Executive Summary of the quick assessment paper:
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Component 1: Land use, forest policy and governance quick assessment
1. 1. Executive Summary of the quick assessment paper:
Recognizing t he unique role of f orest in climat e st abil izat ion and as live support syst em, and considering problem in def orest at ion and f orest degradat ion, Indonesia has put f ive priorit y
policies since 2000 as ment ioned in earlier sect ion, t o improve t he management of f orest resources and halt f urt her f orest decline.
According t o t he UNFCCC Decision 11 CP. 7, def init ion of def orest at ion is t he direct , human- induced conversion of f orest ed land t o non-f orest ed land. Ef f ect ively t his def init ion means a
reduct ion in crown cover f rom above t he t hreshold f or f orest def init ion t o bel ow t his t hreshold. Whereas degradat ion is def ined as a direct , human-induced, long-t erm loss
persist ing f or X years or more or at least Y of f orest carbon st ocks [ and f orest values] since t ime T and not qualif ying as def orest at ion. Degradat ion would represent a measurable,
sust ained, human-induced decrease in carbon st ocks, wit h measured t ree cover remaining above t he minimum required t o be considered f orest . Furt hermore, it should be enlight en
bet ween gross and net def orest at ion. Gross emissions assume removal of t rees and most of t he biomass and t hat al l carbon is emit t ed. It does not include any reduct ions f or t he carbon
sequest ered in t he veget at ion of t he replacing land use. However, net emissions assume removal of t rees and most of t he biomass and t hat al l st ored carbon is emit t ed, but all ows f or
count ing t he carbon st ocks on t he area def orest ed as t hey are replaced. Where an area of nat ural f orest is removed f or t he purposes of creat ing a plant at ion it may seem at t ract ive t o
consider applying t he concept of net def orest at ion because it is assumed t hat t he level of emissions will be lower because of subsequent carbon sequest rat ion as t he pl ant at ion grows.
Though gross emissions are higher t han net emissions and result in a higher REL, MoF concern on reducing gross emissions in order t o comply wit h IPCC Guidelines,
In t he case of Indonesia, def orest at ion can be cat egorized as pl anned and unplanned def orest at ion. Forest area under t he cat egory of ‘ convert ible f orest ’ and f orest ed non-f orest
land Id. Ar eal Penggunaan Lai n AOL are allowed t o be convert ed t o ot her land uses, and so, def orest at ion in t hese area is under t he cat egory of ‘ planned def orest at ion’ . Planned
def orest at ion as well as pl anned f orest losses most ly as a result of t he rapidl y growing of f orest pl ant at ion and pul p and paper indust ry. Since t he availabilit y of t imber f rom nat ural f orest s is
decl ining, pulp and pl ywood producers and f urnit ure manuf act ures are increasingly t urning t o f ast growing t ree species, grown in plant at ions, as a source of raw mat erial. The st rat egic
policy t o reduce planned def orest at ion is by allocat ing t he degraded and uncommercially unproduct ive land f or int ensive plant at ion silvicult ure. Oil palm plant at ion also cont ribut e t o
t he planned f orest loss in Indonesia. Implement at ion of spat ial planning ef f ect ively, including law enf orcement on t hat , is one of t he ef f ort t o reduce f orest conversion int o oil palm
pl ant at ion. Furt hermore, t o avoid unplanned f orest losses, MoF has opposed f urt her conversion of convert ibl e product ion f orest f or plant at ion crops, over and above t he agreed areas under
t he Padu Ser asi . There have been some ef f ort s t o reconst ruct Padu Ser asi agreement at a scale t hat is consist ent wit h local government spat ial pl anning, t hereby it would be a harmony
bet ween t he f unct ional land use zoning t hat is required under local government spat ial planning and t he f unct ional land planning and management of f orest areas wit hin t he f orest
land.
