Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College On
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
On The Job Training Report
JOVY S. JUAN
A Report Presented to the Faculty of the
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Provincial Institute of Agriculture
Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
For the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
April 2014
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
APPROVAL SHEET
This experiential report entitled "On The Job Training at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic
State College", prepared and submitted by Joy S. Juan in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the practicum of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, has been examined
and passed by:
Evelina D. Raguindin, MSA
Alicia G. Ellorin, DVM, MS
Adviser Coordinator
Adviser Coordinator
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the practicum of Bachelor
of Science in Agriculture.
FRANCISCO N. DIVINA, MS
CARMELO F. BERIA, MATE
Head, Agriculture Program/Research
Dean, Provincial Institute of Member,
Review Committee
Agriculture Development & Extension
Member, Review Committee
RAFAEL B. QUERUBIN, Ph.D.
SUC President II
Record by:
ERLINA A. VALIDO, MPA
Registrar III
April 2014
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The trainee would like to express his heartfelt gratitude to those who willingly
shared their time and support in the accomplishment of the practicum, particularly to:
Prof. Evelina D. Raguindin and Dr. Alicia G. Ellorin, advisers, for their
professional guidance, sharing their time, effort and patience in supervision and assisting
the trainees in the preparation of the requirements needed before their deployment to
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College;
Dr, Carmelo F. Beria, for his patience in coordinating with the Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College for the conduct of the training;
Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, SUC President II, Executive Dean, for the privision of
support anmd constant encouragement to the trainees in pursuing their on the job
training;
Prof.
Francisco
Divina,
Head,
Agriculture
Program/Research
for
his
encouragemetn and guidance in pursuing this endeavor;
All faculty members of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, for their deep and
constant encouragements which contributed to the success of this training.
She would like also to thank his beloved parents for their love, care,
encouragement, moral, spiritual, and financial support during the OJT;
Her friends who extended voluntary help and assistance during the conduct of this
endeavor; and
The Almighty God, the source of all knowledge and wisdom who provided his
blessings, guidance and strong determination to face all obstacles in pursuing the chosen
career.
Juvy
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture, has
been offering the course Bachelor of Science in Agriculture since the year 1973. This
course is practical and production-oriented. One of the requirements of the course is to
undergo survey by the BSA 1st year students on which they apply the theories,
knowledge and principles they have learned and put into practice and master the skills
they had applied during the on the job training.
The trainee undergoes an on-the-job training in Vigan Poultry on April 28, 2014.
On the job training or OJT is a part of the college curriculum that aims to train and orient
students about the reality of their chosen career.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Juan, Jovy Sotelo is the daughter of Mr. Ronie Dasargo Juan and Mrs. Lilia
Sotelo. She lives in Ag-agrao, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur. She is the eldest among the two
siblings. She was born at Brookside, Pilar, Abra.
She took her elementary education at Ag-agrao Elementary Schoolin 2008 - 2009.
And her high school at Ag-agrao Natinal High School in 2012 - 2013. With her desire to
fufill her dreams, taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture( BSA) at Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Rationale
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture is one of the courses offered at Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture. Practicum is one of the
requirements to be undergone by the first year students of the degree course BSA. It is
conducted during the summer classes of the first year. The purpose of which is to
integrate theoretical knowledge with planned of a supervised work experiences.
The program provide Bachelor of Science in Agriculture students an exposure to
different practical situation to develop their own ability that ensure success to become
future agriculturists.
The survey activities is, the trained provides higher personnel for agricultural
developments, agricultural research, agricultural extensions needs for upgrading their
skills in agriculture and to other jobs, their wants in their life. Because agriculture is one
of the best partner for the fulfillment of their goals in life. Without agriculture, no
progress will happen in the community.
The purpose of the training is to develop skills and improving the knowledge
gained, quality of work and know how to manage time of trainees and when he/she us
employed, they know how to value their work for referring of what he have learned or
apply the knowledge they had learned. but it is hoped that they will become successful
trainees as they reflect on lesson from treasure chest of wisdom.
Objectives of the training
o To develop knowledge and technical information in agriculture.
o To develop agricultural skills
o To provide the students survey the barangay. We house to house and ask if
they have piglets, fattening, boar and swine.
o To train the OJTians for developmental leaderships.
Definition of Terms
1. Accommodation is the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups. It is an
adjustment to conflict, past, present and incipient (Ogburn & Nimkoff, 1970).
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Likewise, another authority described accommodation as either permanent or
temporary termination of conflict which permits the rival parties.
2. Compromise – is the other form of accommodation where extreme demands are
given up to achieve limited goals. This could be described as either a “loss-loss”or
“win-win”situation.
3. Acculturation – in other words, he/she may adopt the culture and practice of the
society where he/she works but still retains his/her social identity or nationality as
a Filipino.
4. Assimilation – refers to the process of interpretation and fusion in which person
and groups acquire the memories, sentiments and attitude of other persons or
groups and sharing their experiences and history.
5. Differentiation – is a social process of eliminating competition; it is the creation
of interest in individuals or groups needing or wanting different things or services
rather than the same thing (Ritcher, 1987)
6. Conflict of Impersonal Ideals – this is carried on by by individuals or group for a
principles or an ideal not for personal benefit but for the group or society’s well
being.
7. Personal competition – this invites direct and face-toface contact. Individuals or
group may employ varied strategies to excel in their field of specialization to be
superior to others.
8. Conflict – conflict when two goals of equals importance (resources and
opportunities) are scarce. There is need to prioritize social needs. Conflict occurs
when a particular goal is opposing one’s own principle in attaining the desired or
targeted purpose.
9. Competition – a social process, competition may have a ment and dement in
human endeavor. Competition is a form of opposition or struggle to secure reward
or a material object, position, leadership, prestige or power. (Panopio, et.al., 1994)
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Traditional farming (of many particular kinds in different eras and places) was the
original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. Forest
gardening, a tradition food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is
tought to be thw orlld's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.
Artificial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with
superphosphates and then ammonia derived fertilizers mass produced during World War
I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. These early
fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred
in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the
'pesticide era'. But these new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short term,
had serious longer term side effects such as soil compaction, soil erosion, and declines in
overall soil fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food
supply.
Soil biology scientists began in the late 1800s and early 1900s to develop theories
on how new advancements in biological science could be used in agriculture as a way to
remedy these side effects, while still maintaining higher production. In Central
Europe Rudolf Steiner, whose Lectures on Agriculture were published in 1925.
created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of what we now call organic agriculture.
Steiner was motivated by spiritual rather than scientific considerations.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and his wife Gabrielle
Howard, both accomplished botanists, developed organic agriculture. The Howards were
influenced by their experiences with traditional farming methods in India, biodynamic,
and their formal scientific education. Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the
"father of organic farming", because he was the first to apply scientific knowledge and
principles to these various traditional and more natural methods. In the United States
another founder of organic agriculture was J.I. Rodale. In the 1940s he founded both a
working organic farm for trials and experimentation, The Rodale Institute, and founded
the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic to the wider public. Further work was
done by Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
There is some controversy on where the term "organic" as it applies to agriculture
first derived. One side claims term 'organic agriculture' was coined by Lord Northbourne,
an agriculturalist influenced by Steiner's biodynamic approach, in 1940. This side claims
the term as meaning the farm should be viewed as a living organism and stems from
Steiner's non scientific anthroposophy. The second claim is that "organic" derives from
the work of early soil scientists that were developing what was then called "humus
farming". Thus in this more scientific view the use of organic matter to improve
the humus content of soils is the basis for the term and this view was popularized by
Howard and Rodale. Since the early 1940s both camps have tended to merge.
Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times
has transformed the originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one.
Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing
world, many producers farm according to traditional methods which are comparable to
organic farming but are not certified and may or may not include the latest scientific
advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have
converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons
Organic farming systems
There
are
several
organic
farming
systems. Biodynamic
farming is
a
comprehensive approach, with its own international governing body. The Do Nothing
Farming method focuses on a minimum of mechanical cultivation and labor for grain
crops. French intensive and biointensive, methods are well-suited to organic principles.
Other examples of techniques are holistic management, permaculture, SRI and no-till
farming (the last two which may be implemented in conventional or organic systems
"An organic farm, properly speaking, is not one that uses certain methods and
substances and avoids others; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the
structure of a natural system that has the integrity, the independence and the benign
dependence of an organism" —Wendell Berry, "The Gift of Good Land"
Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and
modern technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring
biological processes. Organic farming methods are studied in the field ofagroecology.
While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural
pesticides and fertilizers. The principal methods of organic farming include crop
rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation.
These
measures
use
the
natural
environment
to
enhance
agricultural
productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural insect predators are
encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural materials such
as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease and weeds. Hardier
plants are generated through plant breeding rather than genetic engineering.
While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of
carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers
and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and largescale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods
developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more conventional agriculture.
For example, Integrated Pest Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various
organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but in conventional farming could
include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.
Crop diversity
Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of organic farming. Conventional
farming focuses on mass production of one crop in one location, a practice
called monoculture.
The
science
of agroecology has
revealed
the
benefits
of polyculture (multiple crops in the same space), which is often employed in organic
farming. Planting a variety of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial
insects, soil microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health. Crop
diversity helps environments thrive and protect species from going extinct.
Soil management
Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter, using
techniques like green manure and composting, to replace nutrients taken from the soil by
previous crops. This biological process, driven by microorganisms such as mycorrhiza,
allows the natural production of nutrients in the soil throughout the growing season, and
has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed the plant. Organic farming uses a variety
of methods to improve soil fertility, including crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
tillage, and application of compost. By reducing tillage, soil is not inverted and exposed
to air; less carbon is lost to the atmosphere resulting in more soil organic carbon. This has
an added benefit of carbon sequestration which can reduce green house gases and aid in
reversing climate change.
Plants
need nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium,
as
well
as micronutrients and symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish,
but getting enough nitrogen, and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough
nitrogen at the right time (when plants need it most), is a challenge for organic farmers.
Crop
rotation and green
manure ("cover
crops")
help
to
provide
nitrogen
through legumes (more precisely, the Fabaceae family) which fix nitrogen from the
atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobialbacteria. Intercropping, which is sometimes
used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil nutrients, but the competition
between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop
rows is required. Crop residues can beploughed back into the soil, and different plants
leave different amounts of nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. Organic farmers
also use animal manure, certain processed fertilizers such as seed meal and
various mineral powders such as rock phosphateand green sand, a naturally occurring
form
of potash which
provides
potassium.
Together
these
methods
help
to
control erosion. In some cases pH may need to be amended. Natural pH amendments
include lime and sulfur, but in the U.S. some compounds such asiron sulfate, aluminum
sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and soluble boron products are allowed in organic farming.
Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate as ley farms, whereby the
land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen-fixing forage grasses such as white
clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fertility is established. Farms
without livestock ("stockless") may find it more difficult to maintain soil fertility, and
may rely more on external inputs such as imported manure as well as grain legumes and
green manures, although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen because they are
harvested. Horticulturalfarms growing fruits and vegetables which operate in protected
conditions are often even more reliant upon external inputs.
Biological research into soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to organic
farming. Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter and animal
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce benefits of healthier yields and
more productive soil for future crops. Fields with less or no manure display significantly
lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe community, providing a healthier, more
arable soil system.
Weed management
Organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed
elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic
farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical tactics to
manage weeds without synthetic herbicides.
Organic standards require rotation of annual crops, meaning that a single crop
cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervening crop. Organic crop
rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life
cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. Research is ongoing to
develop organic methods to promote the growth of natural microorganisms that suppress
the growth or germination of common weeds.
Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed
pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight row
spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination.
Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly
grouped as:
Tillage - Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil
amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting;
turning soil after seeding to kill weeds, including cultivation of row crops;
Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds;
Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill weeds; and
Mulching - Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic films,
or landscape fabric.
Some critics, citing work published in 1997 by David Pimentel of Cornell
University, which described an epidemic of soil erosion worldwide, have raised
concerned that tillage contribute to the erosion epidemic. The FAO and other
organizations have advocated a "no-till" approach to both conventional and organic
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
farming, and point out in particular that crop rotation techniques used in organic farming
are excellent no-till approaches. A study published in 2005 by Pimentel and
colleagues confirmed that "Crop rotations and cover cropping (green manure) typical of
organic agriculture reduce soil erosion, pest problems, and pesticide use." Some naturally
sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use. These include certain formulations
of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), corn gluten meal, and essential oils. A few
selective bioherbicides based on fungal pathogens have also been developed. At this time,
however, organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed
control toolbox.
Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese have been used
successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and
corn, reviving the practice of keeping cotton patch geese, common in the southern U.S.
before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and fish to wet paddy
fields to eat both weeds and insects.
Controlling other organisms
Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms
include arthropods (e.g., insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria.
Organic
practices include, but are not limited to:
encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control pests by serving them nursery
plants and/or an alternative habitat, usually in a form of a shelterbelt, hedgerow,
or beetle bank;
encouraging beneficial microorganisms;
rotating crops to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest
reproduction cycles;
planting companion crops and pest-repelling plants that discourage or divert pests;
using row covers to protect crops during pest migration periods;
using biologic pesticides and herbicides
using no-till farming, and no-till farming techniques as false seedbeds
using sanitation to remove pest habitat;
Using insect traps to monitor and control insect populations.
Using physical barriers, such as row covers
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Examples of predatory beneficial insects include minute pirate bugs, big-eyed
bugs, and to a lesser extent ladybugs (which tend to fly away), all of which eat a wide
range of pests. Lacewings are also effective, but tend to fly away. Praying mantis tend to
move more slowly and eat less heavily. Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their
selected prey, but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind
controls their movement. Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites.
