsevier. Burlington. USA. Pp. 688.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

111

Koga, D., Funakoshi, T., Mizuki, K., Ide, A., Kramer, K.J., Zen, K.C., Choi. H.
and Muthukrishnan, S. 1992. Immunoblot analysis of chitinolytic enzymes
in integument and molting fluid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and the
tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect. Bioch. Mol. Biol. 22 (4) : 305311.
Koga, D., Jilka, J. and Kramer, K. J. 1983. Insect endochitinases: glycoproteins
from moulting fluid, integument and pupal haemolymph of Manduca sexta
L. Insect. Biochem. 3(3) : 295-305.
Kogure, M. 1933. The influence of light and temperature on certain characters of
the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Dep. Agric. 4 (1) : 1-93.
Kojima, K. and Ozawa, S. 2002. Method for isolating and purifying nucleic
acids. United State. US.
Kokusho, R., Kawamoto, M., Koyano, Y., Sugano, S., Suzuki, Y., Shimada, T.,
and Katsuma, S. 2015. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus actin
rearrangement-inducing factor 1 enhances systemic infection in B.
mori larvae. J. Gene. Virol. 96(7) : 1938-1946.
Komatsu, K. 1980. Recent advances in sericin research. J. Sericult. Sci. 69 :
457-465.
Komoeniczak, M. 2010. Caterpillary Anatomy. Png Larva and caterpillar. http://
www.cirrusimage.com/Moths/caterpillar_anatomy.giffhttp://www.butterfly
-guide.co.uk/life/pics/cat_diagram.jgp.
Kregel, K.C. 2002. Invited review: heat shock proteins: modifying factors in
physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. J. Appl.
Physiol. 92 : 2177-2186.
Krishnaswami, S. 1973. Manual on sericulture. Silkworm rearing. Agricultural
Service Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United
Nations. Rome.
Kumar, R. 2010. Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners.
Sage Publications. Pp.440.
Kumar, G. and Tripathy, R. 2009. Influence of heat stress on genome of grass
pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). J. Environ. Biol. 30 : 403-408.
Lamarque J. P, and Gros, C. 1945. The eggs of the Bombyx mori as material for
radiobiological research. Centre Regional Anticancereux-Director J.P.
Lamarque. The University Montpellier. France : 293 – 296.
Landais, I., Pommet, J-M., Mita, K., Nohata, J., Gimenez, S., Fournier, P.,
Devauchelle, G., Duonor-Cerutti, M and Ogliastro, M, 2001. Characterization of the cDNA encoding the 90 kDa heat-shock protein in the
Lepidoptera Bombyx mori and Spodoptera frugiperda. Gene. 271(2) : 223231.
Lemoine, N.P., Burkepile, D.E. and Parker, J.D. 2014. Variable effects of
temperature on insect herbivory. PeerJ. 2 : 1-18.
Lee, C.Y., Clough, E.A., Yellon, P., Teslovich, T.M., Stephan, D.A. and
Baehrecke, E.H. 2003. Genome-wide analyses of steroid and radiationtriggered programmed cell death in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 13(4) : 350357.
Li, B., Xia Q.Y., Fujii H., Banno Y. and Lu C. 2005. Expression of the small
heat-shock protein Bmhsp19.9 gene in silkworm (Bombyx mori). China. J.
Agric. Biotech. 13 : 195-201.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