Unpl anned f orest losses can result f rom f orest f ires, f orest encroachment , unsust ainable levels of logging f rom legally permit t ed f orest concessions, and ill egal logging at small and
large scales. As Indonesia‘ s populat ion cont inues t o grow t hrough t he current long t erm pl an proj ect ions t owards 275 million, t here is also going t o be cont inuing pressure f or land ref orm
and reall ocat ion of f orest est at e t o support t he growing numbers of people. The f orest dependent peopl e give high pressure int o f orest land since t here is limit ed source of t heir
livelihood. They have very low income t hereby t hey depend much on f orest product s as t heir
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main source of livelihood. Schemes t o improve livelihoods of f orest -dependent people while reducing pressures on t he f orest have f ailed in t he past in part because t hey operat e t oo close
t o t he f orest edge and serve more as magnet s t hat at t ract and keep people close t o or inside t he f orest rat her t han pulling t hem away t owards less f orest -dependent livelihood opt ions. This
can be overcome by addressing t he problem on a larger scale. Povert y alleviat ion f unds t hat draw people away f rom, rat her t han int o, f orest s—such as t hrough agricult ural int ensif icat ion
in areas of good product ivit y and adequat e inf rast ruct ure f ar f rom t he f orest f ront ier—have proven ef f ect ive. Inst rument s t hat may be applied include disbursement t hrough proj ect s, or
block payment s t o local government s implement ing t he programs such as REDD. In addit ion t o unplanned f orest losses, t he largest l engt h of t he boundaries of t he product ion
f orest s and t he prot ect ed areas are more dif f icult t o cont rol and are t heref ore open t o unplanned encroachment f rom communit ies of local people or ot her commercial f orest users,
and subj ect t o small and large scal e illegal logging. The f act ors t hat combine t o allow f or illegal logging and encroachment part icularly in prot ect ed f orest are a lack of enf orcement ,
insuf f icient incent ives f or communit ies and government s f or maint aining prot ect ed areas, and low capacit y of inst it ut ions charged wit h managing t he prot ect ed areas. It also occurred in
product ion f orest . The encroachment are conduct ed by neighbouring communit ies who may or may not be aware of t he boundaries. Over t he last t hree years t he Minist ry of Forest ry has
issued regulat ions t hat creat e f our new avenues f or improved access and right s over f orest resources in order t o overcome t he root cause of unpl anned f orest losses. These regulat ions
embraces Collaborat ive Management in Prot ect ed Areas MoF decree No 19 2004, Communit y Forest s Government Regulat ion 6 2007, Communit y Forest Plant at ions Government
Regulat ion 6 2007, and Cust omary Forest s Government Regulat ion 6 2007. The f ive priorit y policies have been t ranslat ed int o long, medium and short t erm planning.
Nat ional long-t erm planning RPJN and t he nat ional 5 year plan are t he guidance f or t he f orest ry sect or planning. The f ollowi ng t ime scale pl anning have been in pl ace, namely,
Forest ry Long Term Development Plan, Road Map f or t he Revit alizat ion of Forest Indust ry, Five Year Forest ry Plan. Annual budget all ocat ion is based on t hese plans, however, because
of t he magnit ude of t he challenges which need t o be t ackled, t he availabl e domest ic f unds of t en f ar f rom adequat e. Market f ail ure f or f orest product s and services e. g. market of illegal
f orest product s, A R CDM has al so added t he challenges in pract icing SFM principles which can event ually cont ribut e posit ively t owards climat e change mit igat ion.
A number of regulat ions already exist s which can cont ribut e t o creat ing enabling condit ions f or climat e mit igat ion act ions, t hrough reducing emissions f rom def orest at ion and f orest
degradat ion, sust ainable f orest management , f orest conservat ion, and t hrough enhancement of carbon st ocks f rom f orest rest orat ion, af f orest at ion and ref orest at ion, if t hey are successf ully
implement ed. To provide illust rat ion of t he regul at ion exist s, t here are new spat ial planning legislat ion in Act 26 2007 which requires local government t o progressively revise t heir spat ial
pl ans and government regulat ion PP 6 2007 and it s revision PP 3 2008 which provides a f ramework f or licensing t he use of f orest land f or a range of environment al services as well as
t imber product s. PP 6 and PP 3 also accommodat e a great er range of communit y int erest t hrough licenses f or Communit y Plant at ion Forest HTR, Communit y Forest HKM, and
Cust omary Forest Hut an Adat . The f orest ry law, Act 41 1999 int roduced a broader range of concept s of f orest resources use t han had previously exist ed.
Along wit h t he implement at ion of t he f ive priorit y policies, f orest lost has decreased signif icant ly. Based on t he Minist ry of Forest ry dat a, f orest lost has decreased f rom 1. 7 million
ha per year bet ween 1985 – 1997 and t he highest f orest lost of 2. 8 million ha per year during 1997-2000, t o 1. 2 million ha per year during 2000-2005.