Naturally
include Bacillus
derived insecticides allowed
for
thuringiensis (a
toxin), pyrethrum (a
bacterial
use
on
organic
farms
use
chrysanthemum
extract), spinosad (a bacterial metabolite), neem (a tree extract) and rotenone (a legume
root extract). Fewer than 10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; one
survey found that only 5.3% of vegetable growers in California use rotenone while 1.7%
use pyrethrum.[45]:26 These pesticides are not always more safe or environmentally
friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm. The main criterion for organic
pesticides is that they are naturally derived, and some naturally derived substances have
been controversial. Controversial natural pesticides include rotenone, copper, nicotine
sulfate, and pyrethrums Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because
they work by attacking the nervous system, like most conventional insecticides. Rotenone
is extremely toxic to fish[48] and can induce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease in
mammals. Although pyrethrum (natural pyrethrins) is more effective against insects when
used with piperonyl butoxide (which retards degradation of the pyrethrins), organic
standards generally do not permit use of the latter substance.
Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic farms include the
bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus; and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. Compost tea contains a mix of
beneficial microbes, which may attack or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but
variability among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to inconsistent
results or even dangerous growth of toxic microbes in compost teas.
Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms. These
include nicotine sulfate, arsenic, and strychnine.
Synthetic
pesticides
allowed
for
use
on
organic
farms
include insecticidal
soaps and horticultural oils for insect management; and Bordeaux mixture, copper
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi. Copper sulfate and Bordeaux
mixture (copper sulfate plus lime), approved for organic use in various jurisdictions, can
be more environmentally problematic than some synthetic fungicides dissallowed in
organic farming. Similar concerns apply to copper hydroxide. Repeated application of
copper sulfate or copper hydroxide as a fungicide may eventually result in copper
accumulation to toxic levels in soil, and admonitions to avoid excessive accumulations of
copper in soil appear in various organic standards and elsewhere. Environmental
concerns for several kinds of biota arise at average rates of use of such substances for
some crops. In the European Union, where replacement of copper-based fungicides in
organic agriculture is a policy priority, research is seeking alternatives for organic
production.
Livestock
For livestock like these healthy cows vaccines play an important part in animal
health since antibiotic therapy is prohibited in organic farming
Raising livestock and poultry, for meat, dairy and eggs, is another traditional,
farming activity that complements growing. Organic farms attempt to provide animals
with natural living conditions and feed. While the USDA does not require any animal
welfare requirements be met for a product to be marked as organic, this is a variance from
older organic farming practices.
Organic livestock may be, and must be, treated with medicine when they are sick,
but drugs cannot be used to promote growth, their feed must be organic, and they must be
pastured.
Also, horses and cattle used to be a basic farm feature that provided labor, for
hauling and plowing, fertility, through recycling of manure, and fuel, in the form of food
for farmers and other animals. While today, small growing operations often do not
include livestock, domesticated animals are a desirable part of the organic farming
equation, especially for true sustainability, the ability of a farm to function as a selfrenewing unit.
Genetic modification
A key characteristic of organic farming is the rejection of genetically engineered
plants and animals. On October 19, 1998, participants at IFOAM's 12th Scientific
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Conference issued the Mar del Plata Declaration, where more than 600 delegates from
over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modified
organisms in food production and agriculture.
Although opposition to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming
is strong, agricultural researchers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales
continue to advocate integration of transgenic technologies into organic farming as the
optimal means to sustainable agriculture, particularly in the developing world, as does
author and scientist Pamela Ronald, who views this kind of biotechnology as being
consistent with organic principles.
Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, there is concern that the
pollen from genetically modified crops is increasingly penetrating organic and heirloom
seed stocks, making it difficult, if not impossible, to keep these genomes from entering
the organic food supply. Differing regulations among countries limits the availability of
GMOs to certain countries, as described in the article on regulation of the release of
genetic modified organisms.
Standards
Standards regulate production methods and in some cases final output for organic
agriculture. Standards may be voluntary or legislated. As early as the 1970s private
associations certified organic producers. In the 1980s, governments began to produce
organic production guidelines. In the 1990s, a trend toward legislated standards began,
most notably with the 1991 EU-Eco-regulation developed for European Union, which set
standards for 12 countries, and a 1993 UK program. The EU's program was followed by a
Japanese program in 2001, and in 2002 the U.S. created the National Organic
Program (NOP). As of 2007 over 60 countries regulate organic farming . In 2005 IFOAM
created the Principles of Organic Agriculture, an international guideline for certification
criteria. Typically the agencies accredit certification groups rather than individual farms.
Organic production materials used in and foods are tested independently by the
Organic Materials Review Institute.
Composting
Using manure as a fertiliser risks contaminating food with animal gut bacteria,
including pathogenic strains of E. coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
organic food. To combat this risk, USDA organic standards require that manure must be
sterilized through high temperature thermophilic composting. If raw animal manure is
used, 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the final product comes into
direct contact with the soil. For products which do not come into direct contact with soil,
90 days must pass prior to harvest.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER III
Technical Description of the Agency/Industry/Plant
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College is a public college in the Philippines. It
is mandated to provide professional and technical training both in the undergraduate and
the graduate levels in the fields of economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry,
engineering, education, forest research and conservation, management, finance,
accounting and business administration, public administration and other fields. It is also
mandated to promote scientific and technological researches. Its main campus is located
in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC) was created by virtue of RA
8547 authored by the then Congressman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Sur, Hon. Eric D.
Singson converting the then Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College (ISPC) into a state college.
The charter was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on February 24, 1998. The
then Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College was created by virtue of RA 7960 also authored by
then Congressman Eric D. Singson and signed into law on March 29, 1995. The law
converted the then Ilocos Sur Agricultural College (ISAC) into a polytechnic college
integrating into it seven vocational-technical and general academic secondary schools in
the second district of Ilocos Sur namely: Narvacan School of Fisheries NASOF),
Southern Ilocos Sur School of Fisheries (SISSOF), Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and
Pilot School of Cottage Industries (ISESPSCI), Tagudin General Comprehensive High
School (TGCHS), Cervantes National Agro-Industrial School (CNAIS), Suyo National
High School and Salcedo National High School. After its conversion into a state college,
two of the campuses, Suyo Campus and Salcedo Campus, were reverted to the
Department of Education.
ISPSC is a comprehensive six-campus institution of higher learning mandated to
give professional and technical training both in the undergraduate and graduate levels in
the fields of economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry, engineering, education,
forest research and conservation, management, finance, accounting and business
administration, public administration and other fields as may be relevant, besides
providing for the promotion of scientific and technological researches which the College
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
deems necessary in carrying out its objectives. The main campus is situated in Santa
Maria, Ilocos Sur and the five other campuses are strategically located in Candon City
and the municipalities of Narvacan, Santiago, Tagudin, and Cervantes, in the second
district of Ilocos Sur.
Today, ISPSC offers two accredited graduate programs in the fields of Education
and Agriculture. The college also offers the following accredited undergraduate
programs: Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education, Agriculture, Home Technology
Education, Information Technology, Industrial Technology and Hotel and Restaurant
Management.
The first College Administrator was Mr. Apolonio P. Labuanan, who served as
Officer-in-Charge from February 24, 1998 to July 15, 1999. He served as TechnicalVocational Schools Superintendent of the then ISAC. He laid down the groundwork of
the integration of the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College.
The first President of ISPSC, Dr. Alejandro V. Directo, pursued the “SMILE”
principle which stands for the values sincerity, morality, integrity, loyalty, efficiency and
effectiveness. He began his term as President on July 16, 1999 and was extended for a
second term in 2003. Dr. Directo instituted the campus identity through the designation of
a flagship program for each campus. He initiated the accreditation of degree programs
offered by ISPSC as a means of achieving quality and excellence.
