81
of meanings from Series A by the meanings of grasp and hold with an additional feature of possession: with an effort as in Series B, Series E, Series F; given as in
Series D, Series J, the meanings of grasp and hold with an additional feature of obtaining as in Series C, and the meanings that involved movements as in Series
G, Series H, and Series I. The distant relations were found in the meaning in Series K and Series L which derived from the meaning to obtain in Series C.
3. The Comparison of the Meanings of the Word Take with Dictionary Definitions
The comparison of the meanings of the word take was done by comparing the meanings from the finding with the general arrangement of senses in the OED.
The researcher found that all the meanings from the finding could be looked up in the dictionary. Therefore, when dealing with a polysemy phenomenon, language
learners can use dictionaries, especially the recent editions, to look up the multiple meanings. Moreover, the unabridged version of dictionary will give more
comprehensive lists of meanings. Thus, the possibilities to find all meanings of polysemous words in the dictionary are greater.
B. Recommendations
The polysemy phenomenon is ubiquitous in everyday conversation because most words are polysemous. Based on the findings and discussions in this
research, some recommendations are addressed to English teachers and learners and other researchers who are interested in the topic of this research.
82
1. In the process of teaching and learning English, vocabulary building is one of
the most important aspects to deal with. In learning vocabulary, it is possible that teachers and learners encounter polysemous words. For example, the
word take, which is the focus of this research, is one of the most frequently used word in English and will be likely to be found in daily communication.
Therefore, teachers should find a good strategy to facilitate the learners to deal with polysemous words. Dictionary is the best alternative the researcher can
recommend because the analysis using semantic roles application, as what has been done for this research, is for the context of the study of meaning.
Interpreting meanings of polysemy based on the contexts where the word occurs can be another alternative. The interpretation can be done by assuming
that the learners have known the basic meaning of the word. However, consulting the dictionary is needed to check the reliability.
2. Polysemy is an interesting topic because of its complexity, especially when it
is contrasted with homonym. The researcher realized that there were still many limitations in this research especially in doing a deeper analysis on the
meanings of polysemous words. The researcher suggests that the future researchers who are interested in the same topic should use more
comprehensive analysis strategies in figuring out the meanings of polysemous words. The contrast between polysemy and homonym is one aspect that will
be very interesting to discuss. The future researchers can make a set of tests to observe the learners
’ comprehension in differentiating polysemy from homonym.
83
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APPENDICES
87
APPENDIX A The List of D ata with Coding Name “Context”
Context 1: Then the swirl caught him and carried him round and round and faster and faster till it took him right under the waterfall itself, and the force
of the water plunged him down, deep down, so that he thought he would never be able to hold his breath till he came up again. p.7; ch.
1
Context 2: Youd better take a good brisk trot down river as far as Chippingford and see if they have any oranges or bananas. p. 10; ch. 1
Context 3: He held the needle between his lips and took the scissors in his left paw. p. 10; ch. 1
Context 4: No one who had ever seen a real lion would have been taken in for a moment. p. 13; ch. 1
Context 5: Take this wretched skin off me at once. p. 15; ch. 1 Context 6: Taking logs down to sell to the Calormenes, Sire, said the Rat,
touching his ear as he might have touched his cap if he had had one. p. 24; ch. 2
Context 7: Well, said the King at last, we must go on and take the adventure that comes to us. p. 25; ch. 2
Context 8: Up till now Tirian had taken it for granted that the horses which the Calormenes were driving were their own horses; dumb, witless
animals like the horses of our own world. p. 27; ch. 2
Context 9: The two dead men had died without a cry and so it had taken a moment before the rest of the crowd knew what had happened. p. 28; ch. 3
Context 10: They took the Kings sword away and tied his hands behind his back. p. 31; ch. 3
Context 11: By our skill and courage and by the permission of the great god Tash we have taken alive these two desperate murderers. p. 33; ch. 3
Context 12: So they took the Kings sword and handed it, with the sword-belt and all, to the monkey. p. 33; ch. 3
88
Context 13: And take my advice, and see you do it in double quick time, for he doesnt mean to stand any nonsense. p. 35; ch. 3