The necessary condit ion t o enable sust ainable f orest management , including t he f ormulat ion and implement at ion of f orest policies and pract ices is good governance. Recognizing t he need
f or a mult i sect or approach t o improving governance, t he GoI has made t he f ight against corrupt ion in all sect ors a t op priorit y, as demonst rat ed by t he work of t he Independent Ant i
Corrupt ion Commission KPK and t he Special Ant i Corrupt ion Court . GoI also has a law against money l aundering UU 25 2003 which allows t he proceeds of illegal logging t o be invest igat ed
and used in prosecut ion. The st at e Minist ry f or Administ rat ive Ref orms announced a goal t o
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appl y a nat ionwide syst em of good governance at t he l ocal government level by 2008. To address t he t ransparency and account abilit y considered in good f orest governance, Direct orat e
General of Forest Planning, MoF has built t he new Forest Monit oring and assessment syst em FOMAS FRIS NCAS using new remot e sensing t echnologies. Ot her init iat ive t hat aimed t o
st rengt hen communit y access t o cust omary land is designat ion such as “ village f orest ” , “ communit y f orest ” and HTR. These designat ions promot e an int erest ed management
presence on land t hat has become de f act o open access where communit ies have not had t he legal aut horit y or means t o prevent out siders ent ering t he f orest . Since 2005, GoI has been
undert aking a comprehensive program t o curb illegal logging under t he umbrella of t he Forest Law Enf orcement Nat ional St rat egy FLENS. In addit ion, President ial Inst ruct ion INPRES
4 2005 direct s 18 government bodies as well as local government of f icials t o cooperat e in act ion t o eradicat e illegal l ogging.
There are several act ion pl ans t hat MoF commit t ed t o undert ake f or improving good f orest governance in Indonesia as f ollow : 1 Buil ding Conf idence and Readiness by implement ing t he
Minist ry of Forest ry‘ s disclosure policy and invit e public review of t he maps and inf ormat ion prepared by t he FOMAS proj ect and advanced t o FRIS and NCAS, act ivat ing t he nat ional case-
t racking syst em wit hin t he Minist ry of Forest ry in coordinat ion wit h police and prosecut ors, launching a high-level, int er-agency st r i ke f or ce under President ial aut horit y t o invest igat e and
prosecut e t op ringleaders and f inanciers of illegal logging and associat ed crimes, 2 St rengt hening Account abilit y by requiring disclosure and divest it ure by cabinet members of
f orest -relat ed f inancial holdings and ot her business int erest s t o reduce t he pot ent ial f or polit ical int erf erence and conf lict -of -int erest , eliminat ing t he use of f orest ry revenues as a
source of f unding f or polit ical part ies, making corporat e and local government eligibilit y t o part icipat e in REDD condit ional on meet ing specif ic st andards and indicat ors of good
governance, considering a public declarat ion of principles and pract ices t hat polit icians, polit ical part ies, and business associat ions should commit t o in support of good f orest
governance and achievement of REDD obj ect ives, seeking compliance t hrough incent ives and enf orcement wit h policies and regulat ions requiring f orest concession holders t o impl ement
pl ans which reduce t imber t hef t and environment al damage f rom f ire and logging pract ices, 3 Saf eguarding REDD Payment s and Market s by considering adopt ing nat ional f inancial sect or
regulat ions requiring enhanced due diligence procedures f or Polit ically Exposed Persons PEPs t o curt ail t he f inancial act ivit ies of PEPs involved in f orest -rel at ed corrupt ion and crime,
enhancing cooperat ion wit h Indonesia‘ s maj or int ernat ional part ners in f orest t rade and invest ment t o st rengt hen FLEG ref orms, t ackling j udicial ref orm and ant i-corrupt ion ef f ort s in
t he j ust ice syst em t hrough case-t racking and public scrut iny, consumer act ion, and inst it ut ional capacit y-building
As not ed earlier t here are also underlying issues of inst it ut ional inf rast ruct ure and human resources capacit y, which need t o be improved t o ensure t hat posit ive out comes can be
achieved. Furt hermore, government ef f ort s in enhancing commercial plant at ion in degraded f orest land and ot her programmes t o improve f orest cover have not been able t o balance t he
rat e of f orest loses. And so, prot ect ing t he remaining f orest is urgent ly needed, f acilit at ed by policy int ervent ion which enable Indonesia t o reduce emissions f rom f orest losses and achieve
her development obj ect ives. Hence, REDD Indonesia need t o be designed t o support t hese t wo f old obj ect ives.
1. 2. Partners and organizations involved
The paper was writ t en by t he Minist ry of Forest ry t eam see General Inf ormat ion. Dat a f rom various sources are used, including t he Minist ry of Forest ry and relat ed inst it ut ions, out put s of
REDD Indonesia st udies in 2007 conduct ed under t he umbrel l a of Indonesia Forest Cl imat e Alliance IFCA and ot her sources. At t his st age, dat a and inf ormat ion gat hering most ly rely on
relevant document s and st udy report s wit h a number of f ocus group discussions and workshops. Even t hough t his R-Plan was prepared by t he MoF t eam onl y , t here have been ext ensive
st akeholders processes on REDD t hroughout t he count ry f or t he past t wo years where t he t eam members act ively part icipat ed.
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