Definition of Clause Kinds of Clauses

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Veit 1986:6 states that grammar is a person’s subconscious language knowledge. The structure of expressions consists of the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Clause comes from the combination of words. Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. Wren and Martin 1986:4 states that the Parts of Speech are eight in number they are noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. It does not have a subject or a verb. Rozakis 2003:102 says that phrase consists of prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, appositive phrase, verbal phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and infinitive phrase. The combination of clause forms sentences. This means everyone needs to understand clause first so that they can write sentences well. Based on that reason, this paper attempts to discuss about clauses and more specifically the adjective clause.

2.1 Definition of Clause

Azar 1985:220 says that a clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause. An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It can stand alone as a sentence. It is also called a main clause. A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. 6 McClelland and Marcotte 2003:232 state that a clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in English: independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a complete thought. The meaning is clear. There are no questions in your mind. An independent clause is a sentence S - V - C. For example: 1 Financial aid is sometimes available. the meaning is clear 2 Most students want to stay in school the meaning is clear 3 Students often look for jobs on campus the meaning is clear A dependent clause is not a complete idea. A dependent clause often has a S – V – C, but it is not a sentence because the meaning is not clear. There is a question in your mind. You need more information. For example: 1 When students miss too many classes what happens? 2 If parents can’t find dependable child care what happens? 3 If a student has serious financial problems what happens? Frank 1972 says that there are three types of dependent clauses: noun clause, adverbial clause and adjective clause. They will be discussed one by one.

2.2 Kinds of Clauses

2.2.1 Noun Clause Frank 1972:62 says that noun clause consists of a subject and predicate that functions as a noun. One of its most common functions is as the object of a verb, especially of a verb of asserting or mental activity. If such a verb is in the past tense, the verb in the noun clause object takes past form also. A noun clause 7 may be classified according to the kinds of sentences from which they are derived; statements, questions, requests, exclamations. Table 2.1 Types and Functions of Noun Clause Types 1 Statement 2 Question 3 Request 4 Exclamation Introductory Conjunction That Whether If Who What Which When Where, Why, How That What How Function Subject Subject after it Subjective complement Object of verb Appositive Subject Subjective complement Object of verb Object of preposition Subject Subjective complement Object of verb Object of preposition Object of verb Object of verb Object of preposition Examples: Statement 1 That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all. subject 2 It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil. subject after it 3 My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil. subjective complement 4 I know that coffee grows in Brazil. Objectof verb 5 His belief thatcoffee grows in Brazil is correct. Appositive 8 Question 1 Whether he gets the money doesn’t concern me. Subject 2 The question is whether he will get the money. Subjective complement 3 Do you know if he will get the money? Object of verb 4 We were concerned about whether he would get the money. Object of preposition 5 How he gets themoneyis his own affair. Subject 6The question is how he will get the money.Subjective complement 7I don’t know how he will get the money. Object of verb 8We were concerned about how he would get the money.Object of preposition Request 1 He suggested that I write the letter soon.Object of verb Exclamation 1 I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was. Object of verb 2We talked aboutwhat a pretty girl she was. Object of preposition 2.2.2 Adverbial Clause Frank 1972:23 says that an adverbial clause consists of a subject and predicate introduced by a subordinate conjunction like when, although, because and if.Most types of adverbial clauses function as modifying the verb of the main 9 clause. An adverbial clause may be used in initial position, final position, and occasionally in mid-position with the main verb of the sentence. A comma usually appears after an introductory clause, but is much less common before a clause in final position. A clause in mid-position must be set off with commas. Examples: 1 When he comes, you may call me out. Initial 2 He invited me, although I refused, to attend his wedding ceremony. Middle 3 Shut all the windows before you go out. Final Table 2.2 Types of Adverbial Clauses 1 Adverbial Clause of Time 2 Adverbial Clause of Place 3 Adverbial Clause of Concession 4 Adverbial Clause of Result 5 Adverbial Clause of Purpose 6 Adverbial Clause of Condition 7 Adverbial Clause of Reason 8 Adverbial Clause of Manner 9 Adverbial Clause of Comparison When, while, as, before, after, until, since. Where, wherever. Although, though, even though. So, that, so that, such a…that. In order that, so that, that, in the hope that. If, unless, if only, on condition that, in case, as long as, so long as, provided that, in the event that. Because, since, as, in as much as. As As…as, so…as, more…than, less…than. Examples: 1 The new machine works just as efficiently as the old one did. 2 The gown we saw yesterday is less expensive than this one. 3 You may do it as you like. 4 I don’t know whether he is going to party or not. 10 5 So long as someone is willing to treat her, she would go to the movies. 6 He sat in the front row, so that he heard every word of the lecture. 7 We will be glad to go with you to the theatre tonight provided that we can get a baby-sitter. 2.2.3 Adjective Clause Wren and Martin 1986:23 stated that adjective is a word used with a noun to describe, or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity. Azar 1992 says that adjectives describe nouns. In grammar, we say that adjectives modify nouns. The word modify means “change a little”. Adjectives give a little different meaning to a noun: intelligent student, lazy student, good student. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A final –s is never added to an adjective.Jones and Mann 2001:36 say that adjectives can also describe qualities like feelings and emotions or abstract concepts, for example, sharp pain; fierce anger; genuine integrity Adjectives are also used in adjective clauses. Wren and Martin 1986:264 stated that an adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective. Azar 1992:238 says that an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. As we have known, an adjective clause in a complex sentence is a subordinate clause which does the work of an adjective, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the main clause. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, 11 whom, whose, that, which or by a relative adverb such as when, where, and why. An adjective clause is also called relative clause. Thomson and Martinet 1984:43 say that there are three kinds of relative clauses, they are defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses and connective relative clauses. The relative pronouns used in the adjective clauses can refer to persons, things, places, times and reason. Those relative pronouns can take different functions in an adjective clause, they are relative pronoun as subject, relative pronoun as object of verb, relative pronoun as object of preposition and relative pronoun as possessive. Table 2.3 Types of Adjective Clauses No. Noun Meaning Relative Pronoun 1 A person Who Whom Whose That 2 A thing Which That 3 A time When 4 A place Where 5 A reason Why 12 Examples: 1 I met a man who is kind to everybody. 2 The river which flows through town is polluted. 3 Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television. 4 Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. 5 Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat with her brother. 13

3. ANALYSIS