Context 14: Take him away. p. 40; ch. 3 Context 15: Take him away. p. 40; ch. 3
Context 16: Take him where he cannot hear us, nor we hear him. p. 40; ch. 3 Context 17: Gosh said the boy, that took ones breath away p. 53; ch. 5
Context 18: This took them about an hours scrambling and wading and while that was going on nobody had any breath to talk. p. 54; ch. 5
Context 19: Then Tirian took long rolls of some white stuff out of the locker and wound them over the helmets till they became turbans: but the little
steel spike still stuck up in the middle. p. 64; ch. 5
Context 20: He and Eustace took curved Calormene swords and little round shields. p. 64; ch. 5
Context 21: They got up and Tirian now took the lead. p. 71; ch. 6 Context 22: THE two Calormene soldiers at the head of the column, seeing what
they took for a Tarkaan or great lord with two armed pages, came to a halt and raised their spears in salute. p. 78; ch. 7
Context 23: What the Dwarfs saw, now that they could see it close, was certainly enough to make them wonder how they had ever been taken in. p. 79;
ch. 7
Context 24: Weve been taken in once and now you expect us to be taken in again the next minute. p. 82; ch. 7
Context 25: He at once took Jills bow, went out and shot a couple of wood pigeons. p. 86; ch. 7
Context 26: The Ape has taken to drinking, you see. p. 89; 7 Context 27: He took me into the great temple of Tash. p. 93; 8
Context 28: A-all right, said Jill, taking her hands away from her pale face and trying to smile. p. 94; 8
Context 29: Apparently one couldnt be sure how people would take it even if he showed them Puzzle. p. 96; ch. 8
89
Context 30: Then they took off their Calormene armour and went down to the stream. p. 97; ch. 8
Context 31: Puzzle begged very hard to have the lion-skin taken off him. p. 98; ch. 8
Context 32: What was left of the pigeon-meat and rabbit-meat was not worth bringing away but they took some biscuits. p. 98; ch.8
Context 33: Cair Paravel was taken from the sea. p. 103; ch. 8 Context 34: Nothing now remains for us seven but to go back to Stable Hill,
proclaim the truth, and take the adventure that Aslan sends us. p. 104; ch. 9
Context 35: Nay, said the King, you loosed me from the tree: you glided before me like a snake last night in the wood and took Puzzle: and you,
Eustace, killed your man. p. 105; ch. 9
Context 36: Also, as Poggin said, once the Calormenes had Narnia they would certainly take Archenland in the next week or so: The Tisroc had
always wanted to have these Northern countries for his own. p. 106; ch. 9
Context 37: In the end Eustace and Jill begged so hard that Tirian said they could come with him and take their chance - or, as he much more sensibly
called it, the adventure that Aslan would send them. p. 106; ch. 9
Context 38: From the moment at which they first saw the Hill to the moment at which they all arrived at the back of the stable, it took them over two
hours. p. 110; ch. 9
Context 39: They left Puzzle not without a kind word, for no one was angry with him now just behind it, telling him not to move till someone came to
fetch him, and took up their position at one end of the stable. p. 112; ch. 9
Context 40: And just as Tirian took his place, the gong stopped beating and from somewhere on his left three figures appeared. p. 112; ch. 9
Context 41: Thats taken the wind out of our sails, whispered Eustace. p. 116; ch. 9
Context 42: The ground is taken from under our feet, said Tirian. p. 116; ch. 9
90
Context 43: Sometimes he thought it would be best to draw his sword at once and rush upon the Calormenes: then next moment he thought it would be
better to wait and see what new turn affairs might take. p. 125; ch. 10
Context 44: Take warning, all of you. p. 128; ch. 10 Context 45: But he could not take on the Eagle and the Unicorn as well. p. 130;
ch. 11 Context 46: Take all of them alive if you can and hurl them into the stable or
drive them into it. p. 134; ch. 11 Context 47: You cant take us in. p. 139; ch. 11
Context 48: What perhaps they had not taken into account was that the Calormenes were mail-clad and the Horses had had no protection. p.
144; ch. 12
Context 49: Tirian could hear Griffle using dreadful language, and every now and then the Tarkaan calling, Take all you can alive p. 145; ch. 12
Context 50: Take them alive p. 145; ch. 12 Context 51: Kill the beasts, but take the two-legged ones alive. p. 147; ch. 12
Context 52: A man who is fighting a dozen enemies at once must take his chances wherever he can; must dart in wherever he sees an enemys breast or
neck unguarded. p. 148; ch. 12
Context 53: Begone, Monster, and take your lawful prey to your own place: in the name of Aslan and Aslans great Father the Emperor-over-the-
Sea. p. 150; ch. 12
Context 54: I remember thinking it was taking the bend far too fast. p. 157; ch. 13
Context 55: He took his stand beside the door with his sword raised, resting on his shoulder, ready to cut down anyone who came through. p. 162; ch.
