Literature Review agustina bidarti proceedings ISCCFS 2013

Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013 Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013 18 might add to the burden of farmers. Therefore, this paper will discuss how farmers do farming as an effort to adapt to climate change along with the changes of the supporting aspects.

2. Literature Review

The rainy season in Indonesia is influenced by several factors such as El Nino La Nina, sea surface temperature, dipole modes, and monsoon easterlies westerlies [3;4]. Climate anomalies in the arid region NTT affected by El Niño events and La Nina is affecting the growth center of the cloud and sea surface temperature. Meteorological and geophysics agency Lasiana Kupang stated that the type of monthly rainfall in the region is a type of rain NTT Monson which only happened one rainy season normally peaks from December to January Month. Differences in the dry season to the rainy season is very clear where the rainy season occurs during south-west monsoon system is dominant across the region [5]. Research [6] in Indonesia, stated that the extension agrometeorology role in improving the understanding of farmers in aspects of management and manipulation of water in their fields. Through field school climate in a particular period, farmers in Indramayu and Gunung Kidul trained to observe rainfall and temperature then make records relating to pests and productivity. Lessons learned from it is used to adjust farm management sowing, transplanting, water, pest fighting, using fertilizers etc.. Increased frequency natural disasters such as floods, tsunami, hurricane, etc during the recent year might be attributed to the climate change assosiated to increased accumulation of greenhouse gases GHGs in the atmosphere. The global surface temperature increased by 0.6 o C since the late 19th century with a current average warming rate of 0.17 o C per decade [7]. According to the data [8] in Indonesia, agriculture produce methane gas averaged 6.9 since 2005 is higher than the average world production. In addition, the use of fertilizers based on average kilograms per hectare of arable land, Indonesia is much higher than the world average.Besides as the emitter, the agricultural sector also play a role as an absorber of greenhouse gases such as sinks, C sequestration, and maintaining watershed hydrology [9]. Several studies have revealed [10; 11] that Carbon sequestration from the atmosphere can be applied through measures such as rotation cultivation, intercropping, cover cropping, companion cropping, ratoon cropping, and appropriate cropping practices.In addition, adaptation strategies to anticipate the impacts of climate change AARD has generated technological innovations such as improved varieties low emission, land and water management, and zero waste technology [12].

3. Method