The second President, Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, re-engineered the college to
become more relevant and responsive. His term in January 1, 2008 and championed the
“CHARMED” paradigm, a 7-point development agenda which calls for: Community
Capability Building and Responsive Networking; Human Resources Development and
Character Building; Aggressive Academic Achievement; Resource Generation and Wise
Allocation of Resources; Maximized Use of Resources ad Effective Maintenance
Program; E-Governance and Management; and, Developing Physical Facilities and
Building Structures. He worked out for the development of a Medium Term Development
Plan of the College (2011-2015), and instituted a new set-up for the college. The new
college set-up produced two campus clusters: the North Cluster – consisting of Santa
Maria, Santiago and Narvacan, and the South Cluster – consisting of Tagudin, Candon
City and Cervantes. He emphasized on the cultivation of a research and development
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
culture with the creation of the Office of Vice President for Planning, Research,
Extension and Training. He also aggressively pushed for physical plant development.
The main campus for the North Cluster is the Santa Maria Campus which has
been identified as the Provincial Institute of Agriculture. Santa Maria campus had its
early beginnings as a farm school in 1913, then evolved into the Santa Maria Agricultural
High School. In 1963, SMAHS was converted into the Ilocos Sur Agricultural College by
virtue of RA 3529 authored by Congressman Pablo C. Sanidad. Then in 1995, it was
converted into the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College which was the precursor of the present
ISPSC. The Narvacan Campus is formerly the Narvacan School of Fisheries which was
established in 1964 by virtue of RA 3476 authored by Cong. Pablo C. Sanidad which was
signed into law in June 16, 1962. When it was integrated into ISPSC, the Narvacan
Campus became the College of Fisheries and Marine Science. Today, it is identified as
the Provincial Institute of Agriculture. The Santiago Campus was formerly known as the
Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (ISESPSCI)
which was established by virtue of RA 4430 signed into law on June 19, 1965. It is
situated on a 3.5 hectare area along the national highway in the municipality of Santiago,
Ilocos Sur. When it was integrated into ISPSC, it became the College of Engineering and
Technology. At present, Santiago Campus houses the College of Technology. Tagudin
Campus is the seat of governance in the South Cluster. It was known formerly as the
Tagudin General Comprehensive High School established which started as the Tagudin
High School and became a national high school by virtue of RA 4447 which was signed
into law in June 19, 1965. After its integration into ISPSC, it became the College of Arts
and Sciences. Today it houses the College of Teacher Education, the College of Business
and Hospitality Management, the College of Arts and Sciences, and the College of
Information Technology. Candon City Campus was formerly the Southern Ilocos Sur
School of Fisheries (SISSOF) which evolved from a fishery demonstration farm (Ilocos
Sur Marine Demonstration Farm). It is located in the coastal barangay of Darapidap,
Candon City. With its integration into the ISPSC, it became the College of Commercial
and Social Services. At present Candon City Campus houses the College of Business and
Hospitality Management. Cervantes Campus was formerly the Cervantes National AgroIndustrial School (CNAIS) which evolved from the Cervantes National School of Arts
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
and Trades established by virtue of RA 4424 signed into law in June 19, 1965. It is
located in a scenic upland municipality which is also a gateway to the Cordillera
provinces. When it was integrated into ISPSC, it became the College of Agro-Industrial
Technology. Presently, Cervantes Campus offers teacher education, information
technology and hotel and restaurant management courses.
Since the chartering of ISPSC in 1998, much had been accomplished in terms of
academic and technical pursuits, facilities and plant development, research and extension
services, community involvement, administration and governance, linkaging and
networking, faculty and staff development, and student development. Guided by its
vision as “an institution for total human development,” it continues to be a beacon of
hope to the people in the service area and together thread the path towards greater
heights.
Vision
An institution for total human development
Mission
The college shall primarily give professional and technical training in the fields of
economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry, engineering, education, forest
research and conservation, management, finance, accounting and business administration
and other relevant fields for the promotion of scientific and technological researches. It
shall offer undergraduate, graduate and short-term technical courses within its area of
specialization (RA 8547 Sec, 3)
Goals
To produce competent professionals in agriculture-related fields equipped with
technical know-how and scientific expertise towards effective and efficient management
of resources and environmental conservation for sustainable development.
Philosophy
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College adheres to the fulfillment of improving
the quality of life of the people through the generation and promotion of sustainable and
environment-friendly technology, development of cognitive and psychomotor skills that
jibe with the requirements of the communities and the industries; inculcation of values
conforming to the ethical standards of society, acceleration of agro-industrial
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
development, ecological balance and productive employment; and commitment to the
principles of unity and autonomy in the operation of the integrated schools.
Objectives
1. to provide appropriate training along agriculture in order to meet the demands for
highly skilled and values- oriented man-power in the service area;
2. to conduct researches to promote quality education and enhanced productivity.
3. to conduct training and outreach programs in various aspect of agriculture directed at
providing technical assistance to rural communities.
4. to develop innovative and critical thinking addressed to technological changes and
caring of the environment; and to inculcate the value of teamwork, integrity, commitment
and dedication for efficient and effective services for community development.
Core Values
Integrity, Sincerity, Perseverance, Self-discipline, Commitment
CHAPTER VI
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Experiential Learning Report
a. Description and Schedule of Activities
The practicum was started last April 28, 2014 at Vigan Poultry. We had two
respective areas like: Bio-N, Grabary, Dragon Fruit, Tissue Culture and Animal
Production, where the OJTians were divided into two groups for their respective areas
that will rotate after 2 weeks into other areas.
Date and Time
April 7 – 11, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
April 14 – 18, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
April 21 – 25, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Activities
Persons Involved
To clean the surroundings by
The OJT students and Mrs.
group
Evelina Raguindin
By group, cleaning the
The OJT students and Mrs.
surroundings
Evelina Raguindin
By group, cleaning the
The OJT students and Mrs.
surroundings
Evelina Raguindin
Survey at Barangay Labing
April 28 – May 02, 2014
East and West. With Casselyn,
7:30 – 11:30
we go house to house if they
1:00 – 4:00
have fattening, boar, piglets,
swine.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
The OJT students and Mr.
Rogie Remolacio.
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
May 05- 09, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
May 12 - 16, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
May 19 – 23, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Survey at Barangay Sulotsulot, San Juan. We go house
The OJT students and Mr.
to house if they have
Rogie Remolacio.
fattening, boar, piglets, swine.
Survey at Barangay Guimod
Sur and Norte, San Juan. We
The OJT students and Mr.
go house to house if they have
Rogie Remolacio.
fattening, boar, piglets, swine.
Survey at Barangay Sinabaan,
Bantay. We go house to house
The OJT students and Mr.
if they have fattening, boar,
Rogie Remolacio
piglets, swine.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
On The Job Training Report
JOVY S. JUAN
A Report Presented to the Faculty of the
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Provincial Institute of Agriculture
Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
For the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
April 2014
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
APPROVAL SHEET
This experiential report entitled "On The Job Training at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic
State College", prepared and submitted by Joy S. Juan in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the practicum of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, has been examined
and passed by:
Evelina D. Raguindin, MSA
Alicia G. Ellorin, DVM, MS
Adviser Coordinator
Adviser Coordinator
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the practicum of Bachelor
of Science in Agriculture.