13
Context 56: They never looked round or took any notice of the humans till Lucy and Tirian were almost near enough to touch them. p. 164; ch. 13
Context 57: Dont take any notice. p. 168; ch. 13
91
Context 58: They wont take us in again p. 168; ch. 13 Context 59: We havent let anyone take us in. p. 169; ch. 13
Context 60a: Their prison is only in their own minds, yet they are in that prison; and so afraid of being taken in that they cannot be taken out. p. 169;
ch. 13
Context 60b: Their prison is only in their own minds, yet they are in that prison; and so afraid of being taken in that they cannot be taken out. p. 169;
ch. 13
Context 61: Especially, one couldnt say how long it had taken. p. 175; ch. 14 Context 62: He took the Sun and squeezed it in his hand as you would squeeze an
orange. p. 180; ch. 14 Context 63: Then, rather clumsily for even in that moment his hands had gone
numb and blue he took out a golden key and locked it. p. 181; ch. 14
Context 64: Take your great nose out of the way and let someone else smell. p. 182; ch. 14
Context 65: Not because he and I are one, but because we are opposites, I take to me the services which thou hast done to him. p. 189; ch. 15
Context 66: Then he breathed upon me and took away the trembling from my limbs and caused me to stand upon my feet. p. 189; ch.15
Context 67: Take it in your stride. p. 198; ch. 16 Context 68: Youve no idea how good an old joke sounds when you take it out
again after a rest of five or six hundred years. p. 206; ch. 16 Context 69: Then she looked to her left and saw what she took to be a great bank
of brightly-coloured cloud, cut off from them by a gap. p. 208; ch.16
92
APPENDIX B The List of the Word Take based on the Levels of Polysemy
PRIMARY LEVEL OF POLYSEMY
Context 1: Then the swirl caught him and carried him round and round and faster and faster till it took him right u nder the waterfall itself, and the force
of the water plunged him down, deep down, so that he thought he would never be able to hold his breath till he came up again. p.7; ch.
1
Context 2: Youd better take a good brisk trot down river as far as Chippingford and see if they have any oranges or bananas. p. 10; ch. 1
Context 3: He held the needle between his lips and took the scissors in his left paw. p. 10; ch. 1
Context 7: Well, said the King at last, we must go on and take the adventure that comes to us. p. 25; ch. 2
Context 9: The two dead men had died without a cry and so it had taken a moment before the rest of the crowd knew what had happened. p. 28; ch. 3
Context 11: By our skill and courage and by the permission of the great god Tash we have taken alive these two desperate murderers. p. 33; ch. 3
Context 12: So they took the Kings sword and handed it, with the sword-belt and all, to the monkey. p. 33; ch. 3
Context 13: And take my advice, and see you do it in double quick time, for he doesnt mean to stand any nonsense. p. 35; ch. 3
Context 16: Take him where he cannot hear us, nor we hear him. p. 40; ch. 3 Context 18: This took them about an hours scrambling and wading and while that
was going on nobody had any breath to talk. p. 54; ch. 5 Context 20: He and Eustace took curved Calormene swords and little round
shields. p. 64; ch. 5 Context 21: They got up and Tirian now took the lead. p. 71; ch. 6
93
Context 22: THE two Calormene soldiers at the head of the column, seeing what they took for a Tarkaan or great lord with two armed pages, came to a
halt and raised their spears in salute. p. 78; ch. 7
Context 25: He at once took Jills bow, went out and shot a couple of wood pigeons. p. 86; ch. 7
Context 27: He took me into the great temple of Tash. p. 93; 8 Context 29: Apparently one couldnt be sure how people would take it even if he
showed them Puzzle. p. 96; ch. 8 Context 32: What was left of the pigeon-meat and rabbit-meat was not worth
bringing away but they took some biscuits. p. 98; ch.8 Context 34: Nothing now remains for us seven but to go back to Stable Hill,
proclaim the truth, and take the adventure that Aslan sends us. p. 104; ch. 9
Context 35: Nay, said the King, you loosed me from the tree: you glided before me like a snake last night in the wood and took Puzzle: and you,
Eustace, killed your man. p. 105; ch. 9
Context 36: Also, as Poggin said, once the Calormenes had Narnia they would certainly take Archenland in the next week or so: The Tisroc had
always wanted to have these Northern countries for his own. p. 106; ch. 9
