In collectin g the data , the r e a re som e st eps s hould be do ne, they ar e:
• Collecting all relevant information from the library • Writing down the information related to the data that
analy ze d, lik e n ame o f the a utho r, ye a r o f th e boo k, tit le o f the b oo k, and p rinted b ook .
• Reading them and trying to understand the problems.
2. 3. T ec hnique of A nal yzi ng D ata
In this a naly sis , the write r do es s ome steps in o rd er to make this an alysi s sy stematic an d ea sier . Th ey ar e :
• Reading Hello Magazine • Searching meaning of slang language in slang dictionary
• Studying the slang words in Hello Magazine • Making a conclusion of the analysis.
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CHAPTER III
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SLANG
3. 1. D efi nition of Sl ang
Slang i s c ru cial p art of a y oun g p er so n ’s comin g o f a ge one of d ete ctable sig ns of th eir br ea king aw ay fr om thei r p ar ents an d
their pa re nts valu e. It is a c he ap se co n d lan gu age that exp r es se s the di ff er en ce s b etwee n a yo ung pe r so n who is a bo ut to e nter
adult h oo d fr om hi s o r pa re nt’ s g en er ation. Slang is a ctually n ot a langu ag e or a dia lect at all, howev er
it is mor e a co de in whic h o ne va guel y relate d o r un relat ed w or d or ph ra se is su bstituted f or a mo re com mon one .
The wo rd s that ar e r epla ce d in slan g ar e the most comm on one s: go od c he rr y, b os s, p hat, da b omb , b ad i ck y, y uc ky,
janket y , c ra zy nut s, b ana na s, c ra ck er s , bon ke rs , sma rt br ainy , salv vy, sha rp , fa st s cr eam , tea r out, fly, like gr ea se d lightning ,
slow d ra ggin g, pok y, c rawling , cr eepi n g.
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Slang d oe s f av or v ario us gr ammatic al mean s of fo rming new w or ds . Cl ip ping i s one o f th em, rem oving s yllable s f ro m
wor d, like tea ch f or tea ch er s o r ph ys From a bout 18 50, sla ng ga s be en th e ac c epted te rm fo r
“illegitimate” colloq uial spe ec h, sla ng i s mu ch r athe r a s po ke n that a lite ra ry lan gua ge , it o riginat es, n e arly alwa ys , in sp ee ch.
ed fo r p hy sical ed uc ation.
Slang is ea sy en oug h to u se, but ve ry ha rd to write ab out with the f acile co nvicin gn es s th at a su b ject ap pa re ntly s o simple
would, at fi rst sig h, s eem to dem and . But the simplest thing s a r e the ha rd est to de fin e, c ertainl y the ha r dest to dis cu s s, f or it is
usu ally at fi rst sight o nly that th eir sim plicity is what strik es o ne the mo st fo rcibly . An d slan g, aft er al l, is a p eculia r kind o f
vag ab ond la ngu ag e, alwa ys h angi ng on the outski rts legitimat e spe ec h, b ut continu ally str ayin g or fo rc ing its way into the mo st
re sp ecta ble comp an y. Lang ua ge in g en er ally an d e ve ry ki nd o f lan gua ge b e lon gs
to ev er yo ne w ho wi she s to u se it. Slan g, b eing t he quinte s sen ce of colloq uial s pe ech , mu st be r elated t o co nv enie nc e r athe r th at
scie ntific low s, g ramm atical rule s and p hiloso phic al ide als. Wh en sla ng b e f amiliar s pe ec h g ene rally , an d the
dep artm ent o f th e v oc abul ar y in w hic h Britis h a nd Am eri ca n
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diff e ren ce s a re natu rally g r eate r tha n an ywhe re els e, just as th e y ar e g re ate r in the c olloqui al lan gu ag e g en er ally th an i n th e
literar y. Cana da als o ha s exte nsiv e a nd pi ctur es que obje ctive slan g ,
but that native is 8 0 pe rc ent Ame rica n, with the remain de r r athe r mor e Engli sh tha n n ative Ca na dian . It is linguistic ally un fai r to
con dem n it for b eing so muc h ind ebte d to its nea r an d “ pu shi ng” neigh bo ur .
Austr alian sp ee ch an d w riting h av e, fr o m the o uts et, ten de d to be un co nv ention al. T he un con ve ntion ality is ling uistic.