FRANCISCO N. DIVINA, MS
CARMELO F. BERIA, MATE
Head, Agriculture Program/Research
Dean, Provincial Institute of Member,
Review Committee
Agriculture Development & Extension
Member, Review Committee
RAFAEL B. QUERUBIN, Ph.D.
SUC President II
Record by:
ERLINA A. VALIDO, MPA
Registrar III
April 2014
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The trainee would like to express his heartfelt gratitude to those who willingly
shared their time and support in the accomplishment of the practicum, particularly to:
Prof. Evelina D. Raguindin and Dr. Alicia G. Ellorin, advisers, for their
professional guidance, sharing their time, effort and patience in supervision and assisting
the trainees in the preparation of the requirements needed before their deployment to
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College;
Dr, Carmelo F. Beria, for his patience in coordinating with the Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College for the conduct of the training;
Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, SUC President II, Executive Dean, for the privision of
support anmd constant encouragement to the trainees in pursuing their on the job
training;
Prof.
Francisco
Divina,
Head,
Agriculture
Program/Research
for
his
encouragemetn and guidance in pursuing this endeavor;
All faculty members of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, for their deep and
constant encouragements which contributed to the success of this training.
She would like also to thank his beloved parents for their love, care,
encouragement, moral, spiritual, and financial support during the OJT;
Her friends who extended voluntary help and assistance during the conduct of this
endeavor; and
The Almighty God, the source of all knowledge and wisdom who provided his
blessings, guidance and strong determination to face all obstacles in pursuing the chosen
career.
Juvy
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture, has
been offering the course Bachelor of Science in Agriculture since the year 1973. This
course is practical and production-oriented. One of the requirements of the course is to
undergo survey by the BSA 1st year students on which they apply the theories,
knowledge and principles they have learned and put into practice and master the skills
they had applied during the on the job training.
The trainee undergoes an on-the-job training in Vigan Poultry on April 28, 2014.
On the job training or OJT is a part of the college curriculum that aims to train and orient
students about the reality of their chosen career.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Juan, Jovy Sotelo is the daughter of Mr. Ronie Dasargo Juan and Mrs. Lilia
Sotelo. She lives in Ag-agrao, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur. She is the eldest among the two
siblings. She was born at Brookside, Pilar, Abra.
She took her elementary education at Ag-agrao Elementary Schoolin 2008 - 2009.
And her high school at Ag-agrao Natinal High School in 2012 - 2013. With her desire to
fufill her dreams, taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture( BSA) at Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Rationale
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture is one of the courses offered at Ilocos Sur
Polytechnic State College, Provincial Institute of Agriculture. Practicum is one of the
requirements to be undergone by the first year students of the degree course BSA. It is
conducted during the summer classes of the first year. The purpose of which is to
integrate theoretical knowledge with planned of a supervised work experiences.
The program provide Bachelor of Science in Agriculture students an exposure to
different practical situation to develop their own ability that ensure success to become
future agriculturists.
The survey activities is, the trained provides higher personnel for agricultural
developments, agricultural research, agricultural extensions needs for upgrading their
skills in agriculture and to other jobs, their wants in their life. Because agriculture is one
of the best partner for the fulfillment of their goals in life. Without agriculture, no
progress will happen in the community.
The purpose of the training is to develop skills and improving the knowledge
gained, quality of work and know how to manage time of trainees and when he/she us
employed, they know how to value their work for referring of what he have learned or
apply the knowledge they had learned. but it is hoped that they will become successful
trainees as they reflect on lesson from treasure chest of wisdom.
Objectives of the training
o To develop knowledge and technical information in agriculture.
o To develop agricultural skills
o To provide the students survey the barangay. We house to house and ask if
they have piglets, fattening, boar and swine.
o To train the OJTians for developmental leaderships.
Definition of Terms
1. Accommodation is the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups. It is an
adjustment to conflict, past, present and incipient (Ogburn & Nimkoff, 1970).
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Likewise, another authority described accommodation as either permanent or
temporary termination of conflict which permits the rival parties.
2. Compromise – is the other form of accommodation where extreme demands are
given up to achieve limited goals. This could be described as either a “loss-loss”or
“win-win”situation.
3. Acculturation – in other words, he/she may adopt the culture and practice of the
society where he/she works but still retains his/her social identity or nationality as
a Filipino.
4. Assimilation – refers to the process of interpretation and fusion in which person
and groups acquire the memories, sentiments and attitude of other persons or
groups and sharing their experiences and history.
5. Differentiation – is a social process of eliminating competition; it is the creation
of interest in individuals or groups needing or wanting different things or services
rather than the same thing (Ritcher, 1987)
6. Conflict of Impersonal Ideals – this is carried on by by individuals or group for a
principles or an ideal not for personal benefit but for the group or society’s well
being.
7. Personal competition – this invites direct and face-toface contact. Individuals or
group may employ varied strategies to excel in their field of specialization to be
superior to others.
8. Conflict – conflict when two goals of equals importance (resources and
opportunities) are scarce. There is need to prioritize social needs. Conflict occurs
when a particular goal is opposing one’s own principle in attaining the desired or
targeted purpose.
9. Competition – a social process, competition may have a ment and dement in
human endeavor. Competition is a form of opposition or struggle to secure reward
or a material object, position, leadership, prestige or power. (Panopio, et.al., 1994)
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Traditional farming (of many particular kinds in different eras and places) was the
original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. Forest
gardening, a tradition food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is
tought to be thw orlld's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.
Artificial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with
superphosphates and then ammonia derived fertilizers mass produced during World War
I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. These early
fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred
in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the
'pesticide era'. But these new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short term,
had serious longer term side effects such as soil compaction, soil erosion, and declines in
overall soil fertility, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food
supply.
Soil biology scientists began in the late 1800s and early 1900s to develop theories
on how new advancements in biological science could be used in agriculture as a way to
remedy these side effects, while still maintaining higher production. In Central
Europe Rudolf Steiner, whose Lectures on Agriculture were published in 1925.
created biodynamic agriculture, an early version of what we now call organic agriculture.
Steiner was motivated by spiritual rather than scientific considerations.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s Sir Albert Howard and his wife Gabrielle
Howard, both accomplished botanists, developed organic agriculture. The Howards were
influenced by their experiences with traditional farming methods in India, biodynamic,
and their formal scientific education. Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the
"father of organic farming", because he was the first to apply scientific knowledge and
principles to these various traditional and more natural methods. In the United States
another founder of organic agriculture was J.I. Rodale. In the 1940s he founded both a
working organic farm for trials and experimentation, The Rodale Institute, and founded
the Rodale Press to teach and advocate organic to the wider public. Further work was
done by Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
There is some controversy on where the term "organic" as it applies to agriculture
first derived. One side claims term 'organic agriculture' was coined by Lord Northbourne,
an agriculturalist influenced by Steiner's biodynamic approach, in 1940. This side claims
the term as meaning the farm should be viewed as a living organism and stems from
Steiner's non scientific anthroposophy. The second claim is that "organic" derives from
the work of early soil scientists that were developing what was then called "humus
farming". Thus in this more scientific view the use of organic matter to improve
the humus content of soils is the basis for the term and this view was popularized by
Howard and Rodale. Since the early 1940s both camps have tended to merge.
Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times
has transformed the originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one.
Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing
world, many producers farm according to traditional methods which are comparable to
organic farming but are not certified and may or may not include the latest scientific
advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have
converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons
Organic farming systems
There
are
several
organic
farming
systems. Biodynamic
farming is
a
comprehensive approach, with its own international governing body. The Do Nothing
Farming method focuses on a minimum of mechanical cultivation and labor for grain
crops. French intensive and biointensive, methods are well-suited to organic principles.
Other examples of techniques are holistic management, permaculture, SRI and no-till
farming (the last two which may be implemented in conventional or organic systems
"An organic farm, properly speaking, is not one that uses certain methods and
substances and avoids others; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the
structure of a natural system that has the integrity, the independence and the benign
dependence of an organism" —Wendell Berry, "The Gift of Good Land"
Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and
modern technology with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring
biological processes. Organic farming methods are studied in the field ofagroecology.
While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural
pesticides and fertilizers. The principal methods of organic farming include crop
rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation.
These
measures
use
the
natural
environment
to
enhance
agricultural
productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural insect predators are
encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural materials such
as potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease and weeds. Hardier
plants are generated through plant breeding rather than genetic engineering.
While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of
carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers
and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and largescale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods
developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more conventional agriculture.
For example, Integrated Pest Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various
organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but in conventional farming could
include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.
Crop diversity
Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of organic farming. Conventional
farming focuses on mass production of one crop in one location, a practice
called monoculture.
The
science
of agroecology has
revealed
the
benefits
of polyculture (multiple crops in the same space), which is often employed in organic
farming. Planting a variety of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial
insects, soil microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health. Crop
diversity helps environments thrive and protect species from going extinct.
Soil management
Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter, using
techniques like green manure and composting, to replace nutrients taken from the soil by
previous crops. This biological process, driven by microorganisms such as mycorrhiza,
allows the natural production of nutrients in the soil throughout the growing season, and
has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed the plant. Organic farming uses a variety
of methods to improve soil fertility, including crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
tillage, and application of compost. By reducing tillage, soil is not inverted and exposed
to air; less carbon is lost to the atmosphere resulting in more soil organic carbon. This has
an added benefit of carbon sequestration which can reduce green house gases and aid in
reversing climate change.
Plants
need nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium,
as
well
as micronutrients and symbiotic relationships with fungi and other organisms to flourish,
but getting enough nitrogen, and particularly synchronization so that plants get enough
nitrogen at the right time (when plants need it most), is a challenge for organic farmers.
Crop
rotation and green
manure ("cover
crops")
help
to
provide
nitrogen
through legumes (more precisely, the Fabaceae family) which fix nitrogen from the
atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobialbacteria. Intercropping, which is sometimes
used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil nutrients, but the competition
between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop
rows is required. Crop residues can beploughed back into the soil, and different plants
leave different amounts of nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. Organic farmers
also use animal manure, certain processed fertilizers such as seed meal and
various mineral powders such as rock phosphateand green sand, a naturally occurring
form
of potash which
provides
potassium.
Together
these
methods
help
to
control erosion. In some cases pH may need to be amended. Natural pH amendments
include lime and sulfur, but in the U.S. some compounds such asiron sulfate, aluminum
sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and soluble boron products are allowed in organic farming.
Mixed farms with both livestock and crops can operate as ley farms, whereby the
land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen-fixing forage grasses such as white
clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fertility is established. Farms
without livestock ("stockless") may find it more difficult to maintain soil fertility, and
may rely more on external inputs such as imported manure as well as grain legumes and
green manures, although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen because they are
harvested. Horticulturalfarms growing fruits and vegetables which operate in protected
conditions are often even more reliant upon external inputs.
Biological research into soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to organic
farming. Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter and animal
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce benefits of healthier yields and
more productive soil for future crops. Fields with less or no manure display significantly
lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe community, providing a healthier, more
arable soil system.
Weed management
Organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed
elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic
farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical tactics to
manage weeds without synthetic herbicides.
Organic standards require rotation of annual crops, meaning that a single crop
cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervening crop. Organic crop
rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life
cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. Research is ongoing to
develop organic methods to promote the growth of natural microorganisms that suppress
the growth or germination of common weeds.
Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed
pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight row
spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination.
Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly
grouped as:
Tillage - Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil
amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting;
turning soil after seeding to kill weeds, including cultivation of row crops;
Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds;
Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill weeds; and
Mulching - Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic films,
or landscape fabric.
Some critics, citing work published in 1997 by David Pimentel of Cornell
University, which described an epidemic of soil erosion worldwide, have raised
concerned that tillage contribute to the erosion epidemic. The FAO and other
organizations have advocated a "no-till" approach to both conventional and organic
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
farming, and point out in particular that crop rotation techniques used in organic farming
are excellent no-till approaches. A study published in 2005 by Pimentel and
colleagues confirmed that "Crop rotations and cover cropping (green manure) typical of
organic agriculture reduce soil erosion, pest problems, and pesticide use." Some naturally
sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use. These include certain formulations
of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), corn gluten meal, and essential oils. A few
selective bioherbicides based on fungal pathogens have also been developed. At this time,
however, organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed
control toolbox.
Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese have been used
successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and
corn, reviving the practice of keeping cotton patch geese, common in the southern U.S.
before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and fish to wet paddy
fields to eat both weeds and insects.
Controlling other organisms
Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms
include arthropods (e.g., insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria.
Organic
practices include, but are not limited to:
encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control pests by serving them nursery
plants and/or an alternative habitat, usually in a form of a shelterbelt, hedgerow,
or beetle bank;
encouraging beneficial microorganisms;
rotating crops to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest
reproduction cycles;
planting companion crops and pest-repelling plants that discourage or divert pests;
using row covers to protect crops during pest migration periods;
using biologic pesticides and herbicides
using no-till farming, and no-till farming techniques as false seedbeds
using sanitation to remove pest habitat;
Using insect traps to monitor and control insect populations.
Using physical barriers, such as row covers
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Examples of predatory beneficial insects include minute pirate bugs, big-eyed
bugs, and to a lesser extent ladybugs (which tend to fly away), all of which eat a wide
range of pests. Lacewings are also effective, but tend to fly away. Praying mantis tend to
move more slowly and eat less heavily. Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their
selected prey, but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind
controls their movement. Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites.