Context 37: In the end Eustace and Jill begged so hard that Tirian said they could come with him and take their chance - or, as he much more sensibly
called it, the adventure that Aslan would send them. p. 106; ch. 9
Context 38: From the moment at which they first saw the Hill to the moment at which they all arrived at the back of the stable, it took them over two
hours. p. 110; ch. 9
Context 40: And just as Tirian took his place, the gong stopped beating and from somewhere on his left three figures appeared. p. 112; ch. 9
Context 43: Sometimes he thought it would be best to draw his sword at once and rush upon the Calormenes: then next moment he thought it would be
better to wait and see what new turn affairs might take. p. 125; ch. 10
94
Context 44: Take warning, all of you. p. 128; ch. 10 Context 46: Take all of them alive if you can and hurl them into the stable or
drive them into it. p. 134; ch. 11 Context 49: Tirian could hear Griffle using dreadful language, and every now and
then the Tarkaan calling, Take all you can alive p. 145; ch. 12 Context 50: Take them alive p. 145; ch. 12
Context 51: Kill the beasts, but take the two-legged ones alive. p. 147; ch. 12 Context 52: A man who is fighting a dozen enemies at once must take his chances
wherever he can; must dart in wherever he sees an enemys breast or neck unguarded. p. 148; ch. 12
Context 54: I remember thinking it was taking the bend far too fast. p. 157; ch. 13
Context 55: He took his stand beside the door with his sword raised, resting on his shoulder, ready to cut down anyone who came through. p. 162; ch.
13
Context 56: They never looked round or took any notice of the humans till Lucy and Tirian were almost near enough to touch them. p. 164; ch. 13
Context 57: Dont take any notice. p. 168; ch. 13 Context 61: Especially, one couldnt say how long it had taken. p. 175; ch. 14
Context 62: He took the Sun and squeezed it in his hand as you would squeeze an orange. p. 180; ch. 14
SECONDARY LEVEL OF POLYSEMY Phrasal Verbs
Context 5: Take this wretched skin off me at once. p. 15; ch. 1 Context 6: Taking logs down to sell to the Calormenes, Sire, said the Rat,
touching his ear as he might have touched his cap if he had had one. p. 24; ch. 2
95
Context 10: They took the Kings sword away and tied his hands behind his back. p. 31; ch. 3
Context 14: Take him away. p. 40; ch. 3 Context 15: Take him away. p. 40; ch. 3
Context 19: Then Tirian took long rolls of some white stuff out of the locker and wound them over the helmets till they became turbans: but the little
steel spike still stuck up in the middle. p. 64; ch. 5
Context 28: A-all right, said Jill, taking her hands away from her pale face and trying to smile. p. 94; ch. 8
Context 30: Then they took off their Calormene armour and went down to the stream. p. 97; ch. 8
Context 31: Puzzle begged very hard to have the lion-skin taken off him. p. 98; ch. 8
Context 39: They left Puzzle not without a kind word, for no one was angry with him now just behind it, telling him not to move till someone came to
fetch him, and took up their position at one end of the stable. p. 112; ch. 9
Context 53: Begone, Monster, and take your lawful prey to your own place: in the name of Aslan and Aslans great Father the Emperor-over-the-
Sea. p. 150; ch. 12
Context 60a: Their prison is only in their own minds, yet they are in that prison; and so afraid of being taken in that they cannot be taken out. p. 169;
ch. 13
Context 60b: Their prison is only in their own minds, yet they are in that prison; and so afraid of being taken in that they cannot be taken out. p. 169;
ch. 13
Context 63: Then, rather clumsily for even in that moment his hands had gone numb and blue he took out a golden key and locked it. p. 181; ch.
14
Context 64: Take your great nose out of the way and let someone else smell. p. 182; ch. 14
96
Idiomatic Expressions
Context 8: Up till now Tirian had taken it for granted that the horses which the Calormenes were driving were their own horses; dumb, witless
animals like the horses of our own world. p. 27; ch. 2
Context 17: Gosh said the boy, that took ones breath away p. 53; ch. 5 Context 41: Thats taken the wind out of our sails, whispered Eustace. p. 116;
ch. 9 Context 42: The ground is taken from under our feet, said Tirian. p. 116; ch. 9
Context 48: What perhaps they had not taken into account was that the Calormenes were mail-clad and the Horses had had no protection. p.
