8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Error Analysis
In the process of learning foreign language, students will find many new language characteristics must be learnt that are different from their mother tongue
or first language. Learning mother tongue is not influenced by other language. On the other hand, learning English as a second language will face an influence by his
mother tongue as the first language. It causes someone do some errors and mistakes in his learning process. So that, it is impossible that learner never makes
some errors and mistakes in the process of learning. In fact, it becomes a common thing in English learning process as a second language. H. Douglas Brown stated
in his book “Second language learning is a process that is clearly not unlike first language learning in its trial and error nature. Inevitably learners will make
mistakes in process of acquisition, and that process will be impeded if they do not commit errors and then benefit from various forms of feedback on those errors
”.
1
In other words, it is natural that the learners do some errors in their second language learning process. Errors in this case, will help students in acquiring the
material and they will learn more from their own writing.
1
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 4
th
Ed New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc, 2000, p. 217
Actually, the learne rs‟ errors do not always give feedback for themselves
only. From the result of the test that the learner s‟ have produced is an evidence
for the teacher or researcher to know and analyze whether the learners‟ have acquire the material or not. According to
Cordeer “A learners‟ errors…are significant in that they provide to researcher evidence of how language is
learned or acquired, what strategies of procedure the learner is employing in the discovery of the language
”.
2
I n learners‟ errors, the teacher will also know which
part of the subject matter that most students make errors and most students do not. To know more why the students make error, we need the study that
concerned with it. According to Douglas Brown, “The study of learners‟ errors called error analysis.
3
Rod Ellis stated, “The use of error analysis EA as a tool
for investigating how learners acquire a second language L2.
4
Corder also stated in Brown‟s book that the investigation of error can be at the same time either diagnostic or prognostic. It is diagnostic because it can
tell use the learners‟ state of the language at a given point during the learning process and prognostic because it can tell course organizer to reorient language
learning material on the basis of the learners‟ current problem.
5
Based on the statement above, the writer concludes that error analysis is the process of analyzing learners‟ second language learning which has function to
investigate the language learning process.
1. The Understanding of Error
Learning the foreign language is a process which involves an error. Many factors can affect the error. One of them may because of each
2
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 4
th
ed, New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc, 2000, p. 164
3
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 3
rd
ed, New York: Prentice Hall Inc., 1994, p. 206
4
Rod Ellis, The Study of Second Language Acquisition, 2
nd
ed, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 45
5
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 3
rd
ed, New York: Prentice Hall Inc., 1994, p. 215
language have different pattern that is why, the students who learn English may produce many errors in English grammatical.
Ellis in Hudelson stated, “Errors are a natural and essential part of second language acquisition”.
6
It means that when learning a second language essentially can do errors. It happens naturally because second
language learners are actively engaged in figuring out rules for the language they are learning.
Peter Hubbard states “All incorrect forms produced by the student called error. Errors caused by lack of knowledge about the target language
English or by incorrect hypothesis about it.
7
Jeremy Harmer said that the errors are part of the learner inter language that is the version of the
language which a learner has at any one stage of development and which is continually reshaped as heshe aims toward full mastery.
8
According to the statements above, the writer concludes that error is a part of learning process and it is caused by lack of comprehending the
linguistic competence.
2. The Cause of Error
Error occurs for many reasons. One of the strategies to prevent the learners from making same error again is by looking at the causes of error
itself. Hubbard mentioned that the causes of errors by slightly different
names as follow
:
9
a Mother tongue interference Although young children appear to be able to learn foreign
language quite easily and to reproduce new sounds very effectively, older learners experience considerable difficulty. The sound system
6
Sarah Hudelson, Write on Children Writing in ESL. New Jersey: CAL, 1989, p. 3
7
Peter Hubbard et, al. A Training Course for TEFL, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 134
8
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching, Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 34
9
Peter Hubbard et, al. A Training Course for TEFL, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 140-142
Kategori