Function of Adverb The errors of using adverb of time

c. Explanatory Adverbs.These adverbs illustrate or enumerate, example: namely d. Relative Adverbs, for example: when, where, why, how. 1. Relative adverbs. These adverbs introduce adjective clauses, for example: We visited the house where a famous poet once lived. 2. Interrogative adverbs In questions-, for example: When will he arrive? and in noun clauses derived from questions, for example: I asked when he would arrive. e. Exclamatory adverbs. For example: How beautifully she dresses

2.2.3 Function of Adverb

An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, adverb or an entire sentence. 1. Adverb as modifier of a verb Sentence: The boy threw the ball quickly. Adverbs of manner modify the verb most directly. Adverbs of place and time also be considered as modifying the verb, although some grammarians consider these as modifying the entire sentence. Sentence: The boy quickly threw the ball there twice yesterday. 2. Adverb as modifier intensifier of an adjective or an adverb Intensifying adverbs of degree modify adjectives or adverbs in the same way as very in this sentence. The very small boy threw the ball very quickly. 3. Adverb as modifier of an entire sentence. Sentence: Fortunately, the boy threw the ball quickly. Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2.4 Position of Adverb

Some types of adverbs may occupy all three possible adverbial positions, others only one or two of these positions. The following chart summarizes the positions for the different types of adverbs. Types of Adverb Most Usual Position Other Possible Position Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time a. definite time b. indefinite time 1. adverbs like soon, recently 2. adverbs of sequence  final position: The army advanced toward the enemy slowly.  final position: It’s cold outside.  final position: The bus arrives today.  mid-position: We soon found our mistakes.  initial position: Next, we take the use of adverbs.  mid-position: She quickly left the room.  initial position: Quickly, he took out his gun.  initial position: Here comes the train.  initial position: Today we submit the report.  initial position: Soon we found our mistake.  final position: We found our mistake soon.  mid-position: We next take up the use of verb.  final position: We take the use of verbs next. Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. adverbs of frequency Intensifying adverbs a. adverbs of degree b. distinguishing adverbs Sentence adverbs Conjunctive adverbs  mid-position; They often have trouble with their television set.  position preceding the word being intensified: The weather is very hot this summer.  position preceding the word or structure being emphasized: Only Mary passed in Greek.  initial position: Obviously they will not finish on time.  initial position: I have problem. Therefore I must tell John.  initial position: Often they have trouble with their television set.  final position: They have trouble with their parents often.  final position: They win the competition completely.  distinguishing adverbs may follow nouns or pronouns: Mary passed in Greek only.  mid-position: They obviously finish on time.  final position: They will not invite you, obviously.  final position only if the sentence is short: He quit his job. He needs to look for work therefore. Universitas Sumatera Utara Notes: When two or more types of adverbs appear in the same sentence, they follow the order of place, manner, time. For example: He walks along the street quietly today.

2.3 Review of the Previous Study

Maretta Suderia 2007 in her thesis: “The Errors of Using Auxiliary Verbs of Senior High School Students: A Study Case of Letters of Second Year Students of SMU 13 Medan”, analyzes the data by using qualitative method. The result of her research is the most kind of error that made by the students of SMUN 13 Medan is the error of ‘omission’ with nominal 41, 40. It means that most of the students omit or do not use the auxiliary verbs in their sentences while the sentences need the auxiliary verbs. Isa 1996 in his thesis: “Some Mayor Errors in Using Tenses: A Case of the Third Year Students in SMU 1”, analyzes the data by using field and library research. The result of his research is the mayor errors that made by students while they use Simple Present Tense.” Rod Ellis 1997:17 says that errors reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge; they occur because the learner does not know what is correct. Rod Ellis 1985:297 says that errors analysis is a procedure use by both researches and teachers. It involves collecting samples of learner language, identifying the errors in sample, describing these errors, classifying them according to their hypothesized causes, and evaluating their seriousness. Universitas Sumatera Utara Geoffrey Leech 1973:202 says that most adverbs most adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix –ly : frankfrankly, happyhappily, etc. Hornby 1954:175 says that adverbs may be classified according to their function e.g. adverb of time, frequency, manner and according to their position in the sentence. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In doing research, the writer takes field research to collect her data and she also uses library research to support her data. The method of the study that use is quantitative method and it is conducted at SMA NEGERI 7 Medan. As Arikunto 2006: 12 says, “Sebaliknya dengan penelitian kuantitatif, sesuai dengan namanya, banyak dituntut menggunakan angka, mulai dari pengumpulan data, penafsiran terhadap data tersebut, serta penampilan dari hasilnya. Demikian juga pemahaman akan kesimpulan penelitian akan lebih baik apabila juga disertai dengan tabel, grafik, bagan, gambar atau tampilan lain”.