112

Li, D. and Duncan, R.F. 1995. Transient acquired thermotolerance in Drosophila
correlated with rapid degradation of hsp70 during recovery. Eur. J.
Biochem. 231 : 454-465.
Li, G., Qian, H., Luo, X., Xu, P., Yang, J., Liu, M. and Xu, A. 2016.
Transcriptomic analysis of resistant and susceptible Bombyx mori strains
following BmNPV infection provides insights into the antiviral
mechanisms. Entomol. J. Gene. 2 : 1-10.
Li, G.C., Li, L.G., Liu, Y.K., Mak, J.Y., Chen, L.L. and Lee, W.M. 1991.
Thermal response of rat fibroblasts stably transfected with the human 70kDa heat shock protein-encoding gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88 : 16811685.
Li, J., Moghaddam, H.S.H., Du, X., Zhong, B.X. and Chen, Y.Y. 2011.
Comparative analysis on the expression of inducible HSPs in the silkworm,
Bombyx mori. Mol. Biol. Reports. 39 (4) : 3915-3923.
Li, J., Wei, G., Wang, L., Qian, C., Li, K., Zhang, C., Dai, L., Sun, Y., Liu, D.,
Zhu, B. and Liu. C. 2016. KPNA3-knockdown eliminates the second heat
shock protein peak associated with the heat shock response of male
silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) by reducing heat shock factor transport into
the nucleus. Gene. 575 2(2) : 452-457.
Li, Q.R., Xiao Y., Wu, F.Q., Ye, M.Q., Luo, G.Q., Xing, D.X., Li, L. and Yang,
Q. 2014. Analysis of midgut gene expression profiles from different
silkworm varieties after exposure to high temperature. Gene 549 : 85-96.
Li, Q., Zhao, X.Q., Chang, A. K., Zhang, Q.M., and Bai, F.W. 2012. Ethanolinduced yeast flocculation directed by the promoter of TPS1 encoding
trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 for efficient ethanol production
Metabolims. Enginer. 14(1) : 1-8.
Li, Y., Bu, C., Li, T., Wang, S., Jiang, F., Yi, Y., Yang, H. and Zhang, Z. 2016.
Cloning and analysis of DnaJ family members in the silkworm Bombyx
mori. Gene. 575 (1) : 88-98.
Li, Z-W., Li, X., Yu, Q.Y., Xiang, Z.H., Kishino, H. and Zhang, Z. 2009. The
small heat shock protein (sHSP) genes in the silkworm Bombyx mori and
comparative analysis with other insect sHSP genes. BMC Evol. Biol. 9(215)
: 14-18.
Li, B., Sun, Q., Yu, X., Xie, Y., Hong, J., Zhao, X., Sang, X., Shen and Hong, F.
2015. Molecular mechanisms of silk gland damage caused by phoxim
exposure and protection of phoxim-induced damage by cerium chloride
in Bombyx mori. Environ. Toxicol. 30 (9) : 1102-1111.
Lin, X., Yu, N. and Smagghe, G. 2016. Insulin receptor regulates food intake
through sulfakinin signaling in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.
Peptides. 80 : 89-95.
Lindquist, S. 1980. Variying patterns of protein synthesis in Drosophilla during
heat shock; implications for regulation. Develop. Biol. 77 : 463-479.
Lindquist, S., and Craig, E.A. 1988. The heat-shock proteins. Ann. Rev. Gen. 22 :
631-677.
Liu, D., Geng, P., Jiang, X., An, L. and Li, W. 2014. Structural and functional
characterization of the actin-1 gene promoter from the Antheraea pernyi
(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). J. Insect. Sci. 14(173) : 1-7.
Lohmann, C.M.F. and Riddiford, L.M. 1992. The heat-shock response and heat
sensitivity of Bombyx mori. Sericologia 32 : 533-537.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

113

MacGown, M.W. and Sikorowski, P.P. 1982. Anatomy of the digestive system of
Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) Larvae. Mississippi. Mafes.
Mahesha, H.B., Kasmaei, F.G. and Thejaswini, P.H. 2013. Studies on the
correlation between DNA, RNA and proteins of Bombyx mori L. Inter. J.
Biol. Phar. All. Sci. (IJBPAS). 2(7) : 1526-1534.
Mahmoud, M.M. 2013. Certain factors affecting the emergence of the mulberry
silkworm Bombyx mori L. and the fecundity of male ones. Alex. J. Agric.
Res. 58(2) : 67-70.
Mange, A. and Prudhomme, J.C. 1999. Comparison of Bombyx mori and
Helicoverpa armigera cytoplasmic actin genes provides clues to the
evolution of actin genes in insects Mol. Biol. Evol. 16(2) : 165-172.
Manisankar, G., Ujjal, M. and Aniruddha, M. 2008. Effect of environmental
factors temperature and humidity on spinning worms of silkworm (Bombyx
mori L). Res. J. Chem. Environ. 12(4) : 12-18.
Montfort, R.L.M.V., Basha, E., Friedrich, K. L., Slingsby, C. and Vierling, E.
2001. Crystal structure and assembly of a eukaryotic small heat shock
protein. Nat. Str. Bio. 8 : 1025-1030.
Morimoto, R.I. 1998. Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross
talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and
negative regulators. Gen. Dev. 12 : 3788-3796.
Morimoto, R.I., Jurivich, D.A., Kroeger, P.E., Mathur, S.K., Murphy, S.P.,
Nakai, A., Sarge, K.D., Abravaya, K. and Sistonen, L.T. 1994. Regulation
of heat shock gene transcription by a family of heat shock factors. In
Morimoto, R.I., Tissieres, A. and Georgopoulos, C. (eds), The Biology of
Heat Shock Proteins and Molecular Chaperones. Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor. NY. pp. 417-455.
Mathur, S.K. and Lal, S.B. 1994. Effects of temperature and humidity on the
adaptability of insects. Ind. Text. J. 136 : 34-47.
Mathur, S.K., Pramanik, D.R., Sen, S.K. and Rao, G.S. 1988. Effect of seasonal
temperature and humidity on ovulation, fecundity and retention of eggs in
silk moth, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Proc National
Seminar on Advances in Economic Zoology. Jodhpur. India. pp. 48.
Mayurama, M. and Azuma, M. 2015. Aquarins are expressed in the columnar
cells of the midgut epithelium of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J insect.
Biotech. Seric. 84 : 55-61.
Meyer, C.P. and Paulay, G 2005. DNA barcoding: error rates based on
comprehensive sampling. November 29. 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1371/
journal.pbio.0030422.
Minkema, D. 1993. Dasar Genetika Dalam Pembudidayaan Ternak. CV. Graha
Ilmu. Yogyakarta.
Miranda, J.E., Bortoli, S.A. and Takahashi, R. 2002. Development and silk
production by silkworm larvae after topical application of methoprene. Sci.
Agric. 59 (3) : 585-588.
Mishra and Upadhyay, V.B. 2002. Influence of relative humidity on the silk
producing potentialof multi-voltine Bombyx mori L. race nistari. J.
Ecophys. Occupat. Health. 2(3-4) : 3275-4280.
Mitra, S. 2003. Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry. A John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken. New Jersey.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