The tr uth is th at Sout h Af rica sla ng , as distinct f r om indisp en sa ble Af rica nd eri sms , is not intrinsic ally so vivid ,
humo ro us , witty, o r divinely e arth y a s Cana dian a nd A ust ralian slan g, no r i s it n ea rly so e xten sive , no r ha s it, ex ce pt d urin g th e
Boe r War , su cc ee de d in impo sing itsel f upo n Engli sh sl ang , muc h less up on sta nd ar d E nglis h.
New Zeal and is like S outh A fri ca in th at its populatio n is too sm all to h av e mu ch i nflu en ce s th e lang ua ge of t he m othe r
cou ntry wh ethe r in sta nd ar d o r i n u nc on ventio nal E nglis h.
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Slang is som etimes re gion al, in that it is u se d o nly in a pa rticula r ter ritor y, su ch a s Calif or nia, but slan g term s ofte n ar e
pa rticula r to a ce rtain su bc ultur e , su ch as m usici an s. Neve rth eles s, slan g exp r es sion s ca n sp r ead o utsid e their o rigin al
ar ea s to be com e commo nly us ed, like “co ol” an d “jiv e”. While some w or ds e ve ntually los e thei r statu s as sla ng , othe rs contin u e
to be co nsid er ed as s uc h by mo st s pea ke rs. Whe n sla ng sp r ead s bey ond the gr oup o r s ubc ultur e that orig inally u se s it, its o rigina l
use r s o fte n re plac e it with ot he r, l es s- re co gniz ed t erm s to maintain g ro up id entity. On e u se o f sl a ng is to ci rc umve nt so cial
taboo s, a s m ain stre am l ang ua ge ten ds to s hy aw ay f rom e vo kin g ce rtain re alities. Fo r thi s rea so n, slan g v oc abul arie s a re
pa rticula rly rich in ce rtain d omain s, suc h as viole nc e, c rime , dru gs , an d se x. Altern atively , slan g can gr ow out o f mor e
familiarity with the thing s de sc rib ed. Even within a single la ngu ag e comm u nity, slan g tend s to
va ry wid ely a cr o ss so cial, et hnic , e c onomic , a nd geo g rap hic strat a. Sla ng ma y fall into dis us e ov er time; sometime s, h owe ve r ,
it grows mo re a nd mo re comm on u ntil it become s the domin an t way o f sayi ng s omethin g, at which time it usually com es to b e
re ga rde d a s main str eam, ac cept able la ngu ag e e .g. th e S pani s h
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wor d ca ballo , altho ug h in the c as e o f tabo o wo rd s the re ma y be no e xp re ssio n that is con sid er ed ma instr eam o r a cc epta ble .
Nume rou s sla ng term s pa s s into info r mal mainstr eam s pe ech , and s ometime s into fo rmal s pe ech , thoug h this may inv olve a
cha ng e in m ea ning o r u sa ge. Slang v er y o fte n inv olve s t he cr eatio n of n ovel m ea ning s
fo r existin g wo rd s. It is comm on fo r su ch no vel m ea ning s to dive rg e sig nific antly f rom th e st and ar d mea ning. Thu s, “co ol ”
and “ hot” ca n both mea n “v er y g oo d”, “imp re ssiv e” , o r “g oo d- lookin g”.
Durin g the 1 990 s, a nd into th e ea rly 21
s t
c entu ry, howe ve r, Leet be cam e inc re asin gly mo re c omm onpla ce o n the Inte rn et,
and it h as s pr ea d out side I nter net -ba s ed commu nicatio n a nd int o spo ke n la ng uag es . Oth e r ty pe s o f sla n g incl ude S M S la ngu ag e
use d o n mo bile p ho ne s, a nd “c hat sp eak ,” e .g. , “L OL”, a n ac ron ym me anin g “la ug hing out lou d ” o r “la ug h out lo ud ” ,
which i s wid ely us ed in inst ant m es sa ging on th e Inte rn et. Some lingui sts m ak e a di stinction betwe en sla ngism s
sla ng wo rd s a nd colloq uialism s. Acc or ding to G hil’a d Zuck e rman n, “ slan g r ef er s to info rm al an d oft en tra nsi ent
lexical items u se d by a s pe cific s o cial gro up , fo r insta nc e
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teen age r s, soldie r s, pri son e rs an d thie v es. Sla ng i s n ot the sam e as colloq uial s pe ech , whic h is in f orm a l, rel axe d spe ec h u se d o n
occ asi on by any sp eak er; this mig ht include cont ra ction s uc h as ‘yo u ’r e’ , a s w ell a s c olloqui alisms .