3.2 Population and Sample

The writer takes 59 respondents who fill the test and each of them write six sentences for three questions. The respondents consist of two classes; they are the students from classes XI IS-1 and XI IS-2. The population of this research is 354 sentences. From the total amount of the population, the writer takes sample by using Purposive sample. Arikunto 2006 says, “Sampel bertujuan dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan strata, random atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan tertentu.” Thus, the writer takes sample based on the sentences which have errors in using adverb of time, adverb of place and adverb of manner. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.3 Data Collecting Method

The writer uses test as her data collecting method. The writer asks the students from class XI IS-1 and XI IS-2 as the respondents who take part in the test and each of them write six sentences by using the three types of adverbs. The writer only gave 30 minutes for the students to fill the tests.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

The writer uses the theory of Rod Ellis in analyzing her data and applies grammar structures of Marcella Frank about adverb. The steps of analysis are:

1. Identifying Errors

In this step, the writer compares the error sentences the writer mentions it as “original sentence’ with what seem to be the normal or ‘correct’ sentences in the target language which correspond with them the writer mentions it as ‘reconstruction’. 2. Describing Errors This next step is the step where the errors are described and classified into kinds. 3. Explaining Errors This is the last step of error analysis. In this step, the writer tries to explain how and why a sentence called to be erroneous. After analyzing the errors sentences, the writer identifies the percentages of the errors made by the students. To identify the errors, the writer uses Bungin’s theory 2005:172 below: N = fx X 100 N Notes: fx : The amount of each kind of errors. N : The total amount of errors. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 The Kinds of Errors in Using Adverbs In this section, the writer wants to analyze the errors which are made by the eleventh year students of class XI IS-1 and XI IS-2 SMA.