114

Moghaddam, S.H.H., Du, X., Li J., Cao, J.R., Zhong, B.X. and Chen, Y.Y. 2008.
Proteome analysis on differentially expressed proteins of the fat body of
two silkworm breeds, Bombyx mori, exposed to heat shock exposure.
Biotech. Bioprod. Eng. 13 : 624-631.
Mondal, M., Trivedy, K. and Kumar, S.N. 2007. The silk proteins, sericin and
fibroin in silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn.-Areview. Caspian J. Environ. Sci.
5(2) : 63-76.
Morohoshi, S. 1969. The control of growth and development in Bombyx mori L.
relationship between environmental moulting and voltine characters.
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. 45 : 797-802.
Mosser, D.D. and Morimoto, R.I. 2004. Molecular chaperones and the stress of
oncogenesis. Oncogene. 23 : 1105-1116.
Mounier, N. and Prudhomme, J.C. 1986. Isolation of actin genes in Bombyx
mori: the coding sequence of a cytoplasmic actin gene expressed in the silk
gland is interrupted by a single intron in an unusual position. Biochimie. 68
(9) : 1053-1061.
Muniraju, E., Sekharappa, B. M. and Raghuraman, R. 1999. Effect of emperature
on leaf silk conversion in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Sericologia. 39 : 225231.
Muniraju, E., Sekharappa, B.M. and Raghuraman, R. 2004. Food intake and
utilization efficiency in silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Pure Mysore) reared at
different temperature combinations. Inter. J. Trop. Insect. Sci. 24 : 135142.
Murugan, K. and George, A. 1992. Feeding and nutritional influence on growth
and reproduction of Daphnis nerii (Linn.) (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae). J.
Insect. Physiol. 38 (12) : 961-967.
Nabizadeh, P. and Kumar, T.S.J. 2010. Thermal stress induced catalase activity
level in selected bivoltine breeds of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Mod. App. Sci. 4 (8) : 88-95.
Nafiu, L. 1996. Kelenturan fenotipik mencit (Mus musculus) terhadap ransum
berprotein rendah. Tesis Magister Sain Program Pascasarjana IPB. Bogor.
Nagaraju, J. and Goldsmith, M.R. 2002. Silkworm genomics-progress and
prospects. Curr. Sci. 83 : 415-425.
Nagasawa, H., Kataoka, H., Hori, Y., Isogai, A., Tamura, S., Suzuki, A., Guo, F.,
Zhong, X., Mizoguchi, A. Fujishita, M., Takahashi, S. Y., Ohnishi, E. and
Ishizaki, H. 1984. Isolation and some characterization of the
prothoracicotropic hormone from Bombyx mori. General. Comp. Endoc.
53 (1) : 143-152.
Nagasawa, H., Kataoka, H., Isogai, A., Tamura, S., Suzuki,A., Mizoguchit, A.,
Fujiwarat, Y., Suzuki, A., Takahashi, S.Y., and Ishizaki, H. 1986.
Biochemistry amino acid sequence of a prothoracicotropic hormone of the
silkworm Bombyx mori (insulin/relaxin) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83 : 58405843.
Naguchi, A., Tokeshita, H. and Shigematsu, H. 1974. Interrelationship between
the silk gland and other tissues in protein metabolism in the latest larval
stages of the silkworm Bombyx mori. J. Insect. Physiol. 20 : 783-794.
Nakamoto H. and Vigh L. 2007. The small heat shock proteins and their clients.
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64 : 294-306.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