A colloq uialism i s a lexi cal item us ed in inf orm al s pe ech; whilst the br oa de st se ns e o f the te r m ‘collo quialism ’ might
includ e slan gism, its n ar row s en se d oe s not. Slangi sms a re o fte n use d in c olloqui al sp ee ch b ut not all colloquiali sms ar e
slan gism s. O ne m etho d o f disting uishi n g betw ee n a sla ngism a nd a colloq uialism is to a sk wh ethe r mo st native spe ak er s kn ow the
wor d and u se it; if th ey do, it is a c olloquialism . How eve r, t h e pro blem is th at thi s is n ot a dis c rete, qu antiz ed sy stem but a
contin uum. Althou gh t he m ajority o f slan gism s a re ep hem er al and o fte n su ppla nted b y ne w on es , some gain n on -sl ang
colloq uial statu s e. g. En glish silly – cf . Germ an selig ‘ ble ss ed ’ , Middle High Ge rma n sæl de ‘ bliss , lu ck ’ an d Zeld a, a Jewis h
fem ale fir st n ame a nd ev en f orm al st atu s e. q. Englis h m ob ”. The u se o f slan g m ean s r eco gnizi ng m embe r s o f the s am e
gro up , a nd t o di ff er entiate that gr ou p, an d to dif fe re ntiate th at gro up f rom s ociet y at l ar ge. In ad dition to this, sla ng c an be u sed
and cr eate d pu r ely f or humo r ou s or e xpr e ssiv e e ff ect. In thi s
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ca se, ma ny o f lingui st say a bo ut slan g in their ow n con ce pt, they ar e:
Acco rdi ng B r aya n A. Ga rn er : Sla ng i s : A noto riou sly difficult term s to defi ne, ha s p otentially fo r
cha ra cte ristic : 1. It is m ar ke dly lo we r in dignity than st an dar d englis h.
2. It is mor e les s tabo o in the dis co ur se of thos e with high stat us or high de gr ee of re sp on sibility, a nd
3. It is dis plac es a co nve ntion al tem or f rom th e an noy an ce of fully elab or ated .
Acco rdi ng R ob ert L. C ha pma n : Sla ng is , The b ody o f wo rd s an d ex pr es sion s fre qu ently u sed b y o r
intelligible to a rathe r lar ge p ortio n of the g en er al Americ an public, b ut not ac ce pted a s g oo d, fo rmal us ag e b y th e maj ority.
Acco rdi ng S. I. H ay aka wa, lan gua ge in A ction Slang is po etry o f e ve ry da y lif e.
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Acco rdi ng G eo rg e Eliot, Middlem ar ch, 18 71 : sla ng i s, I sh all invent a n ew game : I sh all write bits of slan g an d poet on slip s
and giv e them to you s ep ar ate.
Acco rdi ng D avid Cr ystal , Th e C amb ridge En cycl ope dia of t h e Englis h L ang ua ge, sla ng is : thi s sc h olar y sou rc e pr ovid ed a
limited amou nt o f inf o rmation r ega rdi ng slan g. It is a hel pf ul sou r ce in st udyi ng s uc h a spe ct o f the englis h lang ua ge a s th e
histo ry of t he la ng ua ge. En glish vo ca bula ry, en glish g ramm ar, and u se s o f engli sh, it also c ontain s a h elp full gl os sa ry o f
terminol ogy a nd re fe r enc e listing .
Acco rdi ng F. G en ung , Outlin es o f P heto ric : Slang i s to pe ople ’s la ng uag e that a n ep idemic dis ea se is to th ei r
bodily c on stitution; just a s catc hing an d just a s inevita ble in it’s run like a dis ea se, too it is se ve re st w he re s anita ry co ndition s a r e
most n eglet ed, w he re the re i s le ast cultu re and tho ugh t o cou nte ract.
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Acco rdi ng C a rld S an db rug : Slang i s “lan gu ag e whic h take s o f f its coat. Spits o n its ha nd s –
and go es to w or k”.
Acco rdi ng J ohn Alge o, U nive r sity o f G eo rgia pr o fe ss or: Slang is, Sla ng i s h uma nity’ s fir st pla y t oy.
3. 2. Kinds of Slang