Naturally
include Bacillus
derived insecticides allowed
for
thuringiensis (a
toxin), pyrethrum (a
bacterial
use
on
organic
farms
use
chrysanthemum
extract), spinosad (a bacterial metabolite), neem (a tree extract) and rotenone (a legume
root extract). Fewer than 10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; one
survey found that only 5.3% of vegetable growers in California use rotenone while 1.7%
use pyrethrum.[45]:26 These pesticides are not always more safe or environmentally
friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm. The main criterion for organic
pesticides is that they are naturally derived, and some naturally derived substances have
been controversial. Controversial natural pesticides include rotenone, copper, nicotine
sulfate, and pyrethrums Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because
they work by attacking the nervous system, like most conventional insecticides. Rotenone
is extremely toxic to fish[48] and can induce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease in
mammals. Although pyrethrum (natural pyrethrins) is more effective against insects when
used with piperonyl butoxide (which retards degradation of the pyrethrins), organic
standards generally do not permit use of the latter substance.
Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic farms include the
bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus; and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. Compost tea contains a mix of
beneficial microbes, which may attack or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but
variability among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to inconsistent
results or even dangerous growth of toxic microbes in compost teas.
Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms. These
include nicotine sulfate, arsenic, and strychnine.
Synthetic
pesticides
allowed
for
use
on
organic
farms
include insecticidal
soaps and horticultural oils for insect management; and Bordeaux mixture, copper
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi. Copper sulfate and Bordeaux
mixture (copper sulfate plus lime), approved for organic use in various jurisdictions, can
be more environmentally problematic than some synthetic fungicides dissallowed in
organic farming. Similar concerns apply to copper hydroxide. Repeated application of
copper sulfate or copper hydroxide as a fungicide may eventually result in copper
accumulation to toxic levels in soil, and admonitions to avoid excessive accumulations of
copper in soil appear in various organic standards and elsewhere. Environmental
concerns for several kinds of biota arise at average rates of use of such substances for
some crops. In the European Union, where replacement of copper-based fungicides in
organic agriculture is a policy priority, research is seeking alternatives for organic
production.
Livestock
For livestock like these healthy cows vaccines play an important part in animal
health since antibiotic therapy is prohibited in organic farming
Raising livestock and poultry, for meat, dairy and eggs, is another traditional,
farming activity that complements growing. Organic farms attempt to provide animals
with natural living conditions and feed. While the USDA does not require any animal
welfare requirements be met for a product to be marked as organic, this is a variance from
older organic farming practices.
Organic livestock may be, and must be, treated with medicine when they are sick,
but drugs cannot be used to promote growth, their feed must be organic, and they must be
pastured.
Also, horses and cattle used to be a basic farm feature that provided labor, for
hauling and plowing, fertility, through recycling of manure, and fuel, in the form of food
for farmers and other animals. While today, small growing operations often do not
include livestock, domesticated animals are a desirable part of the organic farming
equation, especially for true sustainability, the ability of a farm to function as a selfrenewing unit.
Genetic modification
A key characteristic of organic farming is the rejection of genetically engineered
plants and animals. On October 19, 1998, participants at IFOAM's 12th Scientific
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Conference issued the Mar del Plata Declaration, where more than 600 delegates from
over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modified
organisms in food production and agriculture.
Although opposition to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming
is strong, agricultural researchers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales
continue to advocate integration of transgenic technologies into organic farming as the
optimal means to sustainable agriculture, particularly in the developing world, as does
author and scientist Pamela Ronald, who views this kind of biotechnology as being
consistent with organic principles.
Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, there is concern that the
pollen from genetically modified crops is increasingly penetrating organic and heirloom
seed stocks, making it difficult, if not impossible, to keep these genomes from entering
the organic food supply. Differing regulations among countries limits the availability of
GMOs to certain countries, as described in the article on regulation of the release of
genetic modified organisms.
Standards
Standards regulate production methods and in some cases final output for organic
agriculture. Standards may be voluntary or legislated. As early as the 1970s private
associations certified organic producers. In the 1980s, governments began to produce
organic production guidelines. In the 1990s, a trend toward legislated standards began,
most notably with the 1991 EU-Eco-regulation developed for European Union, which set
standards for 12 countries, and a 1993 UK program. The EU's program was followed by a
Japanese program in 2001, and in 2002 the U.S. created the National Organic
Program (NOP). As of 2007 over 60 countries regulate organic farming . In 2005 IFOAM
created the Principles of Organic Agriculture, an international guideline for certification
criteria. Typically the agencies accredit certification groups rather than individual farms.
Organic production materials used in and foods are tested independently by the
Organic Materials Review Institute.
Composting
Using manure as a fertiliser risks contaminating food with animal gut bacteria,
including pathogenic strains of E. coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
organic food. To combat this risk, USDA organic standards require that manure must be
sterilized through high temperature thermophilic composting. If raw animal manure is
used, 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the final product comes into
direct contact with the soil. For products which do not come into direct contact with soil,
90 days must pass prior to harvest.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
CHAPTER III
Technical Description of the Agency/Industry/Plant
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College is a public college in the Philippines. It
is mandated to provide professional and technical training both in the undergraduate and
the graduate levels in the fields of economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry,
engineering, education, forest research and conservation, management, finance,
accounting and business administration, public administration and other fields. It is also
mandated to promote scientific and technological researches. Its main campus is located
in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC) was created by virtue of RA
8547 authored by the then Congressman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Sur, Hon. Eric D.
Singson converting the then Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College (ISPC) into a state college.
The charter was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on February 24, 1998. The
then Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College was created by virtue of RA 7960 also authored by
then Congressman Eric D. Singson and signed into law on March 29, 1995. The law
converted the then Ilocos Sur Agricultural College (ISAC) into a polytechnic college
integrating into it seven vocational-technical and general academic secondary schools in
the second district of Ilocos Sur namely: Narvacan School of Fisheries NASOF),
Southern Ilocos Sur School of Fisheries (SISSOF), Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and
Pilot School of Cottage Industries (ISESPSCI), Tagudin General Comprehensive High
School (TGCHS), Cervantes National Agro-Industrial School (CNAIS), Suyo National
High School and Salcedo National High School. After its conversion into a state college,
two of the campuses, Suyo Campus and Salcedo Campus, were reverted to the
Department of Education.
ISPSC is a comprehensive six-campus institution of higher learning mandated to
give professional and technical training both in the undergraduate and graduate levels in
the fields of economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry, engineering, education,
forest research and conservation, management, finance, accounting and business
administration, public administration and other fields as may be relevant, besides
providing for the promotion of scientific and technological researches which the College
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
deems necessary in carrying out its objectives. The main campus is situated in Santa
Maria, Ilocos Sur and the five other campuses are strategically located in Candon City
and the municipalities of Narvacan, Santiago, Tagudin, and Cervantes, in the second
district of Ilocos Sur.
Today, ISPSC offers two accredited graduate programs in the fields of Education
and Agriculture. The college also offers the following accredited undergraduate
programs: Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education, Agriculture, Home Technology
Education, Information Technology, Industrial Technology and Hotel and Restaurant
Management.
The first College Administrator was Mr. Apolonio P. Labuanan, who served as
Officer-in-Charge from February 24, 1998 to July 15, 1999. He served as TechnicalVocational Schools Superintendent of the then ISAC. He laid down the groundwork of
the integration of the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College.