115

Nath, B.B. and Lakhotia, S.C. 1989. Heat shock response in ovarian nurse cells
of Anopheles stephensi. J. Biosci. 14 : 143-152.
Nayar, J.K. and Fraenkel, G. 1962. The chemical basis of hostplant selection in
the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) J. Insect. Physiol. 8 (5) : 505-516
Neven, L. G. 2000. Physiological responses of insects to heat. Postharvest
Biol.Tech. 21 : 103-111.
Nguku, E.K., Adolkar, V.V., Raina, S.K., Mburugu, K.G., Mugenda, O.M. and
Kimbu, D.M. 2009. Performance of six bivoltine Bombyx mori
Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) silkworm strains in Kenya. Entomol. J. 3 : 1-6.
Nguku, E.K., Adolkar, V.V., Raina, S.K., Mburugu, K.G. and Mugenda, O.M.
2007. Evaluation raw silk produced by bivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori
(Lepidoptera: Bombicidae) races in Kenya. J. Text. Apparel. Tech. Manag.
5 (4) : 1-9.
Nijhout, H.F. 1994. Insect Hormones. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press pp
267.
Niu, P., Liu, L., Gong, Z., Tan, H., Wang, F., Yuan, J., Feng, Y., Wei, Q.,
Tanguay, R.M., Wu, T., 2006. Overexpressed heat shock protein 70
protects cells against DNA damage caused by ultraviolet C in a dosedependent manner. Cell Stress Chaperones 11 : 162-169.
Noor, R.R. 1996. Genetika Ekologi. Bogor. Laboratorium Pemuliaan dan
Genetika Ternak IPB.
Noor, R.R. 2005. Genetika Ternak. Cetakan pertama PT. Penebar Swadaya.
Jakarta.
Nover L. and Scharf K.D. 1997. Heat stress proteins and transcription factors.
Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. 53 : 80-103.
Nuraeni, S. 2008. Perbandingan karakteristik dan kualitas ulat sutera (Bombyx
mori L) dari bibit hibrid China import dan Perum Perhutani. Prosiding
Seminar Ilmiah dan Pertemuan Tahunan PEI, PFI XIX Komisariat Daerah
Sulawesi Selatan, 5 November 2008. Di Balitsereal Maros.
Omura, S. 1980. Silkworm rearing techniques in the tropics. Javan International
Cooperation Agency. Tokyo. Javan pp. 316.
Otsuka, K. and Hata, M. 2000. Molecular chaperone function of mammalian
Hsp70 and Hsp40. a review. Int. J. Hyperther. 16 : 231-245.
Pande, M.B., Talpada, P.M., Patel, Z.N., Patel, B.H. and Shukla, P. C. 1982.
Utilization of processed Babul seed in the ration of Kankrej bullocks for
maintenance. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 35(4) : 613-615.
Pal, A., Sharma, V.K. and Sisodia, N. 2014. Influence of varying temperature
on pupation from larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori. Periodic Research.
3(2) : 101-103.
Parcellier, A., Gurbuxani, S., Schmitt, E and Garrido, C. 2003. Heat shock
proteins, cellular chaperones that modulate mitochondrial cell death
pathways. Biochem. Biophysiol. Res. Commun. 304 : 505-512.
Park, E.M, Kim, Y.O., Nam, B.H., Kong, H.J., Kim, W.J., Lee, S.J., Jee, Y.J.,
Kong, J.S. and Choi, T.J. 2008. Cloning and expression analysis of a small
Hsp gene of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus Hannai). J. Environ. Biol. 29 :
234-239.
Pratt, W.B. and Toft, D.O. 2003. Regulation of signaling protein function and
trafficking by the Hsp90/Hsp70-based chaperone machinery. Exper. Biol
Med. 228(2) : 111-133.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