4.1.1 The errors of using adverb of time

1. Original sentence : The spring very good. Reconstruction : The spring very good now. From the original sentence, we can see that the student does not put adverb of time according to the question. Thus, this sentence must be added an adverb of time now. The error of this sentence is called ‘omission’ because the student omits the adverb of time. 2. Original sentence : My family go to market Monday. Reconstruction : My family go to market on Monday. Through comparing the original sentence and reconstruction, it can be seen that the original sentence is error. In this sentence, the student chooses Monday as adverb of time without combining with prepositional adverb. The student makes error by using Monday into the wrong grammatical form. Grammatically Monday should be begun with preposition on. In other words, for expressing Monday being adverb of time, the proper prepositional adverb should be combined in order to form adverb of time Universitas Sumatera Utara on Monday. The error of this sentence is called ‘omission’ because of the omission of prepositional adverb. 3. Original sentence : He yet finish work. Reconstruction : He hasn’t yet finish work. In this sentence, the student decides to choose yet as adverb of time. Actually, it is a good decision to choose yet as adverb of time in this sentence but there is an error grammatical form to use yet in a positive statement. Adverb of time yet is used in negative statement or interrogative statement. Therefore, grammatical form of this sentence must be changed into negative statement. The error of this sentence is called ‘misinformation’. 4. Original sentence : I will go to the hospital tomorrow last night. Reconstruction : I will go to the hospital tomorrow. We can see that the student uses two adverbs of time in this sentence. The position of these adverbs have been already correct but it is an over grammatical form because this sentence has two adverbs of time which are contrast one each other. Adverbs of time tomorrow and last night can not be used together. Tomorrow expresses future time; while last night expresses past time. Thus, the error of this sentence is called ‘overgeneralization’. Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Original sentence : Me and my family will having dinner evening. Reconstruction : Me and my family will having dinner tomorrow evening. We can see the position of adverb of time evening in the end of sentence has been correct. However, this sentence becomes an error because the student uses adverb of time evening in the wrong grammatical form. Grammatically, adverb of time evening should be combined with another word like tomorrow, this, next. We can use adverb of time evening in the form adverb phrase. The error of this sentence is called ‘omission’ because the sentence leaves an item in order to be considered grammatical. 6. Original sentence : They will having the holiday in the beach to summer. Reconstruction : They will having the holiday in the beach next summer. In this sentence, the student uses two kinds of adverb they are adverb of place and adverb of time. The use of adverb of time summer is an error because the combination of the adverb of time to summer can not be applied to express adverb of time. Grammatically, adverb of time summer should be combined with another word like next, this or preposition in, during. We can change adverb of time to summer into the correct grammatical form next summer or this summer. The error of this sentence is called ‘misinformation’. Universitas Sumatera Utara 7. Original sentence : My sister born on 1994. Reconstruction : My sister born in 1994. We can see the position of adverb of time to show definite time of the year 1994 in the end of sentence has been correct. However, this sentence becomes an error because the student uses adverb of time year 1994 in the wrong grammatical form. Grammatically, adverb of time 1994 can be combined with preposition in. In conclusion, we can use adverb of time 1994 in the form adverb phrase in 1994. The error of this sentence is called ‘misinformation’. 8. Original sentence : My uncle now arrive in Medan at 8 o’clock. Reconstruction : My uncle arrive in Medan now at 8 o’clock. In this part, the original sentence is difficult enough to be analyzed because there are two adverbs of time now and 8 o’clock which are used together for in the same sentence. The student puts adverb of time now in the middle of the sentence but it has wrong position when the sentence consist of two adverbs of time . The position of this adverb of time now must be ordered grammatically. Adverb of time now must be put before adverb of time at 8 o’clock because these adverbs denote point or period of time. Therefore, the error of this sentence is called ‘misordering’. Universitas Sumatera Utara 9. Original sentence : I come yet. Reconstruction : I haven’t come yet. In this sentence, the student decided to choose yet as adverb of time. Actually, it is a good decision to choose yet as adverb of time in this sentence but there is an error grammatical form to use yet in a positive statement. Adverb of time yet is used in negative statement or interrogative statement. Therefore, grammatical form of this sentence must be changed into negative statement. The error of this sentence is called ‘misinformation’. 10. Original sentence : Mr. Tom and brother want go to the hospital the Sunday. Reconstruction : Mr. Tom and brother want go to the hospital next Sunday. Grammatically, the decision to choose Sunday as adverb of time has been correct. However, the using of adverb of time Sunday becomes an error because the combination with article the in place of the combination of another grammatical form such as prepositional adverb. Some adverbs of time should be begun with a prepositional adverb on, before, after, by or without preposition such as next, last. Thus, this sentence can be constructed in grammatical form by combining adverb of time Sunday with the proper combination. The proper combination of adverb of time in the sentence is on Sunday. The error of this sentence is called ‘misinformation’. Universitas Sumatera Utara 11. Original sentence : My sister will go to Japan on two days ago. Reconstruction : My sister will go to Japan two days ago. In the sentence, there is an error of using over grammatical form of adverb of time. The student puts a preposition before adverb of time two days ago. The prepositional adverb on should be omitted from this sentence. In conclusion, this sentence has ‘overgeneralization’ error that is the over form of the preposition before adverb of time two days ago. 12. Original sentence : I can go to Bali to holiday in the next week. Reconstruction : I can go to Bali to holiday next week. After looking at the original sentence, it can be seen that it has the same error like the previous original sentence. In this sentence, there is an error of using over grammatical form of adverb of time. The student puts another words in the before adverb of time next week. Actually, The words in the should be omitted from this sentence. In conclusion, the error of this sentence is called ‘overgeneralization’. 