144; ch. 12
Context 67: Take it in your stride. p. 198; ch. 16
TERTIARY LEVEL OF POLYSEMY
Context 4: No one who had ever seen a real lion would have been taken in for a moment. p. 13; ch. 1
Context 23: What the Dwarfs saw, now that they could see it close, was certainly enough to make them wonder how they had ever been taken in. p. 79;
ch. 7
Context 24: Weve been taken in once and now you expect us to be taken in again the next minute. p. 82; ch. 7
Context 26: The Ape has taken to drinking, you see. p. 89; 7 Context 33: Cair Paravel was taken from the sea. p. 103; ch. 8
Context 45: But he could not take on the Eagle and the Unicorn as well. p. 130; ch. 11
Context 47: You cant take us in. p. 139; ch. 11 Context 58: They wont take us in again p. 168; ch. 13
Context 59: We havent let anyone take us in. p. 169; ch. 13
97
Context 65: Not because he and I are one, but because we are opposites, I take to me the services which thou hast done to him. p. 189; ch. 15
Context 66: Then he breathed upon me and took away the trembling from my limbs and caused me to stand upon my feet. p. 189; ch.15
Context 68: Youve no idea how good an old joke sounds when you take it out again after a rest of five or six hundred years. p. 206; ch. 16
Context 69: Then she looked to her left and saw what she took to be a great bank of brightly-coloured cloud, cut off from them by a gap. p. 208; ch.16
98
APPENDIX C The Meanings of the Word Take in C. S. Lewis’ The Last Battle
No. Context
Meaning
1 Context 1
To move or lead someone to a certain place 2
Context 2 To go around
3 Context 3
To grasp and hold something in the hand 4
Context 4 To make someone believe the wrong thing
5 Context 5
To remove something that is attached in the body 6
Context 6 To cut something
7 Context 7
To go somewhere and do a particular thing 8
Context 8 To believe something is true
9 Context 9
To require a particular of time 10
Context 10 To grab something from somebody’s possession
11 Context 11
To capture someone 12
Context 12 To grasp something from somebody’s possession
13 Context 13
To receive something from someone else 14
Context 14 To lead someone to a distance
15 Context 15
To lead someone to a distance 16
Context 16 To lead someone from one place to another place
17 Context 17
To cause someone to be surprised 18
Context 18 To require a certain amount of time to spend
19 Context 19
To remove something from a certain position 20
Context 20 To obtain something
21 Context 21
To occupy the foremost spot 22
Context 22 To consider
23 Context 23
To make someone believe the wrong thing 24
Context 24 To make someone believe the wrong thing
25 Context 25
To grasp and hold something
99
No. Context
Meaning
26 Context 26
To make someone have an addiction 27
Context 27 To lead someone to a particular place
28 Context 28
To remove something from a certain position 29
Context 29 To accept an idea
30 Context 30
To remove something that is attached in the body 31
Context 31 To remove something that is attached in the body
32 Context 32
To obtain something 33
Context 33 To conquer or to defeat
34 Context 34
To go somewhere and do a particular thing 35
Context 35 To lead someone out of a certain place
36 Context 36
To conquer or defeat 37
Context 37 To receive something opportunity
38 Context 38
To require a certain amount of time to spend 39
Context 39 To occupy a certain spot
40 Context 40
To occupy a certain spot 41
Context 41 To disadvantage someone
42 Context 42
To prevent something or someone 43
Context 43 To happen or occur
44 Context 44
To receive something 45
Context 45 To fight against someone or something
46 Context 46
To capture someone 47
Context 47 To make someone believe the wrong thing
48 Context 48
To think about 49
Context 49 To capture someone
50 Context 50
To capture someone 51
Context 51 To capture someone
52 Context 52
To receive something opportunity 53
Context 53 To carry something to a certain place
100
No. Context
Meaning
54 Context 54
To go around 55
Context 55 To occupy a certain spot
56 Context 56
To pay attention 57
Context 57 To pay attention
58 Context 58
To make someone believe the wrong thing 59
Context 59 To make someone believe the wrong thing
60 Context 60a To capture
61 Context 60b To lead someone out of a certain place
62 Context 61
To require a certain amount of time 63
Context 62 To grasp and hold with hands
64 Context 63
To remove something from inside 65
Context 64 To remove something from a certain position
66 Context 65
To accept something 67
Context 66 To disappear
68 Context 67
To deal with something though it is difficult 69
Context 68 To bring something up
70 Context 69
To perceive or understand
101
APPENDIX D The List of Categories of the Word Take A.
To grasp and hold
Context 3 Took the scissors in his left paw Context 25 Took Jills bow
Context 62 Took the Sun
B. To grab one’s possession