116

Posnien, N., Schinko, J.B., Kittelmann, S. and Bucher, G. 2010. Genetics,
development and composition of the insect head e A beetle’s view.
Arthrop. Struct. Develop. 39 : 399-410.
Prudhomme, J.C., Couble, P., Garel, J.P. and Daillie, J. 1985. Silk synthesis. In
Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. ed.
G.A. Kurkut and L.I. Gilbert. Vol. 10. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York,
Toronto, Sydney. Paris. Frankfurt.
Pudjiono, S dan Na’iem, M. 2007. The effect of feeding of mulberry hybrid on
the productivity and the quality of cocoon of silkworm. J. Pemul. Tan.
Hut. 1(2) : 1-5.
Qahhar dan Rinaldi. 2004. Biografi H Yopie Batubara: Orang bilang saya gila.
Digital Art Design. Medan.
Rahmathulla, V.K., 2003. Growth and development of silk gland in mulberry
silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) fed with different maturity leaves. Insect.
Environ. 9 (2) : 92-93.
Rahmathulla, V.K. 2012. Management of climatic factors for successful
silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) crop and higher silk production. Hindawi
Publishing Corporation Psyche. Volume 2012, Article ID 121234, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/121234.
Rahmathulla, V.K. and Geetha Devi, R. G. 2001. Nutritional efficiency of
bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) under different temperature and
humidity conditions. Insect. Environ. 6 : 171-172.
Rahmathulla, V.K., Mathur, V.B. and Geetha Devi, R.G. 2004. Growth and
dietary efficiency of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) under various
nutritional and environmental stress conditions. Philipp. J. Sci. 133 (1) :
39-43.
Rajarapu, S. P., Mamidala, P. and Mittapalli, O. 2012. Validation of reference
genes for gene expression studies in the emerald ash borer (Agrilus
planipennis). Insect. Sci. 19 (1) : 41-46.
Ramachandra, Y. L., Bali, G. and Padmalatha Rai, S. 2001. Effect of temperature
and relative humidity on spinning behaviour of silkworm (Bombyx mori.L).
Ind. J. Experiment. Biol. 39(1) : 87-89.
Ramsay, J.A. 1976. The rectal complex in the larvae of lepidoptera. Philos.
Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci. 274 : 203-226.
Rapat Koordinasi Pengembangan Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu di Regional IV. 2010.
Membangun komitmen dan kebersamaan para pihak dalam pengembangan
persuteraan alam. Naskah Sambutan Dirjen RLPS pada Pembukaan
Worksop Persuteraan Alam Nasional. Makassar.
Razdan, J.L., Siddiqui, A.A., Bali, R.K and Mukherjee, P. 1994. Study on the
identification of region-spesific heterotic crosses in Bombyx mori L.
Sericologia 34(2) : 249-260.
Reddy, P. L., Naik, S.S and Reddy, N.S. 2002. Implications of temperature and
humidity on the adult eclosion patterns in silkworm Bombyx mori L. J.
Entomol. Res. Soc. 26 : 223-228.
Regniere, R., Powell, J., Bentz, B., and Nealis, V. 2012. Effects of temperature
on development, survival and reproduction of insects: Experimental design,
data analysis and modeling. J. Insect. Physiol. 58 : 634-647.
Reinecke, J.P., Cook, B.J. and Adams, T.S. 1973. Larval hindgut of Manduca
sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Inter. J. Insect. Morph. Embryol. 2 :