13. Original sentence : My little brother go to Irian Jaya on the last week. Reconstruction : My little brother go to Irian Jaya last week. This original sentence also has the same problem with the two previous original sentences in the using adverb of time. We can see that there is an over grammatical form before the using of adverb of time last week. This adverb of time should not be followed by the words on the. Universitas Sumatera Utara Therefore, the words on the must be omitted from the original sentence. The error of this sentence is called ‘overgeneralization’. 14. Original sentence : We eat fried chicken yesterday at the airport. Reconstruction : We eat fried chicken at the airport yesterday. We can see that there are two adverbs which are used in the original sentence. They consist of adverb of time yesterday and adverb of place at the airport. The error of this adverb is the ordering of the two adverbs in the wrong order. Based on the basic rule of grammatical form, adverb of time can come after adverb of place. Therefore, the ordering of the adverbs can be changed based on the basic rule of grammar at the airport yesterday. The error of the original sentence is called ‘ misordering’. 15. Original sentence : The teacher does not come teach today in our classes. Reconstruction : The teacher does not come teach in our classes today. The original sentence also has the same error like the previous sentence. We can see that the student put the adverbs in the wrong order. The using of adverb of time and adverb of place is not correct. Grammatically, adverb of time must be put after adverb of place. In conclusion, the error of this sentence is called ‘misodering’ because of the wrong order in using adverb of time and adverb of place. Universitas Sumatera Utara 16. Original sentence : We go holiday to Lake Toba in the next week. Reconstruction : We go holiday to Lake Toba next week. In the sentence, there is an error of using over grammatical form of adverb of time. The student puts the words in the before adverb of time next week. The words in the should be omitted from this sentence because it is useless to be used. In conclusion, this sentence has ‘overgeneralization’ error that is the over form of the word in the before adverb of time next week. 17. Original sentence : I wash clothes in the morning for one hour. Reconstruction : I wash clothes for one hour in the morning. This sentence consists of more than one adverb of time. Both adverbs of time are put together in the end of the sentence. However, the using of adverbs of time is not correct. In this case, when the sentence consists of more than one, it must follow the right grammatical order which has been explained before. Thus, the adverbs of time must be ordered becomes for one hour in the morning. The error of this sentence is called ‘misordering’. 18. Original sentence : I am planting the flowers in my beautiful garden. Reconstruction : I am planting the flowers in my beautiful garden now. From the original sentence, we can see that the student does not put adverb of time according to the question. Thus, this sentence must be added an Universitas Sumatera Utara adverb of time ‘now’. The error of this sentence is called ‘omission’ because there is no using adverb of time. 19. Original sentence : The party can begin in the night at 7 o’clock. Reconstruction : The party can begin at 7 o’clock in the night. The student puts adverbs of time in the wrong order. The order of two or more adverbs of time should be based on the basic rule of grammatical order. It must be ordered first from the smaller unit. So we can order these adverbs into at 7 o’clock in the night. This error sentence is called ‘misordering’. 20. Original sentence : I pay my school fee on two months ago. Reconstruction : I pay my school fee two months ago. In the original sentence above, there is an error of using over grammatical form of adverb of time. The student puts a preposition before adverb of time two months ago. The preposition on should be omitted from this sentence. In conclusion, this sentence has ‘overgeneralization’ error that is the over form of the preposition before adverb of time two months ago. 21. Original sentence : The tourists arrived last week on Tuesday afternoon. Reconstruction : The tourists arrived on Tuesday afternoon last week. Universitas Sumatera Utara The student puts adverbs of time in the wrong order. The order of two or more adverbs of time should be based on the basic rule of grammatical order. It must be ordered first from the smaller unit. So we can order these adverbs into on Tuesday afternoon last week. This error sentence is called ‘misordering’. 22. Original sentence : I buy newspaper in the road in the morning at 9 o’clock. Reconstruction : I buy newspaper in the road at 9 o’clock in the morning. This sentence does not have the right ordering in using two adverbs of time. The order of two or more adverbs of time should be based on the basic rule of grammatical order. It must be ordered first from the smaller unit. So we can order these adverbs into at 9 o’clock in the morning. This error sentence is also called ‘misordering’. 23. Original sentence : My friend hide my bag yesterday on the table. Reconstruction : My friend hide my bag on the table yesterday. We can see that the student put two different adverbs in the wrong order. The using of adverb of time and adverb of place is not correct. Grammatically, adverb of time must be put after adverb of place. Therefore, the right ordering of these adverbs is on the table yesterday. In conclusion, the error of this sentence is called ‘misodering’ because of the wrong order in using adverb of time and adverb of place. Universitas Sumatera Utara 24. Original sentence : Tomorrow in my brother home have party tonight. Reconstruction : In my brother home have party tonight. This sentence has an over form in using adverbs of time. There are two adverbs of time which are put in different place. Adverb of time may have initial, middle or final position. However, the using of adverb of time in this sentence is not correct based on the grammatical rule. Adverb of time tomorrow put in initial position which make an over grammatical form. Thus, this sentence does not need two adverbs of time. The error of this sentence is called ‘overgeneralization’. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.1.2 The errors of using adverb of place