dependent clauses divided into three parts they are adjective, noun and adverb clause. Cook 1971:67.
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 An Overview of Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific
study of natural language
. Linguistics is narrowly defined as the scientific approach to the study of language, but language
can, of course, be approached from a variety of directions, and a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to it and influence its study.
2.1.1 Scope of Linguistics
Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure
grammar and the study of
meaning semantics
and pragmatics
. Grammar encompasses morphology
the formation and composition of
words ,
syntax the rules that determine how words
combine into phrases
and sentences
and phonology
the study of sound systems and abstract sound units.
2.2 Syntax
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In linguistics
, syntax from Ancient Greek
συν- syn-, together, and τάξις táxis
, arrangement is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences
in natural languages
. Syntax is the analysis of constructions that involve only free forms, Bloch
and Trager 1942:71, or more over syntax is the study of the patterns by which word are combined to make sentences. Stryker 1969:21.
Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages
in terms of such rules. Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find
general rules that apply
to all natural languages. The term syntax is also sometimes used to refer to the rules governing the behaviour of mathematical systems, such as
logic , artificial
formal languages, and computer programming
languages.
2.3 Clauses
A clause is syntagm having typically a subject and predicate and possibly complement to these segments A period such as sit down would also consist of
a clause although no segment which could be called a subject is present, Goran 1976:58.
Further Cook added A clause is a group of words that forms part of sentence and that contains a subject and a predicate, Cook 1971:65. In
grammar ,
a clause is a pair or group of words that consist of a subject
and a predicate
, although in some
languages and some types of clauses, the subject may not appear
explicitly as a noun phrase
. It may instead be marked on the verb this is especially common in
null subject languages . The most basic kind of
sentence
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consists of a single clause; more complicated sentences may contain multiple clauses, including clauses contained within clauses.
Based on the distribution of the unit, clause can be classified into two parts; those are dependent clause and independent clause.
2.3.1 Independent Clause
An independent clause is complete in itself; it can stand alone as a simple sentence, Cook 1971:65. Independent clauses are such clauses the effective root
nodes of which are not dependent on any part of any other clause. Independent clause divides in two parts; verbal and non-verbal clause.
2.3.1.1 Verbal Clause
Verbal clauses are such clauses the governing node predicate of which is a finite verb form, Cook 1971:65.
Example: 1.
All the detective reported 2.
Germany what they had seen.
defeated The words that underlined in two sentences reported and defeated are verbal
predicate. France in the semifinal World Cup Championship.
2.3.1.2 Non Verbal Clause
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Non-verbal clauses are such clauses the governing node predicate of which is not a verb, Cook 1971:65.
Example: 1.
John is a man 2.
The boy .
is good The words that underlined in two sentencces is a man and is good are non
verbal form. ‘Is a man’ is a noun verb and ‘is good’ is an adjective verb. .
2.3.2 Dependent Clause
Dependent clause is necessarily related to an independent clause and dependent clause always started by a conjunction, Cook 1971:66. Dependent
clauses are such clauses the effective root nodes of which are dependent on a part
of another clause.
The dependent clause divided into three parts they are adjective, noun and adverb clause, so-called for their syntactic and semantic resemblance to nouns,
adjectives, and adverbs, respectively.
2.3.2.1 Noun Clause
1. That we should fail is impossible 2. I know what his name is
In the first sentence, ‘that we should fail’ is a dependent clause. It is used as the subject of the sentence, so it is called a noun clause, Cook 1971:66. In the
second sentence, the dependent clause ‘what his name is’ used as the object of the verb know, is also a noun clause.
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Noun clause is often introduced by that, whether, what. For example the uses of noun clauses:
1. That fire burns
is one of the first lessons of childhood 2.
I think that he will come tomorrow 3.
My going there depends upon whether my friend will give his consent. 4.
You may call him what you wish.
2.3.2.2 Adjective Clause
1. A man who has courage will not desert his friend
2. A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend
In the first sentence, ‘who has courage’ is a dependent clause. It used like an adjective modifying the subject man, so it is called an adjective clause,
Cook 1971:67. In the second, ‘who helps you in time of need’, modifying the subject friend, is also an adjective clause.
Adjective clauses are mostly introduced by the pronouns who, which; others by adverbs like where, whether.
For example the uses of adjective clauses: 1.
Men who are wise seldom speak. 2.
This picture is sent me by my friend who lives in Nanking 3.
The ponies which come from Mongolia are strong 4.
The castle where I was born lies in ruins
2.3.2.3 Adverbial Clause
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1. The birds begin to sing when day dawns.
2. If any disputes arises
, they apply to him for the decision. In the first sentence, ‘when day dawns’ is a subordinate clause. It is used
like an adverb modifying the predicate begins; so it is called an adverbial clause, Cook 1971:68. In the second, ‘if any dispute arises,’ modifying the predicate
apply is also an adverbial clause.
Adverbial clauses are often introduced by the conjunctions when, if, wherever
and than. For example the uses of adverbial clauses:
1. He went wherever he wished
2. John will fix the porch when he has time
3. He can run faster than you
4. If you have tears
, prepare to shed them now
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
One of the essentials of scientific studies in analyzing the problems is a having method of analysis. In this thesis, I apply the library research to get
supporting information related to the topic of the analysis. As the object or the data of this analysis, I take seven dates dailies newspapers from The Jakarta Post
Newspaper; I chose the dates of the newspaper from 1
st
-
7
th
September 2009. Here are the steps in writing this thesis;
1 Firstly, all the newspapers are collected.
2 Secondly, all newspapers of The Jakarta Post Newspaper which contain
clauses are chosen. 3
Thirdly, all newspapers are selected as the sample of the analysis. 4
From all newspapers neither Politic and Sport article from the newspapers, I only select one page from all newspapers and from the articles that
chosen as the data to find the clauses
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5 Then, the lines which have clauses are chosen.
6 I only put ten sentences as the maximum data from each of the cattegories
of clauses that found in Politic and Sport articles of all the newspapers 7
Next, each type of clauses are classified then described them. 8
Finally, the results of the analysis are collected.
3.1 Research Design
This study will be done by using descriptive qualitative approach. A qualitative approach is defined as a description of observation which is not
ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. It is not suggested the numerical measures are never used, but other means of description are emphasized. Nazir
1998:64 says that descriptive method is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or occurrence. So, this method only performs
the more basic accumulative data. Therefore, descriptive design is a research design which is intended only to describe the variable.
3.2 Data Collecting Method
Population is the whole number of the subjects or people under observation in a research, Arikunto 1992:102. The population of this research is
the whole newspapers of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. Then, as the sample of this analysis, I take seven dates newspaper by applying purposive sample method, as
proposed by Sutrisno 2004:91 who said:
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“ Dalam purposive sampling, pemilihan sekelompok subjek didasarkan pada ciri-ciri atau sifat-sifat populasi yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya.
Purposive sampling didasarkan atas informasi yang mendahului tentang populasi dan informasi ini tidak dapat diragukan lagi.”
So, in choosing the sample as the data of the analysis, I will choose seven dates newspapers which support the analysis. The seven dates samples will
provide examples for each clauses that will be analyzed.
3.3 Data Analyzing Method