Universitas Sumatera Utara

117

277-278.
Reynolds, S.E. 1987. The cuticle, growth and moulting in insects: the essential
background to the action of acylurea insecticides. Pest. Sci. 20 : 131-146.
Rhee J. S., Raisuddin, S., Lee, K.W., Seo, J.S., Ki, J.S., Kim, I.C., Park, H.G. and
Lee, J.S. 2009. Heat shock protein (Hsp) gene responses of the intertidal
copepod Tigriopus japonicus to environmental toxicants.
Compar.
Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 149 : 104-112.
Riddiford, L.M. 1994. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone I.
General considerations and premetamorphic actions. Adv. Insect. Physiol.
24 : 213-74.
Riddiford, L.M. 1996. Molecular aspects of juvenile hormone action in insect
metamorphosis. In Metamorphosis, ed. LI Gilbert, London Academic :
223-251.
Ritossa F. 1962. A new puffing pattern induced by a temperature shock and DNP
in Drosophila. Experientien. 18 : 571-573.
Sakano D., Li B., Xia Q.Y., Yamamoto K., Fujii H. and Aso Y. 2006. Genes
encoding small heat shock proteins of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biosci.
Biotech. Biochem. 70 : 2443-2450.
Sambrook, J. and Russel, D. 2001. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. vol.
3. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 3rd edition New York. USA.
Sam-Eun, K. 1998. Silkworm breeding. in principle and practice in sericulture.
National Sericulture and Entomology Research Institute. Rural Development Administration. Republic of Corea.
Sanchez, Y. and Lindquist, S.L. 1990. HSP required for induced thermotolerance.
Science 248 : 1112-1115.
Santoro, M.G. 2000. Heat shock factor and the control of stress response.
Biochem. Pharm. 59 : 55-63.
Sarge, K. D., Bray, A.E. and Goodson, M. L. 1995. Altered stress response in
insects. Nature 374 : 126-130.
Sasmijah dan Andadari. L. 1992. Petunjuk teknis budidaya murbei (Morus sp.).
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan. Departemen Kehutanan Bogor.
Scharf, I., Braf, H., Ifrach, N., Rosenstein, S. and Subach, A. 2015. The effects of
temperature and diet during development, adulthood and mating on
reproduction in the red flour beetle. PlosOne : 1-15.
Schmittgen, T.D. and Zakrajsek, B.A. 2000. Effect of experimental treatment on
housekeeping gene expression: validation by real-time, quantitative RTPCR. J. Biochem. Biophysiol. Met. 46 (1) : 1-2.
Scriber, J. M. and Slansky Jr, F. 1981. The nutritional ecology of immature
insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 26 : 181-211.
Selvey, S., Thompson, E.W., Matthaei, K., Lea, R.A., Irving, M.G., and Griffiths,
L.R. 2001. Mol. Cel. Pro. 15(5) : 234-239.
Shen, W. D. 1986. Effect of different rearing temperature on fifth instar larvae of
silkworm on nutritional metabolism and dietary efficiency. 2. Digestion
and utilization of dietary protein, J. Seric. Sci. Jap. 12 : 72-76.
Shi, X-Q., Guo, W-C., Wan, P-J., Zhou, L-T., Ren, X-L., Ahmat, T., Fu, K-Y.
and Li, G-Q. 2013. Validation of reference genes for expression analysis by
quantitative real-time PCR in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. BMC Res Not.
6(93) : 1-10.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

118

Shimizu, M. 2000. Structural basis of silk fibre; in Structure of silk yarn. Vol.
Biological and physical aspects. N. Hojo (ed.).Oxford & IBH Publication
Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi pp.7-17.
Shimizu, M. and Tajima, J. 1972. Handbook of silkworm rearing. Fuji Publishing
Co. Tokyo.
Sigematsu, H. H. and Takeshita. 1967. On the growth of silk glands and silk
proteins production by silkworm reared at various temperature during fifth
instar, Acta Ser. Jap. 65 : 125-128.
Silva, C.M.D., Ferreira, H.B., Picón, M., Gorfinkiel, N., Ehrlich, R. and Zaha, A.
1993. Molecular cloning and characterization of actin genes
from Echinococcus granulosus. Mol. Biochem. Par. 60 : 209-219.
Sinchaisri, T. 1993. Medicinal and aromatic plant. Econom. Botan. 50 : 122-129.
Singh, H. and N.S. Kumar, 1997. On the breeding of bivoltine double hybrid of
silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombicidae) tolerant to high
temperature and low humidity conditions of the tropic. Afr. J. Bas. App. sci.
2 (3-4) : 71-80.
Singh, T., Bhat, M.M. and Khan, M.A. 2009. Insect adaptations to changing
environments- temperature and humidity. Inter. J. Ind. Entomol. 19(1) :
155-164.
Sinha, S. and Sanyal, S. 2013. Acclimatization to heat stress in Nistari Race of
Bombyx mori. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 1(6) : 61-65.
Smarason, S.V. and Smith, A.V. 2003. Method for desalting nucleic acids.
United State . US.
Snodgrass, R.E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill Book
Company.
Solomon, J.M., Rossi, J.M., Golic, K., McGarry, T. and S. Lindquist, 1991.
Changes in Hsp70 alter thermotolerance and heat shock regulation in
Drosophila. New Biol. 3 : 1106-1120.
Somero, G.N., 1995. Proteins and temperature. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 57 : 43-68.
Srivastava, B.P. 1959. Morphology of the alimentary canal of the larva of
Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae). Agric. Insect. 25 :
188-200.
Srivastava, B.P. 2002. Interaction of heat shock proteins with peptides and
antigen presenting cells: Chaperoning of the innate and adaptive immune
responses. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 20 : 395-425.
Sunanto, H. 1997. Budidaya murbei dan usaha persuteraan. Kanisius.
Yogyakarta.
Suryo. 1995. Sitogenetika. Gadjah Mada University press. Yogyakarta.
Suzuki, T., Higgins, P.J. and Crawford, D.R. 2000. Control selection for RNA
quantitation. Biotechniques. 29 : 332-337.
Suzuki, A., Nagasawa, H., Matsumoto, S., Kataoka, H., Isogai, A., Tamura, S.,
Ishizaki, H., Skurai, S., Fugo, H., Sonobe, H. and Ogura, N. 1983.
Neurohormone in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Annals International
Geophysical Year. Natural Products with insect growth and behavior
regulatory activity. 18 : 97-102.
Suzuki, Y. and Brown, D. D. 1972. Isolation and identification of the messenger
RNA for silk fibroin from Bombyx mori. J. Mol. Biol. 63 : 409-429.
Tazima, Y 1978. A view point on the improvement of mysore breeds. Paper
presented at Intenational Congress for Tropical Sericulture. Bangalore.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