The first President of ISPSC, Dr. Alejandro V. Directo, pursued the “SMILE”
principle which stands for the values sincerity, morality, integrity, loyalty, efficiency and
effectiveness. He began his term as President on July 16, 1999 and was extended for a
second term in 2003. Dr. Directo instituted the campus identity through the designation of
a flagship program for each campus. He initiated the accreditation of degree programs
offered by ISPSC as a means of achieving quality and excellence.
The second President, Dr. Rafael B. Querubin, re-engineered the college to
become more relevant and responsive. His term in January 1, 2008 and championed the
“CHARMED” paradigm, a 7-point development agenda which calls for: Community
Capability Building and Responsive Networking; Human Resources Development and
Character Building; Aggressive Academic Achievement; Resource Generation and Wise
Allocation of Resources; Maximized Use of Resources ad Effective Maintenance
Program; E-Governance and Management; and, Developing Physical Facilities and
Building Structures. He worked out for the development of a Medium Term Development
Plan of the College (2011-2015), and instituted a new set-up for the college. The new
college set-up produced two campus clusters: the North Cluster – consisting of Santa
Maria, Santiago and Narvacan, and the South Cluster – consisting of Tagudin, Candon
City and Cervantes. He emphasized on the cultivation of a research and development
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
culture with the creation of the Office of Vice President for Planning, Research,
Extension and Training. He also aggressively pushed for physical plant development.
The main campus for the North Cluster is the Santa Maria Campus which has
been identified as the Provincial Institute of Agriculture. Santa Maria campus had its
early beginnings as a farm school in 1913, then evolved into the Santa Maria Agricultural
High School. In 1963, SMAHS was converted into the Ilocos Sur Agricultural College by
virtue of RA 3529 authored by Congressman Pablo C. Sanidad. Then in 1995, it was
converted into the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic College which was the precursor of the present
ISPSC. The Narvacan Campus is formerly the Narvacan School of Fisheries which was
established in 1964 by virtue of RA 3476 authored by Cong. Pablo C. Sanidad which was
signed into law in June 16, 1962. When it was integrated into ISPSC, the Narvacan
Campus became the College of Fisheries and Marine Science. Today, it is identified as
the Provincial Institute of Agriculture. The Santiago Campus was formerly known as the
Ilocos Sur Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (ISESPSCI)
which was established by virtue of RA 4430 signed into law on June 19, 1965. It is
situated on a 3.5 hectare area along the national highway in the municipality of Santiago,
Ilocos Sur. When it was integrated into ISPSC, it became the College of Engineering and
Technology. At present, Santiago Campus houses the College of Technology. Tagudin
Campus is the seat of governance in the South Cluster. It was known formerly as the
Tagudin General Comprehensive High School established which started as the Tagudin
High School and became a national high school by virtue of RA 4447 which was signed
into law in June 19, 1965. After its integration into ISPSC, it became the College of Arts
and Sciences. Today it houses the College of Teacher Education, the College of Business
and Hospitality Management, the College of Arts and Sciences, and the College of
Information Technology. Candon City Campus was formerly the Southern Ilocos Sur
School of Fisheries (SISSOF) which evolved from a fishery demonstration farm (Ilocos
Sur Marine Demonstration Farm). It is located in the coastal barangay of Darapidap,
Candon City. With its integration into the ISPSC, it became the College of Commercial
and Social Services. At present Candon City Campus houses the College of Business and
Hospitality Management. Cervantes Campus was formerly the Cervantes National AgroIndustrial School (CNAIS) which evolved from the Cervantes National School of Arts
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
and Trades established by virtue of RA 4424 signed into law in June 19, 1965. It is
located in a scenic upland municipality which is also a gateway to the Cordillera
provinces. When it was integrated into ISPSC, it became the College of Agro-Industrial
Technology. Presently, Cervantes Campus offers teacher education, information
technology and hotel and restaurant management courses.
Since the chartering of ISPSC in 1998, much had been accomplished in terms of
academic and technical pursuits, facilities and plant development, research and extension
services, community involvement, administration and governance, linkaging and
networking, faculty and staff development, and student development. Guided by its
vision as “an institution for total human development,” it continues to be a beacon of
hope to the people in the service area and together thread the path towards greater
heights.
Vision
An institution for total human development
Mission
The college shall primarily give professional and technical training in the fields of
economics, agriculture, fishery, trade, home industry, engineering, education, forest
research and conservation, management, finance, accounting and business administration
and other relevant fields for the promotion of scientific and technological researches. It
shall offer undergraduate, graduate and short-term technical courses within its area of
specialization (RA 8547 Sec, 3)
Goals
To produce competent professionals in agriculture-related fields equipped with
technical know-how and scientific expertise towards effective and efficient management
of resources and environmental conservation for sustainable development.
Philosophy
The Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College adheres to the fulfillment of improving
the quality of life of the people through the generation and promotion of sustainable and
environment-friendly technology, development of cognitive and psychomotor skills that
jibe with the requirements of the communities and the industries; inculcation of values
conforming to the ethical standards of society, acceleration of agro-industrial
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
development, ecological balance and productive employment; and commitment to the
principles of unity and autonomy in the operation of the integrated schools.
Objectives
1. to provide appropriate training along agriculture in order to meet the demands for
highly skilled and values- oriented man-power in the service area;
2. to conduct researches to promote quality education and enhanced productivity.
3. to conduct training and outreach programs in various aspect of agriculture directed at
providing technical assistance to rural communities.
4. to develop innovative and critical thinking addressed to technological changes and
caring of the environment; and to inculcate the value of teamwork, integrity, commitment
and dedication for efficient and effective services for community development.
Core Values
Integrity, Sincerity, Perseverance, Self-discipline, Commitment
CHAPTER VI
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Experiential Learning Report
a. Description and Schedule of Activities
The practicum was started last April 28, 2014 at Vigan Poultry. We had two
respective areas like: Bio-N, Grabary, Dragon Fruit, Tissue Culture and Animal
Production, where the OJTians were divided into two groups for their respective areas
that will rotate after 2 weeks into other areas.
Date and Time
April 7 – 11, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
April 14 – 18, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
April 21 – 25, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Activities
Persons Involved
To clean the surroundings by
The OJT students and Mrs.
group
Evelina Raguindin
By group, cleaning the
The OJT students and Mrs.
surroundings
Evelina Raguindin
By group, cleaning the
The OJT students and Mrs.
surroundings
Evelina Raguindin
Survey at Barangay Labing
April 28 – May 02, 2014
East and West. With Casselyn,
7:30 – 11:30
we go house to house if they
1:00 – 4:00
have fattening, boar, piglets,
swine.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
The OJT students and Mr.
Rogie Remolacio.
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
May 05- 09, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
May 12 - 16, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
May 19 – 23, 2014
7:30 – 11:30
1:00 – 4:00
Survey at Barangay Sulotsulot, San Juan. We go house
The OJT students and Mr.
to house if they have
Rogie Remolacio.
fattening, boar, piglets, swine.
Survey at Barangay Guimod
Sur and Norte, San Juan. We
The OJT students and Mr.
go house to house if they have
Rogie Remolacio.
fattening, boar, piglets, swine.
Survey at Barangay Sinabaan,
Bantay. We go house to house
The OJT students and Mr.
if they have fattening, boar,
Rogie Remolacio
piglets, swine.
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture