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1. Personal description
The author tells the readers about his or her characters directly through the appearance of the characters and the clothes which they wear.
2. Character as seen by another
The author describes the character through other characters’ opinion in the novel.
3. Speech
The author describes the character through what the character says and in a conversation with others, or give opinion.
4. Past life
The author describes the person’s character through the events in the past that can shape or influence his or her personality in the present. In can be figured
out by a direct comment, through the person’s thought or through his or her conversation or through the medium of other person.
5. Conversation of others
The author gives the clue to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and what they say about him or her.
6. Reactions
The author can also gives the readers clues to a person’s character through how the person react when he or she facing the problem.
7. Direct comment
The author directly gives his personal reception and comment to the character he creates.
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8. Thoughts
The author gives the clue from what characters’ thought. By knowing what the character is thinking, the reader will simply describe the character through
the thought. 9.
Mannerism The author describes as a person mannerism, or habit that may tell the readers
something about his or her character. Those ways of course do not have to be applied wholly. The author can
apply only one or perhaps some ways to characterize his or her characters in the novel.
2.1.3 Theory of Motivation
People behavior is influenced by certain motives. These motives lead them to behave in their manner to get some achievement. Motivation seems to provide
the “why” behavior. The term motive refers to an internal state of the organism which arouses activity and directs the organism behavior toward certain objects or
condition called goal Aiken 110. Since motives are always inferred from behavior, it is circular reasoning to argue that a motive explains the behavior from
which it was inferred. According to Stanton, a character’s reason for behaving as he does is his motivation 17. Moreover, Kalish clarifies that motivated behavior
is behavior set into motion by need 29. A need indicates that some type satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the
dissatisfaction. He believes that motivation is strong enough to active goal seeking PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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behavior, which begins with curious feeling and ended with behavior that satisfied one’s need.
Theory of motivation plays an essential role in this study because it helps the writer to discover the Jacques Sauniere in leaving a message before he died. It
help the writer understands the reason why Jacques Sauniere decides to take such action.
There are different theories of motivation stated by some theorist. The most widely known is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow believes, as
mentioned in Braun and Linder, that human needs, or motives, are organized hierarchically. 375
Maslow in Globe’s The Third Force clarifies motivations in relation with human needs 38. He states, as explained by Petri that human motivations are
based on human needs and that people conduct an action to fulfill their needs 302. Moreover, Maslow theory, as mentioned in Schultz, states that the need of
love and possessing have to be fulfilled in order to get the satisfaction feeling and motivation arises because such needs 94. This show that motivation exists to
fulfill the lacks that people feel inside them. Maslow hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs,
belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self actualization needs. The first two needs are considered primary or lower needs. Maslow argues that usually the
lowest need on the hierarchy has to be satisfied first before the higher needs on the hierarchy has to be satisfied first before the higher needs on the hierarchy being
satisfied Globe 38-43. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