119

Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. 2007. MEGA 4: Molecular.
Tamura, T., Thibert, C., Royer, C., Kanda, T., Eappen, A., Kamba, M., Kômoto,
N., Thomas, J-L., Mauchamp, B., Chavancy, G., Shirk, P., Fraser, M.,
Prudhomme, J-C., and Couble, P. 2000. Germline transformation of the
silkworm Bombyx mori L. using piggyBac transposon-derived vector. Nat.
Biotech. 18 : 81-84.
Tanaka, K., Lino, A., Naguro, C. and Fukudome, H. 1973. Collection of papers
presented at the 31st congress at Chubu. Japan.
Taniai, K., Hirayama, C., Mita, K. and Asaoka, 2014. Starvation-responsive
glycine-rich protein gene in the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Comp Physiol B.
184(7) : 827-834.
Tazima, E.Y. 1964. The Silkworm: an important laboratory tool. Kodansha
Scientific Books. Tokyo. Jepang.
Tazima, Y. and Ohuma, A. 1995. Preliminary experiments on the breeding
procedure for synthesizing a high temperature resistant commercial strain
of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Jap. Silk Sci. Res. Ins. 43: 1-16.
Teng X., Zhang, Z., He, G., Yang, L and Li, F. 2012. Validation of reference
genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time RT-PCR in four
lepidopteran insects. J. Insect. Sci. 12 : 60-68.
Thellin, O., Zorzi, W., Lakaye, B., De Borman, B., Coumans, B., Hennen, G.,
Grisar, T., Igout, A. and Heinen, E. 1999. Housekeeping genes as internal
standards: use and limits. J. Biotech. 75(2-3) : 291-295.
Tissiers, A., Mitchell, H.K and Tracy, U.M. 1974. Protein synthesis in salivary
glands of Drosophila melanogaster: relation to chromosome puffs. J. Mol.
Biol. 84 : 389-398.
Tomita, S., Cherbas, L., and Truman, J.W. 2003. Neuron remodeling during
metamorphosis. A. Dros. Res. Conf. 44 : 741-753.
Tsubota, T., Tomita, S., Uchino, K., Kimoto, M., Takiya, S., Kajiwara, H.,
Yamazaki, T. and Sezutsu, H. 2016. A hox gene, antennapedia, regulates
expression of multiple major silk protein genes in the silkworm Bombyx
mori. J. Biol. Chem. 291 : 7087-7097.
Ueda, S. and Lizuka, H.. 1962. Studies on the effects of rearing temperature
affecting the health of silkwormlarvae and upon the quality of cocoons-1
Effect of temperature in each instar. Acta. Sericol. Japan. 41 : 6-21.
Vandesompele, J., Preter, K.D., Pattyn, F., Poppe, B., Roy, N.V., Paepe, A.D.,
and Speleman, F. 2001. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative
RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes.
Gen. Bio. 3(7) : 1-12.
Vasudha B.C., Aparna H.S. and Manjunatha H.B. 2006. Impact of heat shock on
heat shock proteins expression, biological and commercial traits of Bombyx
mori. Insect. Sci. 13 : 243-250.
Velu D., Ponnuvel, K.M. and Qadri, S.M.H. 2008. Expression of the heat shock
protein genes in response to thermal stress in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Inter. J. Ind. Entomol. 16 : 21-27.
Vessaro-Silva. S.A., Brancalhao, R.M.C., Baggio, M.P.D. and Ribeiro, L.F.C.
2014. Cells of the rectum of Bombyx mori affected by experimental
inoculation with Alphabaculovirus . Gen. Mol. Res. (GMR).13(3) : 68856891.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

120

Wallace, R.H., Berkovik, S.F., Howell, R.A., Sutherland,G.R., Mulley, J.C.,
1996. Suggestion of a Major Gene Familial Combination Mapping. J. Mol.
Gen. 33 : 308-312.
Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Qian, C., Wei, G., Zhu, B. and Liu, C. 2016. Gene
expressions of heat shock proteins in Bombyx mori egg parasitized by a
parasitoid Wasp, Telenomus theophilae Pakistan. J. Zool. 48(2) : 507-512.
Wanule, D. and Balkhande, J. V. 2013. Effect of temperature on reproductive
and egg laying behavior of silk moth Bombyx mori L. Biosci. Disc. 4(1) :
15-19.
Warrington, J.A., Nair, A., Mahadevappa, M. and Tsyganskaya, M. 2000.
Comparison of human adult and fetal expression and identification of 535
housekeeping/maintenance genes. Physiol. Gen. 2 : 143-147.
Weber, N.A. 1966. Fungus-growing ants. Science 153(3736) : 587-604.
Wells, J. 1991. Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has reached the
continental United States: review of its biology, pest status, and spread
around the world. J. Med. Entomol. 28 : 471-473.
Welte, M.A., Tetrault, J.M., Dellavalle, R.P. and Lindquist, S.L. 1993. A new
method for manipulating transgenes: engineering heat tolerance in a
complex, multicellular organism. Current. Bio. 3 : 842-853.
Wepener, V., Van Vuren, J.H.J., Chatiza, F.P., Mbizi, Z., Slabbert, L. and
Masola, B. 2005. Active biomonitoring in freshwater environments: early
warning signals from biomarkers in assessing biological effects of diffuse
sources of pollutants. Physiol. Chem. Earth 30 : 751-761.
Whitman, D.W. and Agrawal, A.G. 2008. What is phenotypic plasticity and whay
is it important?. Illinois State University. USA.
Whyard. S., Wyatt, G.R. and Walker, V.K. 1986. The heat-shock response in
Locusta migratoria. J. Comp. Physiol. 156 : 813-817.
Willmer, C.W., Stone, G. and Johnston, I. 2004, Environmental physiology of
animals. Blackwell Science. Oxford. UK.
Wong, M.L. and Medrano, J.F. 2005. Real-time PCR for mRNA quantitation.
BioTechniques 39 : 75-85.
Wu, S., Tong, X., Peng, C., Xiong, G., Lu, K., hu, H., Tan, D., Li. C., Han,
M., Lu, C. and Dai, F. 2016. Comparative analysis of the integument
transcriptomes of the black dilute mutant and the wild-type
silkworm Bombyx mori. Sci. Rep. 3 : 1-11.
Wu, Y., Tingcai, C., Chun, L., Duolian, L. and Quan, Z. 2016. Systematic
identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs in the
silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One.
Yassin, H. M., Mostafa, S.S., Shokry, A.M., Salama, M.S. and Shahin, M.A.
2010. Identification, isolation and cloning of cDNA encoding aminopeptidase from the midgut of the egyetian cotton leaf worm That Serves As
A Receptor For Cry Toxin. Egypt. J. Gen.. Cyt. 39(2): 179-192.
Yu, J., Wu, H., Wen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, T., Ni, B., Lin, Y., Dong, J., Zhou, Z.,
Hu, Z., Guo, X., Sha, J. and Tong, C. 2015. Identification of seven genes
essential for male fertility through a genome-wide association study of nonobstructive azoospermia and RNA interference-mediated large-scale
functional screening in Drosophila. Hum. Mol. Genet. 24(5): 1493-1503.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

121

Zhang S., Xu, Y., Fu, Q., Jia, L., Xiang, Z. and He, N. 2011. Proteomic analysis
of larval midgut from the silkworm (Bombyx mori), Research Article. The
Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of
Biotechnology. Southwest University. Beibei. Chongqing 400715. China.
Zhang, C.F., Dai, L.S., Wang, L., Qian, C., Wei, G.Q., Li, J., Zhu, B.J. and Liu,
C.L. 2015. Inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis influencing the transcripts
level of sHSP21.4 gene induced by pathogen infections, in Antheraea
pernyi. PLoS One. 10 : e0121296.
Zhong, H., Wu, X., Huang, H., Fan, Q., Zhu, Z., and Lin, S. 2006. Vertebrate
MAX-1 is required for vascular patterning in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. 103(45) : 16800-16805.
Zhu, F., Xu, J., Palli, R., Ferguson, J. and Palli, S.R. 2011. Ingested RNA
interference for managing the populations of the Colorado potato beetle,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Pest. Manag. Sci. 67 : 175-182.
Zibaee, A. 2012. Digestive enzymes of large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris
brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from developmental and site of
activity perspectives. Ital. J. Zool. 79 : 13-26.

Universitas Sumatera Utara